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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp , February 2018 by The Korean Society of Safety (pissn , eissn ) All right reserved. 국내화학사고의휴먼에러기반분석에관한연구 박정철 백종배 이준원 * 이진우 * 양승혁 * 한국교통대학교안전공학과 * 안전보건공단 ( 접수 / 수정 / 채택 ) A Study on the Analysis of Human-errors in Major Chemical Accidents in Korea Jungchul Park Jong-Bae Baek Jun-won Lee * Jin-woo Lee * Seung-hyuk Yang * Department of Safety Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation * Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (Received December 5, 2017 / Revised December 24, 2017 / Accepted January 5, 2018) Abstract : This study analyses the types, related operations, facilities, and causes of chemical accidents in Korea based on the RISCAD classification taxonomy. In addition, human error analysis was carried out employing different human error classification criteria. Explosion and fire were major accident types, and nearly half of the accidents occurred during maintenance operation. In terms of related facility, storage devices and separators were the two most frequently involved ones. Results of the human error-based analysis showed that latent human errors in management level are involved in many accidents as well as active errors in the field level. Action errors related to unsafe behavior leads to accidents more often compared with the checking behavior. In particular, actions missed and inappropriate actions were major problems among the unsafe behaviors, which implicates that the compliance with the work procedure should be emphasized through education/training for the workers and the establishment of safety culture. According to the analysis of the causes of the human error, the frequency of skill-based mistakes leading to accidents were significantly lower than that of rule-based and knowledge based mistakes. However, there was limitation in the analysis of the root causes due to limited information in the accident investigation report. To solve this, it is suggested to adopt advanced accident investigation system including the establishment of independent organization and improvement in regulation. Key Words : human error, chemical accident, human error classification, accident investigation 1. 서론최근구미산업단지불산누출을비롯해화재, 폭발등화학설비의중대산업재해가끊이지않고있다. 한국의산업재해로인한사고사망자수는 2000년대이후로꾸준히감소하여왔으나, 최근정체를보이고있으며 2016년에는전년보다오히려소폭증가하였다 1) (Fig. 1). 2014년기준한국의사고사망만인율은 0.58 로, 독일 (0.16), 일본 (0.19) 등주요국에비해 2~3배높은수준이며, 통계를발표한 OECD 회원국 14개국중멕시코 (0.79) 다음으로가장높은수준이다. 이중, 중대화학사고로볼수있는화재, 폭발, 누출사고역시최근중대사고의빈발로인해재해자수와사망자수 의감소추세가뚜렷하지않은실정이다 2). 산업재해의발생원인은다양하지만휴먼에러가가장중요한원인의하나로지목되고있다. 미국산업재해의 Fig. 1. Number and rate of fatalities by industrial accident. Corresponding Author : Jungchul Park, Tel : , jcpark@ut.ac.kr Department of Safety Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju 27469, Korea 66

2 국내화학사고의휴먼에러기반분석에관한연구 원인을분석한 McSween 의연구에따르면불안전한행동이전체의 76%, 불안전한행동과상태의조합이 20% 로, 행동의관여비중이전체의 96% 를차지했다 3). 김두환외의연구에서수행한사업장대상의사고원인에대한설문조사결과에따르면사고원인중가장큰비중을차지하는것은작업습관 (44%) 이고, 그다음지식과경험 (38%), 규칙미준수 (18%) 의순으로나타났다 4). 취약한경영시스템으로부터발생하는휴먼에러는화학설비사고의주된원인중하나이기도하다 5). 작업자의불안전한행동이외에도넓은의미에서설계의에러, 운용의에러, 유지보수의에러, 공정변경관리의에러, 의사소통의에러등다양한측면의휴먼에러가재해의원인으로작용한다. 백종배외의연구에서는중대산업사고의원인을분석하고휴먼에러요인을파악하였으며공정안전문화를측정하기위한방법을제시하였다 6). 이연구에서중대사고사례 44 건의원인을분석한결과에따르면안전작업허가절차를미준수한경우가 22 건 (50%) 으로가장많았으며, 설비결함및설계에러가 5 건 (11%) 으로나타났다 년에서 2008 년사이에발생한국내화학사고 470 여건을분석한박정규외의연구에따르면, 대다수의사고들이인적요인을포함하는것으로나타났다 7). 가장큰비중을차지하는원인은안전관리의미흡으로나타났으며 (47%), 정전기및스파크가 20%, 운전자부주의가 18% 로나타났다. 국내화학사고에관한이형섭과임지표의연구에서도전체사고중 60% 에인적요인이관여된것으로나타났다 8). 휴먼에러의분류를사고데이터에적용하는연구들도다양한산업분야에서수행되어왔다. Graziano 외의연구는항공관제를위해개발된 TRACEr (Technique for the Retrospective and predictive Analysis of Cognitive Errors) 분류체계에기반해 52 건의선박사고보고서를분석하여 289 건의휴먼에러를파악하였다 9). 파악된휴먼에러를발생장소, 하위작업, 설비에따라분류하고, 외재적 (External), 내재적 (Internal), 심리적에러형태 (Error modes) 범주에기반한분석을수행하였다. Theophilus 외의연구는항공산업을위해개발된 HFACS 에기반하여오일 / 가스산업에적합한 HFACS- OGI 분류체계를개발하고 11 건의사고분석에적용하여범주간의연관관계를파악하였다 10). 이외에도, 윤영식외의연구에서는인적오류의원인을분석하기위한 Activity theory 기반의방법론을제안하고, 원자력발전소에서발생한 2 건의인적사고에대한 Case study 를통해효용성을입증하였다 11). 이러한선행연구들에도불구하고국내화학설비에서발생한사고에대해휴먼에러의분류를적용한사례는찾아보기힘들다. 산업분야마다휴먼에러범주의빈도가다를수있기때문에, 기존연구결과의대다수는국내화학산업에직접적인시사점을제공하기어렵다. 화학사고가감소하지않는기본적원인중하나가사고정보의분석을통한학습이취약하기때문이라는점을고려하면, 화학사고의가장큰원인중하나인휴먼에러의특성을파악하는연구가필수적이다. 본연구는국내에서발생한화학사고에대해사고의주요원인으로작용한휴먼에러를도출하고이를직접적 / 간접적분류, 행위에따른분류, 원인에따른분류의 3 가지기준으로분류하여어떠한종류의휴먼에러가화학사고에중요한영향을미쳤는지분석한다. 뿐만아니라, 사고형태, 관련작업, 설비, 원인등에대해서도분석을수행하고그결과를바탕으로시사점을도출한다. 2. 연구방법 본연구에서는 2009년부터 2013년도까지 5년동안국내사업장에서발생한중대산업사고 ( 산업안전보건법제49조 2항 ) 중화학설비에의해발생한 81건의사고를대상으로안전보건공단의재해조사의견서를활용하여분석을실시하였다. 분석을위한분류체계로는일본산업기술총합연구소 (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST) 와과학기술진흥사업단 (Japan Science and Technology Corporation, JST) 이공동으로개발한웹기반화학사고데이터베이스인 RISCAD(Relational Information System for Chemical Accidents Database) 의분류체계를활용하였다. RISCAD 분류체계 12) 는화학사고에특화되어있으며, 상세한분류를제공하는장점이있다. RISCAD 의분류기준중가장분석가치가높다고판단된작업, 설비, 원인의세가지기준을선택하여사고를분류하였다. RISCAD 에서는작업을 8개대분류, 31개중분류로구분하고있으며, 설비는 13개대분류, 40개중분류, 원인은 8개대분류, 25개중분류로구분하고있다. 소분류도제공되는경우가있으나, 중분류항목에따라소분류가없는항목이많으며, 소분류까지적용하기위해서는충분히많은데이터개수가필요하다. 따라서, 소분류를활용한분석은항목에따라필요한경우에대해서만실시하였다. 한사고에여러가지설비나작업, 원인이동시에관련된경우에는사고조사보고서에기술된요소중가장비중이높고사고에대해영향력이크다고판단되는요소를선택하였다. 한국안전학회지, 제 33 권제 1 호, 2018 년 67

3 박정철 백종배 이준원 이진우 양승혁 Table 1. Human error classification taxonomy employed in this research Classification Criteria Category Subcategory Definition Active/Latent Behavior Cause Active error Latent error Action Checking Slip and Lapse Mistake Violation Operation level Operation level Management level Incomplete Inappropriate Missed Incomplete Inappropriate Missed Slip Lapse Rule-based mistake Knowledgebased mistake Routine violation Situational violation Exceptional violation Errors that have an immediate consequence and are usually made by frontline workers such as drivers or operators Errors that their consequence appear after a certain period of time when combined with other errors or specific operating conditions (e.g., Errors in maintenance, inspection, communication between workers, etc.) The absence or inadequacy of management which create conditions that cause the system to fail (e.g., Errors in workplace design, training, supervision, job allocation, etc.) An action that is required, but performed incorrectly or incompletely A wrong or unnecessary action performed An action that is required, but not performed Checking that is required, but done inaccurately or incompletely Checking that is done with the wrong target Checking that is required, but not done Actions that has not been done as intended by the worker Errors due to the limit of short term memory (e.g., forgetting tasks or task steps to be performed) Erroneous rules applied, or correct rules applied in a wrong situation Errors in diagnosis or reasoning while solving problems by making goals, developing plans and procedures, usually in an unfamiliar circumstances Violations of rules or procedures that have become a normal way of working Violations of rules or procedures that are due to circumstantial conditions such as time constraints, insufficient staff for the workload, or extreme weather conditions Violations of rules or procedures in abnormal situation where the worker believes, falsely, that the benefits of breaking the rule outweigh the risks 본연구에서는휴먼에러가원인으로작용한사고에대해보다심층적인분석을실시하였다. 휴먼에러분석에는박정철외의연구에서기존연구에대한분석을통해도출한 Table 1 의휴먼에러분류체계를활용하였다 13). 직접적 / 간접적분류는미국화학공정안전센터 (Center for Chemical Process Safety, CCPS) 와영국보건안전청 (Health and Safety Executive, HSE) 의보고서에서공히제시하고있는분류체계이다 14,15). 이분류에따라국내화학사고의휴먼에러를관리수준의간접적에러, 관리수준의직접적에러, 현장수준의직접적에러로분류하였다. 행위에따른분류는휴먼에러가어떠한유형의행위로나타났는지에따라분류한다. 본연구에서는 Embrey 의분류체계를행동 (Action) 과확인 (Checking) 에대해각각불완전, 부적절, 불이행의세가지의소분류를사용하는방식으로단순화하여활용하였다 16). 원인적분류는인간의정보처리과정중어떠한단계가원인으로작용하였는지에따라분류하는것으로, 인지처리과정의모델인 SRK (Skill-Rule- Knowledge) 모델 17) 에기반하고있다. 이분류에따라휴먼에러의원인을실수, 착오, 위반으로나누고, 실수는행동실수와기억실수, 착오는규칙기반착오와지식기반착오, 위반은일상적, 상황적, 예외적위반으로분류하였다. 서로다른휴먼에러분류기준간에연관관계가있는지확인하기위 해 χ 2 검정 (Chi-squared test) 을수행하였다. 각각의사고에영향을미치는휴먼에러는하나이상일수있다. 휴먼에러의빈도에초점을맞춘기존의연구에서는발생한모든휴먼에러를대상으로분석을수행하였다. 본연구에서는특정한종류의휴먼에러가화학사고에서차지하는비중을살펴보는것이목적이기때문에, 설비, 원인, 작업에대한분석에서와마찬가지로사고별로가장중요한원인으로작용한것으로판단되는휴먼에러를대상으로하여빈도를분석하였다. 3. 연구결과 3.1 재해형태와관련작업, 설비및원인분석결과 재해의형태를기준으로분류한결과는 Fig. 2 와같았다. 폭발이 44% 로가장많았고, 화재 (22%), 독성 (15%), 질식 (10%), 누출 (6%) 의순이었다. 재해가발생한작업에따라분류한결과에따르면절반에가까운사고가유지보수작업시 (44%) 에발생하였으며, 다음은생산및제조 (38%) 였다 (Fig. 3). 유지보수중에서는수리작업이 67% 로대부분을차지하였다. 생산및제조작업중에서는운전작업 (29%), 이동 (26%), 반응 (23%) 등다양한작업들이고르게높은비중을보였다. 발생설비를기준으로사고를분류한결과는 Fig J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 33, No. 1, 2018

4 국내화학사고의휴먼에러기반분석에관한연구 Fig. 2. Types of the accidents. Fig. 5. Causes of the accident. 3.2 휴먼에러분석결과 직접적 / 간접적휴먼에러분류에서는현장수준의직접적에러가 57% 로가장높은비중을차지하였으며, 관리수준의간접적에러가 37%, 현장수준의간접적에러가 6% 로나타났다 (Fig. 6). Fig. 3. Operation involved in the accident. Fig. 6. Classification by active/latent errors. Fig. 4. Facilities involved in the accident. 와같았다. 저장장치 (37%) 가가장비중이높았으며, 다음은가열및냉각장치 (15%), 분리기 (12%), 반응기 (10%) 순이었다. 저장장치중에는액체저장장치의비중이 90% 로대부분을차지했으며, 가열및냉각장치중에는로 (Furnace) 의비중이 58% 로가장높았다. 반응기는 Batch reactor 가 75% 로대부분이었고, 분리기에서는증류탑이 60% 를차지한것으로나타났다. 원인별분석결과는조직요인이 51% 로가장높았으며다음이인적요인 (26%) 과물질 / 반응요인 (11%) 으로나타났다 (Fig. 5). 조직요인의대부분은안전관리의결함 (90%) 이원인이었으며, 그중잘못된관리방법 (92%) 이대부분이었다. 인적요인의대다수는부적절한행동 / 작업 (95%) 이었으며, 그중에서도작업및운전의실수가 65% 로절반이상을차지하는것으로나타났다. 설비요인에의한화학사고는전체의 7% 정도였다. Fig. 7. Classification by behavior. Fig. 8. Detailed classification by behavior. 행위에따른휴먼에러분류에서는확인이 22% 정도를차지한데비해 78% 에달하는대부분의사고가행동의실수에의한것으로나타났다 (Fig. 7). 보다세부적으로살펴보면행동중에서도행동의불이행과부적절한행동이각각 36% 와 32% 를차지해가장큰문제로나타났다 (Fig. 8). 한국안전학회지, 제 33 권제 1 호, 2018 년 69

5 박정철 백종배 이준원 이진우 양승혁 Fig. 9. Classification by cause. Fig. 10. Detailed classification by cause. 원인에따른휴먼에러분석결과, 휴먼에러의원인을파악할수없는경우가절반이상 (54%) 이었다 (Fig. 9, 10). 그다음으로착오의비중이가장높았으며 (28%), 다음이위반 (14%) 과실수 (4%) 의순서였다. 세부적인원인적분류를살펴보면착오중규칙기반착오의비중이전체의 20% 로가장높았으며, 위반중에서는원인을파악할수없는위반의비중이전체의 8% 로가장높았다. 휴먼에러분류기준간의연관관계를확인하기위해범주형변수간의독립성검정에사용되는 χ 2 검정 (Chi-squared test) 을수행하였다. 분석결과, 유의확률 0.05에서직접적 / 간적적에러분류와행위에따른분류사이에는유의한연관관계가있는것으로나타났다 (p-value=0.004). 전체휴먼에러중현장수준의간접적에러의비율이행동에서는 5% 인데반해확인에서는 10% 에달했다. 직접적 / 간접적분류와원인적분류사이에는연관관계가없었으며 (p-value=0.937), 원인적분류와행위에따른분류도서로독립적인것으로나타났다 (p-value=0.869). 4. 토의 4.1 재해형태와관련작업, 설비및원인 재해의형태, 발생설비, 작업, 원인등에대한분석결과는화학공정을운용하는사업장에서어떠한부분에보다초점을맞추어사고방지대책을수립해야하는지에대해시사점을제공한다. 즉, 사고형태로보았을때는폭발과화재의방지가중요하며, 작업기준으로는많은사고가유지보수작업중에발생했다. 미국과영국 에서발생한중대화학사고 45 건에대한기존연구에서도 38% 정도의사고가유지보수절차의개선을통해예방할수있었던것으로나타났다 18). 본연구결과에따르면대부분의사고가그중에서도수리작업시에발생하므로, 이에대한대책을강구할필요가있다. 설비의경우에는해당설비의수가전체설비의숫자대비차지하는비중이클수록사고발생의빈도가높을것으로유추할수있다. 안전보건공단의노후화학설비보유사업장실태조사결과에따르면 19), 조사대상사업장 205 개소에서보유한화학설비의비율은부속설비를제외하였을때 화학물질저장설비또는계량설비 가 22.9%, 열교환기류 와 점화기를직접사용하는열교환기류 가도합 19.5%, 화학물질분리장치 와 분체화학물질분리장치 가도합 4.5%, 화학물질반응또는혼합장치 가 11.6% 였다. 설비의분류체계가상이하여직접적인비교는어렵지만, 이러한설비의비율은해당설비로인한사고의비율과어느정도유사한경향을보인다고할수있다. 단, 저장장치와분리기의경우설비의비율에비해사고의빈도가상대적으로높은것으로나타났음에주목할필요가있다. 원인별분석결과는설비나외부적요인보다는안전관리에관련된조직요인 (51%) 과작업및운전의실수에관련된인적요인 (26%) 이중요한것으로나타났다. 이는 2000 년에서 2008 년사이에발생한국내화학사고에대해분석한박정규외의연구결과와유사한결과이다 7). 또한, 인적요인의높은비중은서론에서언급한 McSween 의연구결과와일맥상통한다 3). 4.2 휴먼에러분석직접적 / 간접적휴먼에러에대한분석결과현장수준의직접적휴먼에러가 57% 로나타났지만, 관리수준의간접적에러도 37% 로상당부분을차지하는것으로나타났다. 이를통해일반적으로휴먼에러의범위에포함되는현장에서의에러뿐만아니라관리측면에서의에러도상당한비중을차지한다는것을알수있다. 기존문헌에따르면 20-30% 의중대화학사고에서간접적휴먼에러가원인으로작용한다 18). 행위에따른휴먼에러분석에서는행동이 78%, 확인이 22% 를차지하여, 대부분의직접적휴먼에러에의한사고가확인보다는행동의실수에의한것으로나타났다. 이는인간- 기계시스템에서디스플레이장치에비해제어장치의개선이사고방지에보다직접적인영향을미칠수있다는것으로해석될수있다. 특히행동중에서도불완전한행동보다행동의불이행과부적절한행동이문제가되는것으로나타났다. 이는 70 J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 33, No. 1, 2018

6 국내화학사고의휴먼에러기반분석에관한연구 작업을수행함에있어경험이나기술의부족으로인해제대로수행하지못하는문제보다정해진작업절차를제대로따르지않는문제가사고로이어진경우가많았다는것을의미한다. 원인기반의분류에따르면, 밝혀진휴먼에러의원인중에서는착오의비중이가장높았고 (28%), 그다음이위반 (14%) 이었다. 세부적으로살펴보면착오중규칙기반착오 (Rule-based mistake) 가전체의 20% 로가장높았으며, 지식기반착오 (Knowledge-based mistake) 는 8%, 숙련기반실수 (Skill-based error) 는 4% 였다. Reason 은여러연구결과를종합하여대략적으로숙련기반의에러가 61%, 규칙기반착오가 28%, 지식기반착오가 11% 의비중을차지한다고하였다 20). 본연구결과와비교하면규칙기반착오와지식기반착오의비중은유사하다고할수있으나숙련기반실수의비중이크게차이가난다. 숙련기반실수는수행하는작업에주의를기울이지않거나, 외부요인에의해주의력이흐트러져작업절차를준수하려는의도와는다르게행동이수행되는경우에발생한다. 본연구에서숙련기반실수의비중이현저하게낮은것은중대사고의위험성이높은화학공정의특성상이러한단순한유형의에러가직접적으로중대사고로이어지지않도록설비나관리측면에서기본적인대비가되어있기때문인것으로보인다. 반면에, 작업절차를잘모르거나잘못알고행동하는착오와, 작업절차를알면서도이를어기는위반이사고를불러일으킨경우가많았다. 이는행위에따른분석에서행동의불이행과부적절한행동의비중이높았던점을설명해준다. 착오는지식이나정보, 경험등의부족으로인해작업을잘못수행되어원치않는결과가얻어지는에러다. 따라서, 화학사고에서높은비중을차지하는규칙기반착오를방지하기위해서는작업자에대한교육 / 훈련이중요함을알수있다. 또한, 안전수칙위반으로인한사고의방지를위해올바른안전문화의확립을통한작업절차의준수가보다강조될필요가있다 21). 5. 결론 본연구에서는국내화학사고에대해 RISCAD 분류체계를기반으로그형태와관련작업, 설비, 원인에대한기본적인분석을실시하고, 직접적 / 간접적분류, 행위에따른분류, 원인에따른분류에의해휴먼에러기반의심층적인분석을실시하였다. 사고형태에있어서는폭발과화재, 작업중에서는유지보수, 설비측면에서는저장장치와분리기에대한비중이높은것으 로나타났다. 휴먼에러기반분석에서는현장수준의직접적휴먼에러와함께관리수준의간접적휴먼에러가많은사고에관여됨을확인하였다. 행위에따른분류에서는작업자의상황인식을위한확인에비해불안전한행동과관련된실수가사고로이어지는비율이높은것으로나타났다. 불안전한행동중에서도특히행동의불이행과부적절한행동이문제가되는것으로나타나, 작업자에대한교육 / 훈련과안전문화의확립을통한작업절차의준수가강조되어야함을확인하였다. 원인적분석에따르면, 기존연구와비교하여착오와위반의비중에비해숙련기반실수가사고로이어지는빈도가현저하게낮은것으로나타났다. 그러나, 사고조사보고서에포함된정보의한계로인해휴먼에러의원인을파악할수없는경우가절반이상 (54%) 에달했다. 본연구에서활용한재해조사의견서는재해에대한안전보건공단의공식적인보고서로서, 사업장개요, 재해자인적사항및상해정도, 재해발생경위, 조사내용, 조사자의견, 재해발생원인, 재해예방대책등의항목으로구성되어있다. 그러나, 작성자에따라각항목에대한기술의상세정도에차이가크고, 재해의직접적원인에대한추론에초점이맞추어져있어재해의근본적인원인은드러나있지않은경우가많다. 사고조사의목적은일차적으로해당사고의직접적인원인을정확하게찾는데있지만, 유사사고의재발방지를위해서는근본적원인까지찾아내는것이중요하다. 학계에서는휴먼에러를단순히사고의원인으로보기보다는시스템에내재된심층적문제에의해발생한결과로보아야한다는견해가점차지지를얻고있다 22). 이견해에따르면휴먼에러가사고의원인으로지목되더라도그것이사고조사의종결을의미해서는안되며, 설비, 조직, 관리, 환경등어떠한작업조건의문제에의해휴먼에러가발생한것인지에대해근본적인원인을찾아내야한다. 휴먼에러를원인이아니라결과로서바라보는이러한관점이정착되기위해서는사고에대해휴먼에러의근본원인을밝혀내는심층적인조사가이루어지고그결과가공유되어야한다. 이를위해미국의 CSB(Chemical Safety Board) 와같은독립적인중대화학사고조사기관의신설및관련제도의개선이필요할것으로판단된다. 본연구는국내에서발생한화학사고에대해사고의주요원인으로작용한휴먼에러를다양한분류기준에따라분석하여빈도를제시함으로써, 어떠한종류의휴먼에러가중요한영향을미쳤는지밝혀냈다는데에그 한국안전학회지, 제 33 권제 1 호, 2018 년 71

7 박정철 백종배 이준원 이진우 양승혁 의의가있다. 이는국내화학산업전반에걸쳐사고방지를위해휴먼에러리스크를파악하고개선방안을제시하는데도움이되는정보를제공할수있다. 또한, 국내화학사고의휴먼에러분류에대한거시적인통계정보를제공함으로써, 해외화학산업, 또는타업종에서의휴먼에러분석결과와의직 간접적비교에활용될수있다. 다만, 본연구는화학사고의휴먼에러분류에대한거시적인통계정보를제공하는데초점을맞추었으며, 개별사고에관한심층적인분석결과를제공하지못하는한계점을가지고있다. 이를해결하기위해서는사고조사및보고체계에대한보완이선행되어야하며, 휴먼에러를불러일으킨근본원인에대한기술통계적분석에대한추가적인연구가필요하다. 감사의글 : This was supported by Korea National University of Transportation in This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF- 2016R1D1A1B ). References 1) Ministry of Employment and Labor of Korea, Prevention Strategies for Major Industrial Accidents, August ) Ministry of Employment and Labor of Korea, Prevention Strategies for Major Chemical Accidents, May, ) T. E. McSween, The Values-Based Safety Process: Improving Your Safety Culture with Behavior-Based Safety, Wiley, ) D. H. Kim, Study on Human Error Analysis of Chemical Plants, KOSHA Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, ) CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety), Guidelines for Investigating Chemical Process Incidents, ) J. B. Baek, A Study on the Measurement of Process Safety Culture for Improvement of Status to Process Safety Management, KOSHA Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, ) J. K. Park, A Study on the Improvement of the Chemical Accident Response System, Korea Environment Institute, ) H. S. Lee and J. P. Yim, A Study on Prevention Measure Establishment through Cause Analysis of Chemical- Accidents, J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 32, No. 3, pp , ) A. Graziano, A. P. Teixeira and C. Guedes Soares. Classification of Human Errors in Grounding and Collision Accidents using the TRACEr Taxonomy, Safety Science, Vol. 86, pp , ) S. C. Theophilus, V. N. Esenowo, A. O. Arewa, A. O. Ifelebuegu, E. O. Nnadi and F. U. Mbanaso, Human Factors Analysis and Classification System for the Oil and Gas Industry (HFACS-OGI), Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 167, pp , ) Y. S. Yoon, D.-H. Ham and W.-C. Yoon, Application of Activity Theory to Analysis of Human-related Accidents: Method and Case Studies, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 150, pp , ) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), RISCAD (Relational Information System for Chemical Accidents Database), aist.go.jp/php_en/. 13) J. Park, J. B. Baek, I. G. Hong, J. H. Kim and S. K. Hong, Techniques and Management Strategies for Preventing Human-error Related Chemical Accidents, KOSHA Chemical Material Center, ) CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety), Guidelines for Preventing Human Error in Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, ) HSE, Reducing error and influencing behaviour 2 nd ed. HSG48, ) D. E. Embrey, Techniques for auditing and reducing risk from human error, In Ergonomics in the Process Industries, IChemE, North-Western Branch Papers No. 5, Rugby, ) J. Rasmussen, Skills, rules, knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 13, pp , ) R. J. Taylor, Human Error in Process Plant Design and Operations - A Practitioner s Guide, CRC Press, ) KOSHA, Survey Results of Factories with Old Facilities, ) J. Reason, Human Error, Cambridge University Press, ) I. G. Hong, J. B. Baek, A Qualitative Study on Safety Rule Violation Motives at Manufacturing Plants, J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 31, No. 2, pp , ) S. Dekker, The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error, Ashgate, J. Korean Soc. Saf., Vol. 33, No. 1, 2018

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04_이근원_21~27.hwp 1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일

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