한다 [3]. 이자세를유지할때최소한의에너지로효과적인걷기가가능하다 [1]. 그러나이와같은자세로걷기운동을할수없는사람이있다. 바로정상적보행이어려운고령자, 신체균형에이상이있는자, 그리고하지의관절

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Download "한다 [3]. 이자세를유지할때최소한의에너지로효과적인걷기가가능하다 [1]. 그러나이와같은자세로걷기운동을할수없는사람이있다. 바로정상적보행이어려운고령자, 신체균형에이상이있는자, 그리고하지의관절"

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1 Exercise Science Vol.25, No.3, August 2016: ISSN(Print) ISSN(Online) ORIGINAL ARTICLE 노르딕워킹운동시폴사용이상 하지근활성도비교분석 홍대석 ¹, 이준희 ² ¹ 경희대학교체육대학원, ² 경희대학교스포츠지도학과 The Comparative Analysis of EMG Activities on The Upper and Lower Limb Muscles during Nordic Walking Dae-Seok Hong¹, Joon-Hee Lee² ¹Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Suwon; ²Department of Coaching, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Korea PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate muscle activity on the upper and lower muscles during Nordic walking (PW) and power walking (NW). METHODS: Within the last six months that affect gait, such as a fracture or joint surgery inexperienced college student who is physically healthy (20 students; age: 20.1±1.7 years, height: 161.6±4.5 cm, weight: 53.5±6.5 kg) were enrolled in this study and all subjects agreed to evaluate walking by using Nordic pole. Surface electromyography systems (BTS FREEEMG 300, Italy) were attached to Tibialis anterior (TA), Gastrocnemius medialis (GM), Rectus femoris (RF), Biceps femoris caput longus (BF), Biceps brachii caput longus (BB), Triceps brachii caput longus (TB), Flexor caput radialis (FCR), Extensor digitorum (ED), and integrated electromyography (IEMG) were measured. RESULTS: The result showed that the NW did influence the IEMG. The EMG activity the TA (t=3.6, p<.01) during NW was significantly lower and the TB (t=3.8, p<.01), FCR (t=6.4, p<.01), ED (t=2.1, p<.05) significantly higher than the corresponding values in power walking. CONCLUSIONS: Lower limb muscles by NW are less used than by PW. Upper limb muscles are by NW are Nhe text should be typed double-spaced on one side of the page. Key words: Nordic walking, Power walking, Electromyography (EMG), Muscle activity 서론 걷기운동은신경과골격근이종합적으로사용되는아주복잡한움직임의연속으로한다리로서서안정된자세를유지하는동안동시에다른다리를움직여몸을앞으로이동시키는연속적이고반복적인행위이다 [1]. 건강을유지및증진을목적으로많은사람들이이운동을하고있으며, 현대인의운동부족으로나타날수있는만성질환예방을위한하나의운동형태로권장되고있다. 특히관절에무리가가지않 아처음운동을시작하는사람이나부상을당한경험이있는사람, 과체중인사람그리고여성등남녀노소누구에게나어울리는생활운동이다 [2]. 올바른걷기를수행하기위해서는체간과체지의상호균형이이루어져야하며, 발뒤꿈치가땅에닿는순간부터발가락이지면에서떨어지는순간까지 (Stance phase, 입각기 ) 신체각관절의지지가이루어져야하고, 발가락이지면에서떨어져발뒤꿈치가지면에닿을때까지 (Swing phase, 유각기 ) 발이바닥에서들려진상태로유지할수있어야 Corresponding author: Joon-Hee Lee Tel Fax borracho@khu.ac.kr * 본논문은제 1 저자의 2014 년인천아시안게임개최기념국제학술대회운동생리학회포스터발표자료에서발췌하였음. Keywords 노르딕워킹, 파워워킹, 근전도, 근활성도 Received Jul Revised Aug Accepted Aug This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 204 Copyright 2016 Korean Society of Exercise Physiology

2 한다 [3]. 이자세를유지할때최소한의에너지로효과적인걷기가가능하다 [1]. 그러나이와같은자세로걷기운동을할수없는사람이있다. 바로정상적보행이어려운고령자, 신체균형에이상이있는자, 그리고하지의관절에장애를갖고있는사람들은올바른자세로장시간걷기운동이어렵다. 노르딕워킹 (Nordic walking) 는전용폴 (pole) 을이용해바닥을짚고, 당기고마지막으로폴을이용해지면을밀고앞으로나가며걷는전신건강운동으로전통적인걷기운동과는다른기술과장비를필요로한다. 이운동은상체근력을향상시키고, 하지관절의부담을줄여주며, 칼로리소비와산소소비량을촉진시키는유산소운동으로 1996년핀란드에서현대적인노르딕워킹이처음실용화되어 2004년약 60만명이즐기는국민스포츠로자리잡았다. 독일은예방과재활의목적으로의료보험수가를적용하고있으며, 오스트리아는고혈압, 당뇨병골다공증치료에이용되고있다 [4]. 일본은노인들의건강스포츠로노르딕워킹을권장하고있으며국내에서도현재많은사람들이이운동에관심은갖고있다. 특히올바른걷기운동이어려운사람들을위한대안으로권장하나아직은대중화되지못한실정이며연구또한미비하다. 노르딕워킹에서폴의사용으로운동시전신을이용하기때문에하지에미치는관절의부하를최소화시키므로관절의손상예방에효과가있으며, 이러한감소된부하는통증을억제함으로써걷는양을증가시켜근력증가에긍정적영향을미친다 [5,6]. Kim et al. [7] 와 Yang [8] 은노르딕워킹운동시사용하는폴은스포츠워킹보다무릎에부담을덜줄뿐만아니라보행자세도좋아진다고하였다. Hansen et al. [9] 은노르딕워킹운동은무릎관절의부하를최소화시킬수있는효과적인운동이라하였으며특히, 다리와팔, 어깨를골고루움직일수있는전신운동으로서근골격계문제를가지고있는고령자들에게적극적으로추천할수있는운동이라고하였다 [10,11]. Seo et al. [12] 도등산시내리막에서하지의부하감소를위해등산폴사용이일반화되고있다고하였다. Jacobson et al. [13] 은폴의사용이미사용보다경사로에서균형을유지하는데유의하게효과가증대된다고보고하였다. 또한노르딕워킹운동시폴의사용은상지의팔, 어깨, 가슴등근육을사용하기때문에전통적인걷기운동에비해칼로리소비량과산소소비량을현저히증가시키는걷기운동이다 [14]. Church et al. [15] 는노르딕워킹에서폴의사용으로상체의근육이활성화되고, 보행시속도 와길이도빠르게할수있으며건강한사람들도심폐순환능력을향상시킬수있다고하였다. Knight et al. [16] 은오르막보행에서폴의사용은바른자세유지에효과적이며이는호흡의효율성을증가시키는결과를나타낸다고하였다. 뿐만아니라폴의사용은하지의부하를감소시키므로훨씬더편안하고안정감을느끼게하는심리적효과도있다 [9]. 위선행연구에서기술한바와같이노르딕워킹이하지관절의상해예방과상지근력강화에효과적이다. 따라서노르딕워킹운동시폴사용이상하지의근육활동에어떠한변화를유발시키는지를알아낼수있다면운동중상해의위험이거의없는안전한운동으로권장할수있으며, 재활운동으로도이용될수있을것이다. 이는노르딕워킹을국내에도건강스포츠로대중화시킬수있을것이다. 본연구의목적은노르딕워킹운동시폴사용이상지와하지근육들의근활성도를파워워킹과비교분석하고자한다. 본연구의제한점은다음과같다. 첫째, 연구대상자들이모두 K 대학남학생으로한정되어성별및연령의다양성을고려하지못하였다. 둘째, 연구대상자들의운동습관을완전히통제하지못하였으며, 노르딕워킹비전문가들이다. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구의대상자는서울소재 K대학에재학중인남자대학생 20 명으로정형외과적병력이없는자를선정하였다. 실험참가자는연구의목적및방법에대하여충분히이해하고동의한자를대상으로하였으며, 이들의일반적신체적특성은 Table 1과같다. Table 1. General characteristics of Subjects (n = 20) Variables Subjects (n = 20) Mean ± SD Age (year) 21.9±2.9 Height (cm) 169.7±8.6 weight (kg) 63.2±11.9 Values are means and SD. Fig. 1. BTS FREEMG 300 (BTS Bioengineering, Italy). 홍대석외 노르딕워킹운동시폴사용이상 하지근활성도비교분석 205

3 Vol.25, No.3, August 2016: 측정항목및방법 1) EMG 장비및분석본연구에서는근활성도측정을위해표면무선근전도측정시스템 (BTS FREEEMG 300, BTS Bioengineering, Italy) 를사용하였다 (Fig. 1). 이장비는말초신경을자극하여근육에서발생되는생체전기신호또는신경에따라발생되는전기활동을감지하고디스플레이하는기구로무게 8 g, 신호대잡음비율 (S/N): 96 db, 동산제거비 (MRR) 110 db, 측정주파수 1 Khz을사용하며, 배터리는연속 5시간사용가능하며, 무선통신방식인와이파이 (WiFi) 를이용하였다. 근전도은실험자가걷기시근활성도를초당 1 Khz의표본율 (sampling rate) 로수집하여무선통신방식인와이파이를통해컴퓨터로보내게된다. 이렇게수집된다양한변수에대한정보는 BTS EMG-Analyzer software (BTS Bioengineering, Italy) 로처리를하였다. 근활성도분석은순수한데이터 (Raw data) 에서주파수대역폭을 Hz로필터과정을거쳤으며, 음의데이터를양의값으로바꾸는전환 (Rectification) 과정과양 (Quality) 의값으로표현하는적분 (Integration) 을거친적분근전도 (Root Mean Squre; RMS) 과정으로근활성도를보았다. 이외에길이조절이가능한노르딕워킹전용폴 (Instructor, LEKI GmbH, Germany) 이사용되었다. 2) 실험방법본실험전연구대상자의일반적인특성 ( 신장, 체중 ) 을조사하였으며, 측정방법에대하여참가자전원에게충분히설명하였다. 근전도측정을위한표면전극부착부위는오른쪽하지의앞정강근 ( 전경골근 ; Tibialis anterior, TA), 장딴지근 ( 비복근 ; Gastrocnemius medialis, GM), 넙다리곧은근 ( 대퇴직근 ; Rectus femoris, RF), 넙다리두갈래근 ( 대퇴이두근 ; Biceps femoris caput longus, BF) 과오른쪽상지의위팔두갈래근 ( 상완이두근 ; Biceps brachii caput longus, BB), 위팔세갈래근 ( 상완삼두근 ; Triceps brachii caput longus, TB), 노쪽손목굽힘근 ( 요측수근굴근 ; Flexor caput radialis, FCR), 손가락폄근 ( 지신근 ; Extensor digitorum, ED) 으로하였다. 또한측정오류를제거하기위해알코올솜으로피부를깨끗이닦아내고털을제거하였다. 측정자세는걷기운동유형 ( 파워워킹과노르딕워킹 ) 에따라편안하게걷도록하였으며, 파워워킹은위팔과아래팔의각도가 90도를유지하며, 스윙시손이허리밑으로내려오지않도록걷게하였다. 노르딕워킹은전용폴 (Instructor, LEKI GmbH, Germany) 을이용하여걷도록하였으며, 폴의길이는초보자에게적합한 신장 0.65 를이용하였다 [17]. 근활성도측정은대상자를가로 1 m, 세로 10 m의보행판 1 m 앞에서있도록한후, 검사자의구두신호에따라걷기를시작하고, 보행판을지나 1 m 지점까지간후정지하도록하였다. 걷기속도는처음부터끝까지일정하게유지하도록하였으며실험순서는각대상자에게무작위순으로파워워킹그리고노르딕워킹순으로실시하였다. 모든참가자는자연스러운동작이수행되도록사전연습을 1분간실시하였다. 근전도분석을수행하기위해본연구에서는걷기동작을하지는접지기 (heel-contact), 구르기 (foot-flat), 차기 (toe-off), 상지는찍기 (catch), 누르기 (push), 밀어내기 ( 놓기, release) 로나누었다. 노르딕워킹과파워걷기운동시상 하지근육의근활성도의차이를비교분석하는데그목적이있다. 이를위해노르딕워킹시폴의사용여부에따른두조건에대한보행후첫번째왼발의뒤꿈치가지면에닿는순간 (heel contact) 부터여덟번째오른발의엄지와검지발가락사이에힘을주면서지면을차고나가는동작 (toe off) 의근전도값을획득하였다. 획득된자료에서첫번째오른발의뒤꿈치접지기부터다섯번째오른발의차기동작까지의양질의 5스트라이드 (stride) 에대한 8개의상 하지근육별적분근전도 (IEMG) 값을구하였다. 3. 자료처리방법본연구에서얻은데이터를 SPSS PC+ for Windows (version 18.0) 통계프로그램으로분석하였다. 노르딕워킹시폴의사용이상 하지근활성도에미치는영향을알아보기위해대응표본 t-test (paired t-test) 을이용하였다. 각항목별통계적유의수준 (α) 는.05로하였다 p< TA GM RF BF Fig. 2. Comparison of IEMG of lower limb muscles. NW PW Table 2. Comparison of IEMG parameters by lower limbs between NW and PW (n = 20) Muscles NW (n = 10) PW (n = 10) TA 0.09 ± ± **.002 GM 0.14 ± ± RF 0.05 ± ± BF 0.06 ± ± TA, tibialis anterior; GM, gastrocnemius medialis; RF, rectus femoris; BF, biceps femoris caput longus. **p<.01. t P 206 Dae-Seok Hong, et al. The Comparative Analysis of EMG Activities on The Upper and Lower Limb Muscles during Nordic Walking

4 연구결과 1. 노르딕워킹운동시하지의근활성도비교 노르딕워킹운동시오른쪽하지의각근육별적분근전도평균값의 분석결과는 Fig. 2, Table 2 와같다. 앞정강근의활성도에서노르딕워킹 이파워워킹에비해낮은근활성도를보였으며, 통계적으로유의한차 이를보였다 (p <.01). 그러나넙다리곧은근, 넙다리두갈래근, 그리고장 딴지근에서는두그룹간에근활성도에차이가보이지않았다. 2. 노르딕워킹운동시상지의근활성도비교 노르딕워킹운동시오른쪽상지의각근육별근활성도의분석결 과는 Fig. 3, Table 3 과같다. 위팔세갈래근, 노쪽손목굽힘근, 그리고손 가락폄근에서 NW 보다 PW 의근활성도가높게나타났으며, 통계적으 로유의한차이가나타났다 (p <.05). 그러나위팔두갈래근에서는 NW 근활성도가 PW 와비교해차이가없었다. 논의 Fig. 3. Comparison of IEMG of upper limb muscles. 0.1 p< 본연구에서는노르딕워킹운동시폴사용이상지및하지의근활 성도를비교분석하는것이다. 그결과나타난노르딕워킹운동시폴 의사용이파워워킹과비교해하지근에서는낮은근활성도 (p <.01) 를 상지근에서는높은근활성도 (p <.05) 를보였다. Seo et al. [12] 의등산폴사용유무에따라내리막보행시하지근의 근활성도와관련한연구에서보행시폴사용이비사용보다상대적으 로낮은근활성도를보였으며, Kinght et al. [16] 의폴사용보행이일반 보행에비해하지근의근활성도를통계적으로유의한감소를나타내 었다. 이는본연구결과와같으며, 특히앞정강근의근활성도에서노 르딕워킹 (0.09 ± 0.03) 운동시폴의사용은파워워킹 (0.12 ± 0.03) 보다유 의하게낮은근활성도을보였다. 이는 Kang [18] 의연구에서노르딕워 킹시폴의사용이일반워킹에비해표면근전도로측정한앞정강근에 0.08 p< BB TB FCR ED 서유의하게낮은근활성도를보였다고한결과와일치한다. NW PW p< Table 3. Comparison of IEMG parameters by upper limbs between NW and PW (n = 20) Muscles Nw (n = 10) PW (n = 10) BB 0.05 ± ± TB 0.10 ± ± **.001 ED 0.08 ± ± **.000 FCR 0.06 ± ± *.048 BB, Biceps brachii caput longus; TB, Triceps brachii caput; ED, Extensor digitorum; FCB, Flexor caput radialis. *p<.05, **p<.01. 반대로상지에서는노르딕워킹운동시폴의사용이파워워킹에비 해높은상지근의활성도를보였다. 이에대해 Church et al. [15] 는노르 딕워킹시폴사용은상지의근육이활성화되고, 보행시속도는빠르 게, 거리는더멀리이동할수있으며건강한사람들도심폐순환능력 을향상시킬수있다고하였다. Foissac et al. [19] 의보행시폴사용이 상지근의근활성도평균이약 95% 까지증가시켰으며, 하지근의약 15% 까지평균근활성도를감소시켰다고보고하였다. 또한 Knight et al. [16] 의연구에서일반보행에비해폴을이용한보행은위팔세갈래근의활 동이높다고보고했다. 이러한결과는본연구에서의노르딕워킹운 동시폴사용이하지근의근활성도는낮추고상지근의근활성도는높 게나타난선행연구결과와일치하는양상을보이고있다. 이러한결과의원인으로는노르딕워킹운동의특징에서찾을수 있다. 보행의패턴에서발이지면에서떨어져서 (toe off) 같은발이지면 에접촉 (heel contact) 하기까지를유각기 (swing-phase) 라한다. 이때발 목은안정성증가를위해앞정강근과장딴지근의활동이급격히증가 하는것이일반적인보행의패턴이다. 그러나노르딕워킹은폴을사용 한보행동작으로발이지면에착지되는시점에반대쪽폴을잡음 (catch) 과동시에지면 ( 땅 ) 아래방향으로찍듯이폴을누르기 (push) 를한다. 따라서발이지면과접촉이일어나는시점전후로폴의능동적사용 이발목관절에작용하는근육의활동에직접적으로영향을미치게 되어앞정강근의활성도를낮추고폴에의지하게되며, 반대로상지의 위팔세갈래근, 노쪽손목굽힘근, 그리고손가락폄근는활성도는증가 하게되는것으로사료된다. 따라서폴의사용이발목관절의안정성 을유지하는역할을하는것으로생각된다. Kim et al. [20] 은폴의사 용은발목의안정성을증가시켜주면서도적은움직임으로충분한추 진력을발생시켜주었기때문에효과적인운동이라고하였다. 반대로본연구에서하지의넙다리곧은근, 납다리두갈래근그리고 장딴지근의근활성도에폴의사용유무에상관없이의미있는차이가 나타나지않은것은유각기에서입각기로의전환과정에서그이유를 찾을수있다. 입각기 (stance-phase) 는발의뒤꿈치가지면에닿는순간 부터반대발의엄지발가락이떨어질때까지의구간으로추진력을얻 는초기구간으로장딴지근이신체의중심이동에아주중요한역할 t P 홍대석외 노르딕워킹운동시폴사용이상 하지근활성도비교분석 207

5 Vol.25, No.3, August 2016: 을한다. 그러나능동적으로노르딕워킹폴을뒤쪽아랫방향으로힘차게지면을밀어내면서폴을놓기 (release) 보다는폴을그냥계속잡고들어앞으로이동시키므로인해입각기에장딴지근활동의변화는폴의작용에의해나타나지않았으나반대로상지의활성도는높게나타났다. 이는아마도노르딕워킹을처음접하는피검자들의경험부족에서오는것으로생각되며향후경험자를대상으로한후속연구가필요하겠다. 따라서노르딕워킹운동시폴의사용은발목관절의안정성을높이는역할을제공함으로다리의부하를줄여장시간운동을가능하게할수있는좋은운동으로특히발목관절에부상이있거나정상적보행이어려운재활환자나노약자에게운동의안정성을높이는좋은운동으로권장할수있을것이다. 결론 본연구에서는노르딕워킹시폴 (pole) 의사용이상지및하지의근활성도차이를상지및체간을다르게움직이는파워워킹과비교분석하는것이다. 신체적으로건강한남자대학생 20명을대상으로최근 6개월이내에보행에영향을미치는골절이나관절수술등의경험이없으며, 연구의목적및방법에대하여충분히이해하고동의한자를대상으로표면무선근전도측정시스템 (BTS FREEMG 300, Italy) 을통해상하지의근활성도를측정하였다. 그결과노르딕워킹시파워워킹에비해하지의전경골근의근활성도가유의하게낮게나타났으며, 상지근육의위팔세갈래근, 노쪽손목굽힘근, 그리고손가락폄근의근활성도가유의하게높게나타났다. 이러한결과로노르딕워킹이파워워킹에비해하지의근육은덜쓰면서상지의근육을단련시키는결과를나타내는것으로파워워킹의단점인상지근육의발달에긍정적인효과를보이는것으로나타났다. 또한노르딕워킹운동시폴의사용은발목관절의안정성을높이는역할을제공함으로다리의부하를줄여장시간운동을가능하게할수있는좋은운동으로하지근육이불안정하여보행이불안한재활환자나노약자에게운동안정성과효율성을증가시켜줄수있는효과적인걷기운동이라생각된다. 후속연구로좀더많은연구대상자로성별또는연령대별로노르딕워킹이일반적인걷기운동보다발목의안정성과상지근력의향상에미치는긍정적효과에대해연구가이루어져야할것으로생각된다. REFERENCES 1. Perry J. Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function, First edition. Thomson Learning Hong DS, Ko IT. Comparison of temporal and spatial gait parameters in walking types. The Korea Journal of Sports Science 2013;22(5): Kwon YS, Kim JS. The gait analysis of hemiplegic patients after stroke I. Spatio-temporal parameters, pelvic anterior tilting and ground reactionvertical force. The Journal of Korean Society of Physical Therapy 1998; 10(1): Piotr K, Malgorzata W. Nordic Walking-a new form of exercise in rehabilitation. Medical Rehabilitation 2006;10(2): Kreuzriegler F, Gollner E, Fichtner H. Das ist Nordic Walking. Ausruestung, Technic, Training. Elsevier: Urban & Fischer Verlag Wilson J, Torry MR, Decker MJ, Kernozek T, Steadman JR. Effects of walking poles on lower extremity gait mechanics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001;33(1): Kim JK, Roh SK. Effect of nordic walking and aquatic exercise on oxidative stress and pain in women with degenerative arthritis. Exercise Science 2009;18(4): Yang SM. Influence of nordic walking upon degenerative knee osteoarthritis patients muscular activities and pain change. The Korea Journal of Sports Science 2011;20(2): Hansen L, Henriksen M, Larsen P, Alkjaer T. Nordic walking does not reduce the loading of the knee joing. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science Sports 2008;14(1): Figueiredo S, Finch L, Mai J, Ahmed S, Huang A, Mayo NE. Nordic walking for geriatric rehabilitation: a randomized pilot trial. Disability and Rehabilitation 2012;35(12): Schiffer T, Knicker A, Hoffman U, Harwig B, Hollmann W, Struder HK. Physiological responses to nordic walking, walking and jogging. European Journal of Appllied Physiology 2007;98(1): Seo JS, Kim YW, Yoon TJ. The effects of hking poles-using on gait and muscle activity. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2007;17(3): Jacobson BH, Caldwell B, Kulling FA. Comparison of hiking stick use on lateral stability while balancing with and without a load. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1997;85(1): Evans BW, Potteiger JA, Bray MC. Tuttle JL. Metabolic and hemodynamic responses to walking with hand weights in older individuals. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1994;26(8): Church TS, Earnest CP, Morss GM. Field testing of physiological responses associated with Nordic Walking. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2002;73(3): Knight CA, Caldwell GE. Muscular and metabolic costs of uphill back- 208 Dae-Seok Hong, et al. The Comparative Analysis of EMG Activities on The Upper and Lower Limb Muscles during Nordic Walking

6 packing: are hiking poles beneficial?. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2000;32(12): Regelin P, Mommert-Jauch P. Nordic Walking; Aber richtig!: alles uber Ausrustung. Technik: Muenchen: BLV Verl Kang YH. Effects of nordic walking on tibialis anterior muscle fatigue. The Journal of Korean Society of Physical Therapy 2014;26(2): Foissac MJ, Berthollet R, Seux J, Belli A, Millet GY. Effects of hiking pole inertia on energy and muscular costs during uphill walking. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2008;40(6): Kim RB, Cho JH. Comparative analysis of nordic walking and normal gait based on efficiency. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2010; 20(4): 홍대석외 노르딕워킹운동시폴사용이상 하지근활성도비교분석 209

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