Analytical Performance Test of mirna Chip 발, 미생물연구및유전학등에보편적인기술로상용화가되었다 [7-9]. 그리고 CA19-9와같은혈청단백질을분석하는진단마커의경우도상용화가되어보편적으로질병진단에사용되고있다. 하지만이러한 CA19-9 마커

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1 Original Article J Health Info Stat 2016;41(3): pissn eissn 담도암 mirna 진단칩을이용한분석적성능시험 이창희 1, 이정수 1, 이재훈 1, 허지연 1, 노미숙 2 1 LG 전자인텔리전스연구소, 2 한국기계전기전자시험연구원 Analytical Performance Test Using the mirna Chip of Bile Duct Cancer Chang-Hee Lee 1, Jeong-Soo Lee 1, Jaehoon Lee 1, Jiyeon Heo 1, Mi Suk Noh 2 1 Intelligence R&D Lab, LG Electronics, Seoul; Medical Supplies Evaluation Center, Biomedical Industry Division, Korea Testing Certification, Gunpo, Korea Objectives: This study s purpose was to analyze the analytical performance test of mirna diagnosis chip for a national project, Development of Multiple Biomarkers Using Integrated Analysis of Next Generation Bio-data, and it was attempted in June Methods: The evaluation indices of the analytical performance test were reproducibility, repeatability, and specificity. The analytical performance test of mirna diagnosis chip for bile duct cancer were subjected to analysis of five markers. One same subject had two sessions of the test, and three times were repeated per each session for reproducibility analysis whereas two different subjects had two sessions of the test, and three times were repeated per each session for repeatability analysis. The measured value taken from six times repeated test of patient group of bile duct cancer and the measured value taken from two times repeated test of normal group were compared by using hierarchical clustering analysis in order for specificity analysis. Results: As a result of analysis, all CV (coefficient of variance) values of markers were 10% or below for reproducibility and repeatability, and patient group of bile duct cancer were significantly divided from normal group being completely different groups. Conclusions: Analytical performance test confirmed suitability of mirna diagnosis chip designed for diagnosing bile duct cancer. Key words: MicroRNA, Bile duct cancer, Analytical performance, Reproducibility, Repeatability, Specificity 서론 최근내시경과같은진단장비의발전과보편화로인하여조기암진단율이 50% 에달하면서생존율또한현저히증가하고있다. 그러나췌장암과담도암의경우는아직까지조기진단이어렵고예후가불량하여여전히사망률이높은것으로나타나고있다. 현재까지췌장암과담도암의경우표준치료방법으로알려져있는것은젬시타빈 (Gemcitabine) 와같은항암치료방법이유일하다 [1]. 이와같은이유로근래에는암의조기진단을높이는방안으로바이오마커 (bio-marker) 와같은기술들에관심이높아지고있다 [2]. 바이오마커와같은기술은사전 에암의발생예측이가능하고치료반응을예측할수있는장점이있으며개인별특성에맞는치료및진단이가능하다는것이가장큰장점이다 [3,4]. 이전연구에의하면혈액을이용한 mirna (microrna) 의비정상적인발현은유방암, 대장암, 폐암, 전립선암등의발생과관련이있다 [5]. mirna는세포주기, 분화, 발달, 대사및노화와같은근본적인생물학적과정에관여하고있다 [6]. 이와같은 mirna를이용한진단칩은화학물질에변화되는유전자발현패턴을마이크로어레이 / 어레이기술 (DNA microarray) 를통하여분석하는최신의료기기진단기구이다. 최근 DNA를이용한어레이기술분야에서는이미암진단, 신약개 Corresponding author: Chang-Hee Lee 38 Baumoe-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06763, Korea Tel: , leechp@hanmail.net Received: July 31, 2016 Revised: August 24, 2016 Accepted: August 27, 2016 This study was supported by a research grant ( ) from the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of South Korea in No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. How to cite this article: Lee CH, Lee JS, Lee J, Heo J, Noh MS. Analytical performance test using the mirna chip of bile duct cancer. J Health Info Stat 2016;41(3): Doi: It is identical to the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( whichpermit sunrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Journal of 330

2 Analytical Performance Test of mirna Chip 발, 미생물연구및유전학등에보편적인기술로상용화가되었다 [7-9]. 그리고 CA19-9와같은혈청단백질을분석하는진단마커의경우도상용화가되어보편적으로질병진단에사용되고있다. 하지만이러한 CA19-9 마커 [10] 의경우는민감도와특이도가 70% 수준으로낮고, Lewis A, B 유전자 [11] 가없는전세계 5% 의인구에대해서는 CA19-9를사용할수없는제한점이있다. DNA와 CA19-9와같은상용화진단장비들과는달리아직까지 mirna에대한연구는그렇게많지않다. 더욱이아직까지 mirna을이용한특정암진단칩의적합성을확인하기위한분석적성능시험에관한연구가없었다. 이에본연구에서는산업통상부국책과제 차세대생명정보통합분석 에서제작된프로토타입 (prototype) 담도암 mirna 진단칩의분석적성능시험을통하여재현성, 반복성, 특이도를확인하고평가기반을확립하고자한다. 이연구의결과는아직까지특정암에대한 mir- NA 진단칩의표준가이드라인이없는상황에서실증적인검증사례를제시하고후속 mirna 분석적성능시험연구에중요한자료가될것이다. 문헌고찰 담도암 mirna 진단칩담도암 mirna 진단칩은담도암을비침습적으로조기진단하기위해서혈액에존재하는혈액순환핵산 (circulating nucleic acid) 의한종류인담도암 mirna 5종의존재여부와발현양상을 DNA 마이크로어레이방식으로측정하고분석하기위하여제작된진단기구이다. mirna 진답칩의구성은 mirna 검출용 DNA Probe가부착되어있는 Slide 형태로구성된다 (Figure 1). (1) Slide: DNA probe가집적되어부착되어있는유리판 (2) Array: 1개샘플실험을위한 DNA probe 의한세트 (3) Probe : 특정 mirna의존재유무와양을검출하기위한 40-60개 의뉴클레오타이드 (nucleotide) 로구성된올리고뉴클레오타이드 (oligonucleotide) mirna 진단칩의작동원리는전처리과정을통해염색물질이부착된 mirna (target) 와유리슬라이드 (slide) 위에고정되어있는 개 DNA 올리고뉴클레오타이드 (probe) 와혼성화반응을일으켜서특정프로브 (probe) 와특정 mirna의결합을유도하고레이저스캔을통해염색물질에서나오는파장의양을측정하여특정 mirna의존재유무와양상을측정을하게된다 (Figure 2). mirna 마이크로어레이프로브의구성은다음과같다. (1) Hybridization sequence: 타겟 mirna와특이적으로결합하기위해서제작된 개올리고뉴클레오타이드 (oligonucleotide) (2) Extended hairpin: Probe-target 간의결합의특이성을높이기위한구조 (3) mirna target: 형광물질이결합된 mirna. 분석적성능시험지표분석적성능시험의대표적인평가지표는정밀도 ( 재현성, 반복성 ), 분석적특이도, 분석적민감도, 정확도를들수있다. 정밀도는재현성과반복성으로나누어진다. 재현성시험은서로다른두명의실험자에의한동일한시료에대하여각각실시한실험결과가동일한지검증하였다. 반복성시험은동일한실험자가동일한조건에서 3회반복으로실험을실시하여검증하였다. 분석적특이도는교차반응과간섭반응으로나누어지며교차반응은담도암이아닌정상으로확진받은일반인의혈액으로 3회반복실험을실시하였다. 간섭반응은담도암으로확진받은환자의혈액을 pooling한후정상으로확진받은일반인의혈액을다시 1:1로 pooling 하여 3회반복실험하였다. 분석적특이도분석은다중마커개발에사용되는다변량자료분석으로대표적인방법인군집분석 (clustering analysis) 을사용하였다. Slide(Glass) Array Extended hairpin Probe Probe-target interaction region Probe Hybridization sequence mirna target nts 5 Microarray surface Figure 1. mirna chip. Figure 2. The agilent human mirna microarray probe [13]

3 Chang-Hee Lee, et al. 군집분석은복잡한자료의특성을파악하여군집들간의관계를분석하는통계분석방법이며여기서는계층적군집분석 (hierarchical clustering analysis) 을사용하여각군집에속하는임의의두개체들사이의거리를계산하여가장유사성이큰군집을묶어분류하였다. 정확도는기대치에근접하는정도를판단하는척도이고민감도는측정할수있는물질의최소량을판단하는척도이다. 분석적정확도와민감도는표준물질이존재하지않아임상시험을통하여다수의질환자들진단값을확인해야하는관계로본연구의분석적성능시험평가지표의범위에서는제외하였다. 연구방법 연구대상자및기간본연구는 2015년 10월 5일부터 2016년 4월 12일까지실시한산업통상자원부국책과제연구자임상시험 ( 담도암환자 101명, 정상군 63 명 ) 에서연구용상용칩 (Affymetrix, mirna 4.0) 을이용하여통계적으로진단력 (area under curve, AUC) 이있는 5종의마커를선별하였다. 이후선별된담도암마커 5종 (mir-1268a, mir p, mir-4270, mir p, mir p) 으로전용담도암 mirna 진단칩에적용하도록업체 (Agilent Technologies) 에의뢰하여제작하였고칩자체에대한분석적성능시험에사용하였다. 분석적성능평가를위한혈액검체시료수집 ( 담도암환자 n =1, 정상인 n = 1) 은연세대학교의과대학신촌세브란스병원에서 IRB 승인 (No ) 을받고진행하였으며본연구는미국국립보건원임상시험등록사이트인 Clinical Trials GOV (NCT ) 에등록하였다. 수집된혈액검체시료분석은 mirna 진단칩분석장비를보유하고 Korea Laboratory Accreditation Scheme (KOLAS) 인증을받은분석전문업체 (DNA Link Company) 에의뢰하여진행하였다. 전체실험과정은시험의품질보증및성적서발급을위하여공인시험기관인한국기계전기전자시험연구원 (Korea mirna sample submission Testing Certification) 에서참관하였다. 시험기준은 mirna Microarray System with mirna Complete Labeling and Hyb Kit 시험방법에따라진행하였고시험환경은 20.4 ºC, 상대습도 24.5% 의조건을유지하도록하였다. 자료수집방법및절차자료수집을위한시험절차는 Figure 3과같다. mirna 정제는 serum separating tube (SSTs) 에채혈한담도암환자 1명및정상인 1명의혈액을 4 ºC 보냉팩에담아실험실로이동후혈액 tube를원심분리기로 3,000 r/min에서 20 분간원심분리하여상층액 (serum) 을분리하였다. 이후제놀루션의 serum mirna purification kit 를이용하여 serum 내의 total RNA를다음순서로분리하였다 (Figure 4A). (1) 200 μl의혈액을 kit의 tube에넣은후 20초간 vortex 로섞어주었다. (2) 200 μl의 chloroform을넣고 10초간 vortex로섞어주었다. (3) 원심분리기로 4 ºC, 13,000 r/min 에서 10분간원심분리를하였다. (4) 상층액 600 μl을회수하고새로운튜브에넣어 800 μl isopropanol과섞어주었다. (5) 원심분리기로 4 ºC, 13,000 r/min 에서 5분간원심분리를하였다. (6) 침전된 RNA pellet을제외한상층액을제거하였다. (7) 1 ml의 70 % 의에탄올을넣고원심분리기로 4 ºC, 13,000 r/min 에서 2분간원심분리를하였다. A B QC (Quality control) Sample labeling Hybridization Microarray wash & scanning Data analysis C D Figure 3. Test procedures. Figure 4. Test procedure. (A) Quality control, (B) Labeling, (C) Hybridization, and (D) Scanning 332

4 Analytical Performance Test of mirna Chip Table 1. Hybridization mix for mirna microarrays 하여 data 를획득하였다 (Figure 4D). Components Used Hyb Spike-In solution Not used Hyb Spike-In solution Volume (μl) Total volume (μl) Labeled mirna sample rd Dilution Hyb Spike-In solution 1 10 Gene Expression Blocking Agent Hi-RPM Hybridization Buffer 22.5 Labeled mirna sample Gene Expression Blocking Agent Hi-RPM Hybridization Buffer 22.5 자료분석수집된자료는통계프로그램엑셀 (Microsoft Excel, 2010) 을이용하여분석적성능시험의지표인재현성과반복성을분석하였고, 특이도는 R Software 3.2.3을이용하여계층적군집분석을실시하였다. 재현성시험은서로다른 2명의시험자가실시한담도암 mirna 5개의마커를 mirna Microarray System을이용하여 3회측정한후 Log 2 값으로변환하고평균, 표준편차, coefficient of variance (CV) 를측정하였다. (8) 상층액을제거하고, 원심분리기로 4 ºC, 13,000 r/min에서 20초간원심분리를한후남은에탄올을제거하였다. (9) 침전된 RNA pellet을 RNase가없는물 7 μl에섞어주었다. (10) 발송전까지 -80 ºC에서보관하였다. (11) 시험에적용하기전, mirna의농도는극미량분광광도계 (Model: Nano Drop) 를이용하여측정한후, 100 ng 정량으로맞춰주었다. 정제된 mirna는분석적재현성, 반복성, 특이도를평가하기위해서 5개의튜브에는 1st Dilution Labeling Spike-In 으로라벨링하고, 5 개의튜브에는 1st Dilution HybSpike-In 으로라벨링하였다. 이후같은방법으로 2nd Dilution Labeling Spike-In, 2nd Dilution Hyb Spike- In, 3rd Dilution Labeling Spike-In, 3rd Dilution Hyb Spike-In 으로라벨링하였다 (Figure 4B). 라벨링된샘플을 Water bath 또는 heat block을이용하여 100 ºC를유지하도록하였다. 그리고 Hyb Spike-In solution이사용되었을때 17 μl, Hyb Spike-In solution이사용되지않았을때는 18 μl 의 nuclease- 반복성시험은동일시험자가실시한담도암 mirna 진단칩의 5개마커를 mirna Microarray System을이용하여 3회측정한후 Log 2 값으로변환하고평균, 표준편차, CV를계산하였다. 적합성을확인하기위한 CV 값은재현성과반복성에서분석된표준편차값을평균값으로나눈후 100을곱하여계산하였다. CV= SD/Mean 100 (%) 적합성을판단하기위한 CV 값기준은미국 FDA에서제시한생체분석적개발방법및검증에서제시한기준 (CV 15%) 과 Biochip의일반적적용기준 (CV 10%) 을고려하여 CV 10% 이하를적합성판단및성능기준으로하였다 [13-15]. 분석적특이도분석은정상인의 mirna를 2회반복한결과와환자군의 mirna를 6회반복시험한결과를비교하여담도암 mirna 5개를기준으로각각 mirna 계층분석결과로확인을하였다. 계층적군집분석은정상인의 mirna와환자군의 mirna 개체들사이의거리를계산 (Manhattan 거리와 WARD 알고리즘을사용 ) 하여가장유사성이큰군집을묶어나가는방법으로분석하였다. free water 를건조된샘플에넣도록하였다 (Table 1). 이후볼텍스믹서 (Voltex mixer) 를사용하여골고루섞어준뒤, 100 ºC 에서 5 분간인큐베이션 (incubation) 하고, 즉시 5 분동안얼음물 ( 얼 연구결과 음 : 물 = 1:1) 에서보관한다. 튜브바닥에물방울을모으기위해원심분리기 (centrifuge) 를사용하여빠르게회전시켰다. Hybridization assembly 를준비하고, SureHyb chamber base 내에깨끗한게스켓슬라이드 (gasket slide) 를넣고 Hybridzation sample을 gasket well에천천히분주한뒤, 겹쳐진슬라이드위에 SureHyb chamber 재현성분석담도암 mirna 진단칩재현성시험결과는 Table 2와같다. 총 5종의마커를서로다른실험자가 1차와 2차로나누어각각 3회씩측정한후평균값과표준편차값을분석하였고이후 CV 값을분석하였다. 평가지표의기준이되는 CV 분석값은모두 10% 이하의결과를보였다. cover 를놓고잠금쇠부품 (clamp assembly) 를끼워넣은뒤, 챔버 (chamber) 위에잠금쇠를손으로단단히조였다 (Figure 4C). 이후 55 ºC에서 20시간동안 oven rotator rack (Model: Agilent- G2545A) 을이용하여 20 r/min 으로 hybridize한샘플은마이크로어레이세척 (microarray wash) 작업을거친후분석장비 Agilent SureScan Microarray Scanner (Model : SureScan Dx Microarray Bundle) 를이용 반복성분석담도암분석 mirna 진답칩의반복성시험결과는 Table 3과같다. 총 5종의마커를동일한실험자가 3회측정한평균값과표준편차값을분석하였고이후 CV 값을분석하였다. 평가지표의기준이되는 CV 분석값은모두 10% 이하의결과를보였다

5 Chang-Hee Lee, et al. Table 2. mirna microarray reproducibility of bile duct cancer mirna 1st 2nd Mean SD CV 1hsa-miR-1268a hsa-miR p hsa-miR hsa-miR p hsa-miR p SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variance (%). 1st, average of three times measure of first tester; 2nd, average of three times measure of second tester. Table 3. mirna microarray duplication of bile duct cancer mirna 1st 2nd 3rd Mean 1 SD CV 1hsa-miR-1268a hsa-miR p hsa-miR hsa-miR p hsa-miR p SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variance (%). 1 Average of three times measure. 분석적특이도 담도암 mirna 진답칩의특이도시험결과는 Figure 5 와같다. 총 5 종의마커를이용하여담도암환자군의 mirna 를 6 회반복시험한측 정값과일반정상인군의 mirna 를 2 회반복측정치값으로계층적군 집분석을실시한결과담도암환자군과정상인군의 mirna 는서로다 른군집으로확연히구분되었다. 논의 본연구는산업통상자원부의국책과제인 차세대생명정보통합분 석을이용한다중바이오마커개발 에서제작된담도암 mirna 진단 칩의분석적성능시험을위하여평가지표로재현성, 반복성, 특이도 를분석하였다. 분석결과담도암 mirna 진단칩은재현성과반복성실험에서판 정기준이되는 CV 값모두 10% 이하의결과를보였다. 그리고특이도 분석에서는환자군의 mirna 를 6 회반복시험한측정치값과정상인 의 mirna 를 2 회반복하여시험한측정치값으로계층적군집분석을 실시한결과담도암환자군과정상인군의 mirna 는서로다른군집 으로확연히구분되었다. 이러한분석적성능시험의결과제작된담도 암 mirna 진단칩은적합하다는것을확인할수있었다. 또한이결 과는 mir-1268a 는담관폐쇄증환자가정상인에비해유의하게낮은 발현량을보였고 mir p 는정상인에비해담즙간경변환자에게 서유의하게낮은발현량을보였다는이전연구와도일치하는결과를 Figure 5. mirna microarray specification of bile duct cancer. 보였다 [16,17]. 아직까지는 mirna 진단장비들이상용화되지않은관계로분석적성능시험에대한구체적인표준가이드라인마련되어있지는않다. 하지만본연구의분석적성능시험은의료기관을통하여 IRB승인을받아혈액을시료로진행하였으며분석및실험은 KOLAS 인증을받은업체에서진행하였고전반적인시험과정은공인시험기관인한국기계전기전자시험연구원을참관하도록하여품질보증을할수있도록하였다. 그리고해당기관들의의료전문가, 분석전문가, 인증전문가, 통계전문가들의다양한의견을종합하여합리적인성능평가와시험의오류를줄일수있었다. 현재 mirna의진단칩에대한분석적성능시험이전무한실정을감안하면본연구는향후시험검사를위한기초자료로서활용가능성이있다고사료된다. 그리고본연구의결과는현재급속도로연구되어지고있는 mirna 진단칩이특정질환진단칩으로상용화가될경우그에따른분석적성능시험에대한검증방안으로제시될수있을것이다. 하지만본연구는몇가지제한점이있다. 첫째 mirna의진단칩자체에대한분석적성능시험을진행한관계로담도암진단칩의유효성을검증하기위해서는의료기관의임상시험을통한확인이추가로필요하다. 둘째, 분석적성능시험의평가지표중정확도와민감도는임상시험을통하여추가로검증이필요하다. 셋째, 담도암에발현하는총 5종의마커만을진단칩으로제작하여분석적성능시험을진행한관계로다른타암에적용하기위해서는해당진단칩제작과분석적성능시험이추가로필요하다. 넷째, 혈액시료의특성상의료기관에서분석업체로이동하는과정에서시료변질등에대한품질관리방안이추가적으로검토되어야할것이다. 이러한제한점에도불구하고아직까지담도암 mirna 진단칩을제작하여분석적성능시험을연구한사례가없는가운데실증적시험을통한분석및방향제시를하였다는것에큰의미가있다고할것이다

6 Analytical Performance Test of mirna Chip 더욱이향후급속도록발전하는 mirna에대한후속연구에서매우중요한자료가될것으로사료된다. 결론 본연구는 5종의 mirna 마커를이용하여담도암 mirna 진단칩을제작하고적합성을확인하고자분석적성능시험을실시하였다. 결론적으로담도암 mirna 진단칩의분석적성능시험지표인재현성과반복성은판단기준값 CV 10% 이하의결과와특이도의판단기준인담도암과일반인의계층적군집분석이확연히구분이되어적합성을확인할수있었다. 오늘날의료기기의발달은상상할수없을정도로빠른진화를하고있다. 유전체진단과같은헬스산업의무한한발전가능성으로인하여다양한의료기기에대한개발뿐만아니라제품을신뢰할수있는유효성과안전성, 성능분석및기타검증들이보다정밀하게요구가되고있다. 이런점을고려하면현재에상용화되고있는기기들뿐만아니라선행적으로연구되고있는제품개발에대해서도사전에신뢰성을획득할수있는다양한연구가이루어질수있도록해야할것이다. References 1. Tempero MA, Berlin J, Ducreux M, Haller D, Harper P, Khayat D, et al. Pancreatic cancer treatment and research: an international expert panel discussion. Ann Oncol 2011;22(7): Xu X, Strimpakos AS, Saif MW. Biomarkers and pharmacogenetics in pancreatic cancer. Highlights from the 2011 ASCO Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL, USA; JOP 2011;12(4): Huang H, Dong X, Kang MX, Xu B, Chen Y, Zhang B, et al. Novel blood biomarkers of pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes mellitus identified by peripheral blood-based gene expression profiles. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105(7): Hanas JS, Hocker JR, Cheung JY, Larabee JL, Lerner MR, Lightfoot SA, et al. Biomarker identification in human pancreatic cancer sera. Pancreas 2008;36(1): Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, et al. Circulating micrornas as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2008;105(30): Waldman SA, Terzic A. MicroRNA signatures as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Clin Chem 2008;54(6): Butte A The use and analysis of microarray data. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002;1(12): Chung CH, Bernard PS, Perou CM. Molecular portraits and the family tree of cancer. Nat Genet 2002;32(supple): Stathopoulos A, Levine M. Whole-genome expression profiles identify gene batteries in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2002;3(4): Koproski H, Steplewski Z, Mitchell K. Colorctal carcinoma antigens detected by hybridoma antibodies. Somatic Cell Genet 1979;5(6): McCurley RS, Recinos A 3rd, Olsen AS, Gingrich JC, Szczepaniak D, Cameron HS, et al. Physical maps of human alpha (1,3)fucosyltransferase genes FUT3-FUT6 on chromosomes 19p13.3 and 11q21. Genomics 1995;26(1): Agilent. The Agilent Human mirna Microarray. Available at [accessed on 18 December 2015]. 13. Tiwari G, Tiwari. R. Bioanalytical method validation: An updated review, Pharm Methods 2010;1(1): Xing WL, Cheng J. DNA Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Biochips. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 2003, p Manku D, Pak BJ. Flow-through microarrays for rapid biomarker testing. MLO Med Lab Obs 2013;45(4): Dong R, Shen Z, Zheng C, Chen G, Zheng S. Serum microrna microarray analysis identifies mir-4429 and mir-4689 are potential diagnostic biomarkers for biliary atresia. Sci Rep 2016;16(6): Tomiyama T, Yang GX, Zhao M, Zhang W, Tanaka H, Wang J, et al. The modulation of co-stimulatory molecules by circulating exosomes in primary biliary cirrhosis. Cell Mol Immunol 2015;September 21. Doi: /cmi

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