김경원들 : 기관지폐이형성증에서의폐기능 서 기관지폐이형성증 (Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, BPD) 은영아기만성폐질환의가장흔한원인으로미숙아만성폐 질환(chronic lung disease, CLD) 이라고부르기도한다. 기관지폐이형성증에이환된영아의호흡

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1 소아알레르기호흡기 : 제 20 권제1 호, pp68 ~75, 2010 년 1) 기관지폐이형성증영아에서폐기능측정의유용성 연세대학교의과대학소아과학교실, 알레르기연구소 김경원* ㆍ최봉석 * ㆍ이용주 * ㆍ은호선ㆍ손명현 * ㆍ박국인ㆍ남궁란ㆍ이철ㆍ김규언 * * Utility of Infant Pulmonary Function Test in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Kyung Won Kim *, Bong Seok Choi *, Yong Ju Lee *, Ho Seon Eun, Myung Hyun Sohn * Kook-In Park, Ran Namgung, Chul Lee and Kyu-Earn Kim * Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children s Hospital, Institute of Allergy *, Yonsei University of College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose : Pulmonary function is decreased in varying degrees in healthy premature infants as well as those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The evaluation of pulmonary function in infants is finally standardized after strenuous efforts, but it has not yet been in Korea. In this study, we aimed at the evaluation of the utility of pulmonary function tests in premature infants with chronic lung disease by objectively measuring pulmonary function and by analyzing the risk factors that may decrease lung function. Methods : Fifty-four premature infants born in Severance Hospital were selected. Among the 54 infants, 31 were male and 23 were female, and their mean age was 5.6± 3.7 years. Exhalyser was used to measure tidal volume and functional residual capacity, and then their change after the inhalation of bronchodilators was evaluated. There was no test related complication in all subjects. Results : Among the 54 subjects, 22 were at the gestational age of <28 weeks, 25 were at the gestational age between 28 and 33 weeks, and 7 were at the gestational age between 33 and 37 weeks. As for birth weight, 23 had extreme low birth weight, 23 had very low birth weight, and 8 had low birth weight. The delta functional residual capacities (FRCs) before and after the inhalation of bronchodilator were significantly increased in infants with younger gestational age (P< 0.05) and lower birth weight (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between gestational age and birth weight, and a significant positive correlation with the duration of ventilator care and that of oxygen therapy. The delta FRC before the inhalation of bronchodilator was significantly lower in infants with lower birth weight, and the tidal volume before the inhalation of bronchodilator correlated negatively with the duration of ventilator care. Conclusion : The reversibility of FRC is increased in premature infants with lower birth weight, younger gestational age, and longer duration of ventilator care and oxygen therapy. The reversibility of FRC may be a useful parameter of pulmonary function that can be safely measured in premature infants with chronic lung disease. [Pediatr Allergy Respir Dis(Korea) 2010;20:68-75] Key Words : Infant pulmonary function test, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Chronic lung disease, Functional residual capacity 접수 : 2010 년 2월 5 일, 승인 : 2010 년 3월 10일책임저자 : 손명현, 서울시서대문구성산로 250 연세대학교의과대학소아과학교실 Tel : 02) Fax : 02) mhsohn@yuhs.ac

2 김경원들 : 기관지폐이형성증에서의폐기능 서 기관지폐이형성증 (Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, BPD) 은영아기만성폐질환의가장흔한원인으로미숙아만성폐 질환(chronic lung disease, CLD) 이라고부르기도한다. 기관지폐이형성증에이환된영아의호흡기증상과기능부 전은청소년과성인이되어서도지속된다. 1) 또한미숙아로 태어났지만기관지폐이형성증이없는경우에도학동기및 성인기의폐기능또는운동능력이저하된다. 2, 3) 초극소저 체중출생아 (extreme low birth weight, ELBW) 를추적관 찰하였을때 10세와 18세에폐고해상전산단층촬영및폐 기능검사에서구조적, 기능적이상이관찰되었다. 4) 이는영 아기에받은폐손상이평생갈수있다는것을의미하기도 한다. 더욱이미숙아만성폐질환은폐질환자체도삶의질을 떨어뜨리지만최근에발달장애의위험을증가시킨다는보고 론 가있어그중요성이강조되고있다. 5) 일반적으로폐기능검사는 spirometry 방법을이용한다. Spirometry 방법은모든폐질환의진단및치료의평가에 기본이되는검사이지만보통만 4 세이후에시행가능하다. 영아폐기능을측정하고자하는노력은 100여년전부터지 속적으로시도되고있는데, 10년전에비로소기본적인방 법들이표준화되었고이후새로운시도들이끊이지않고있 다. 6) 폐기능측정방법은평상호흡법을이용한일회호흡량, 기능적잔기량등의폐용적및환기불균형등을측정하는방 법뿐아니라 spirometry 와상응하는측정값을얻을수있는 raised volume rapid thoraciccompression (RVRTC) 도 있다. 최근에는폐실질의염증또는감염을반영한다고보고 된 low frequency forced oscillation technique (LFFOT) 등의검사법도있다. 7) 기관지폐이형성증이있는영아를대상으로영아폐기능 검사법을이용하여폐기능을측정한결과작은기능적잔기 량과환기불균형이관찰되었으며이는기관지폐이형성증의 중증도가심할수록현저한차이를보였다. 8) 또한기관지폐 이형성증이없는건강한미숙아에서도대조군에비해기능 적잔기량이작았고환기불균형도관찰되었다. 9) 신생아시기의산소의존도로평가하는기관지폐이형성 증의정의및중증도분류만으로는폐기능및장기적인호 흡기질환의예후를예측하기어렵다. 10) 이에외국에서는이 시기에폐기능검사를시행하여고위험군을추적관찰하여 관리하는시도들이이루어지고있다. 그러나아직까지국내 에서신생아기또는영아기에폐기능검사가시행되지못하 고있다. 이에본연구에서는미숙아로출생한환아들중에 서기관지폐이형성증을가지고있는환자를대상으로국내 최초로폐기능을측정하고안전성과유용성을입증하고자 하였다. 1. 연구대상 대상및방법 2008 년 9월부터 2009 년 9월까지세브란스어린이병원 을방문한환아들중만성폐질환을가진미숙아 54명을대 상으로하였다. 미숙아만성폐질환은재태주령 32주미만출 생아의경우에는월경후연령 (postmenstrual age, PMA) 36주와퇴원시점중빠른시기에 21% 를초과하는산소를 적어도 28 일이상사용한경우, 재태주령 32주이상출생아 의경우에는출생후 28일에서 56일사이혹은퇴원시점 중빠른시기에 21% 를초과하는산소를적어도 28일이상 사용한경우로정의하였다. 11) 선천성기형이있거나선천선 심장병또는다른심폐질환으로수술이나약물치료가필요 했었던미숙아는연구대상에서제외하였다. 모든대상환아 들은기계호흡이나산소치료를중단한후에도안정적으로 산소포화도가유지되는상태에서검사를시행하였다. 본연구는대상환아들의보호자들에게연구의목적과방 법을설명하고동의서를받은후시행되었으며, 세브란스병 원임상시험윤리위원회의심의를통과하였다. 2. 방법 대상환아에서일회호흡량 (tidal volume, TV) 및기능적 잔기량 (functional residual capacity, FRC) 을영아폐기능 측정기구 (Exhalyser; EcoMedics, Dü rnten, Switzer- land) 를이용하여측정하였다. FRC 는 multiple breath washout 방법을이용하여가스희석법을사용하여측정하 12, 13) 였다. 가스는대기와 4-6% sulphur hexafluoride (SF)6 를사용하였다. 간단하게기술하면, 대상환아에게 Chloral hydrate mg/kg 를투여한후바로누운자 세로규칙적으로호흡하는상태에서검사를시작하였다. 팽 창얼굴마스크 (inflatable face mask, King Systems, Noblesville, IN, USA) 를사용하여코와입을가리면서마 스크가새지않도록주의하면서부드럽게밀착시킨후초음 파유량계를통해호흡유속을측정하였다. 외부사강용적은

3 Kyung Won Kim et al. : Utility of Infant Pulmonary Function Test in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 1 ml/kg 이하로조절하였다. 세척(washout) 기록을얻기 위하여호흡가스의세척시작시점농도의 1/40 이되는지 점까지호기말가스농도를측정하였다. 세척중에호기된 가스의전체용적을계산하여 FRC 를계산하였다. 각인자는 기술적으로적절한세번의검사를통하여얻어지는평균값 으로계산하였다. Salbutamol sulfate 100 μg을스페이서 를통하여흡입시키고 측정값을비교하였다. 15분후에같은방법으로검사하여 연속변수는평균과표준편차로제시하였다. TV, FRC 변수들은기관지확장제흡입전후, 변화량모두에서정규분 포를보이지않아비모수방법으로분석하였다. 출생체중, 재태주령에따른군사이의비교는 Kruskal-Wallis 방법으 로비교하였고, 상관관계분석은 Spearman 방법을사용하 였다. 선형회귀분석에서는정규분포를보이지않는변수들 은상용로그를취한후분석하였다. 통계분석은 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (version 13.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를사용하여 P value 가 0.05 미만인경우에통계적으로유의하다고판단하였다. 결 과 1. 대상환아들의특성(Table 1) 총 54명의환아가연구대상에포함되었으며남아가 31 명(57.4%), 여아가 23 명(42.6%) 이었다. 대상환아의평균 연령은 5.60 ± 3.65 개월, 평균 PMA 는 3.02 ± 3.67 개월이었 다. 대상환아중 22명은재태주령 28 주미만출생아, 25명 은 28주이상 33 주미만출생아, 7명은 33주이상 37주미 만의출생아였다. 또한출생체중 1,000 g 미만인초극소저 체중출생아는 23 명, 1,000 g 이상 1,500 g 미만인극소저 체중출생아 (very low birth weight, VLBW) 는 23 명, 1,500 g 이상 2,500 g 미만인저체중출생아 (low birth weight, LBW) 는 8 명이었다. 전체대상아에서검사와관련 된부작용은없었다. 2. 출생체중에따른기능적잔기량의가역성 ELBW 출생아의기관지확장제흡입전후기능적잔기량 변화(delta FRC, dfrc) 는 출생아에서는 4.53 ± %change, VLBW 1.81 ± %change, LBW 출생아에서는 ± %change 이었다. 대상환아의 dfrc 는출 Table 1. Characteristics of Subjects Male Female Total Subjects, n (%) Age, months PMA, months Height, cm Weight, kg Delivery method, n (SVD/C-sec) Treatment with antenatal steroid, n(%) Duration of ventilator care, d Duration of oxygen therapy *,d Gestational age at birth, weeks <28, n (%) 28-33, n (%) 33-37, n (%) Birth weight, g <1,000, n (%) 1,000-1,500, n (%) 1,500-2,500, n (%) 31 (57.4) 5.31 ± ± ± ± /24 13 (41.9) ± ± (41.9) 15 (48.4) 3 (9.7) 14 (45.2) 12 (38.7) 5 (16.1) 23 (42.6) 5.99 ± ± ± ± /18 11 (47.8) ± ± (39.1) 10 (43.5) 4 (17.4) 9 (39.1) 11 (47.8) 3 (13.0) ± ± ± ± /42 24 (44.4) ± ± (40.7) 25 (46.3) 7 (13.0) 23 (42.6) 23 (42.6) 8 (14.9) Data are represented as mean SD or absolute numbers. ± * P =0.024 between male and female subjects. Abbreviations : PMA, postmenstrual age; SVD, spontaneous vaginal delivery; C-sec, Cesarean section; d, days

4 김경원들 : 기관지폐이형성증에서의폐기능 생체중이작을수록의미있게증가하였고, (P =0.037) ELBW 출생아와 (P =0.028) VLBW 출생아의 (P =0.047) dfrc 는 LBW 출생아의 dfrc 보다유의하게높았다.(Fig. 1A) 또한 dfrc 는출생체중과의미있는음의상관관계를 나타내었다.(r=-0.32; P =0.026, Fig. 1B) 대상환아에서 dfrc 에대한출생체중은선형회귀분석 모형에서성별, 재태주령, 기계호흡일수, 산소치료일수로보 정한후에도유의한영향을주었다.(P =0.0007) 3. 재태주령에따른기능적잔기량의가역성 재태주령 28주미만출생아에서 dfrc 의평균은 5.55± %change, 28주이상 33주미만출생아에서 ±12.44 %change, 33주이상 37주미만의출생아에서는 ± 3.91 %change 이었다. 대상환아의 dfrc 는재태 주령이어릴수록증가하였고,(P =0.041) 28주미만출생 아와 (P =0.033) 28주이상 33 주미만출생아의 (P =0.047) dfrc 는 33주이상 37주미만의출생아의 dfrc Fig. 1. (A) Delta FRC was significantly greater in subjects with ELBW (P =0.028) and VLBW (P =0.047) than in those with LBW. (B) Delta FRC was negatively correlated with birth weight (r=-0.32; P=0.026). Abbreviations : dfrc, delta functional residual capacity; ELBW, extreme low birth weight; VLBW, very low birth weight; LBW, low birth weight Fig. 2. (A) Delta FRC was significantly greater in subjects whose gestational age at birth was before 28 weeks (P =0.033) and those between 28 and 33 weeks (P =0.047) than in those between 33 and 37 weeks. (B)Delta FRC was negatively correlated with gestational age at birth (r=-0.35; P =0.013). dfrc, delta functional residual capacity; wks, weeks

5 Kyung Won Kim et al. : Utility of Infant Pulmonary Function Test in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 보다유의하게높았다.(Fig. 2A) 또한 dfrc 는재태주령과 의미있는음의상관관계를나타내었다.(r=-0.35; P =0.013, Fig. 2B) 4. 기능적잔기량의가역성과기계호흡일수, 산소치료일수 대상환아의 dfrc 는기계호흡일수 (r=0.42; P = ), 산소치료일수 (r=0.43; P =0.0024) 와는유의한 양의상관관계를보였다.(Fig. 3) 5. 기관지확장제전후일회호흡량및기능적잔기량 기관지확장제흡입전 TV은기계호흡일수와음의상관관 계를나타내었다.(r=-0.39; P =0.0048, data not shown) 그외기관지확장제흡입전 TV, 흡입후 TV, TV 가역변화 는출생체중, 재태주령, 기계호흡일수, 산소치료일수와연관 성을보이지않았다.(data not shown) 기관지확장제흡입전 FRC 은출생체중이작을수록유의 하게작았다.(r=0.43; P=0.0013, data not shown) 그외 기관지확장제흡입전 FRC, 흡입후 FRC 는출생체중, 재태 주령, 기계호흡일수, 산소치료일수와연관성을보이지않았 다.(data not shown) 고 미숙아로태어나면만성호흡기질환에이환될가능성이 찰 많고, 특히기관지폐이형성증이동반된경우에는더욱그러 하다. 14) 기관지폐이형성증이심한경우에영아기에서서히 폐탄성이호전되지만학동전기에도기류제한은여전히관 찰되며, 영아기의저하된폐기능은학동기폐기능에영향을 준다. 15, 16) 즉, 미숙아의기관지폐이형성증은비가역적조기 기도개형을초래한다는것이다. 심지어 VLBW 출생아로태 어난기관지폐이형성증이있었던미숙아는학동기와청소년 기를지나면서폐기능이더떨어진다는보고도있다. 17) 그러 나최근연구에의하면폐표면활성제투여전시기에미숙아 로태어나학동기때에기침등의과다한호흡기증상을보 이면서폐기능이떨어져있고기도과민성이있었던환자들 을대상으로 21 세때에추적관찰하였더니, 호흡기증상은 여전히많았으나폐기능이나기도과민성은대조군과차이 가없었다는보고가있었다. 18) 이러한상이한결과를보이는 이유중하나는연구마다대상군에차이를보이고대규모연 구가어려운점이다. 또한폐기능검사시행이가능한신경 학적발달지연이없는환아를대상으로할수밖에없는제 한점을안고있다. 더욱이기관지폐이형성증의폐기능에대 한장기추적관찰연구는대부분시기적으로고전적인기관 지폐이형성증 (old BPD) 에대한결과이다. 의료기술이발 달하면서더어린미숙아가생존하게되고폐표면활성제, 새 로운기계환기전략등의다른치료방법으로대두된새로운 유형의기관지폐이형성증 (new BPD) 이두드러지게되면서 미숙아만성폐질환이단일병태생리를가지지않는다는것 이다. 14, 19) 그럼에도대부분연구의공통적인결과는영아기 의폐기능이학동기및성인의폐기능과관계가있다는것이 Fig. 3. (A) Delta FRC was positively correlated with duration of ventilator care (r=0.42; P =0.0028). (B) Delta FRC was positively correlated with duration of oxygen therapy (r=0.43; P =0.0024). Abbreviations : dfrc, delta functional residual capacity; d, day

6 김경원들 : 기관지폐이형성증에서의폐기능 고영아기의폐기능을측정하는것이성인기폐기능의중요 1, 18, 20, 21) 한예측인자라는것이다. 영아폐기능검사인자중에서기관지폐이형성증의폐발 달을평가하는유용한인자는가스혼합율및기능적잔기량 이라는보고가있다. 8) 또다른연구에서는기능적잔기량및 환기불균형이미숙아폐기능을잘반영한다고보고하였 다. 9) 본연구에서는기능적잔기량가역성이출생체중, 재태 주령, 기계호흡일수및산소치료일수등의영향을가장잘 반영하는것으로나타났다. 또한기관지확장제에대한반응 (bronchodilator response, BDR) 을측정하였는데, 이는 미숙아만성폐질환에서매우다양하게측정되기때문에영 아폐기능평가에유용한방법이라고할수있다. 또한 BDR 은기관지폐이형성증에이환된미숙아에서흡입스테로이드 또는기관지확장제치료에호전을보이는예측인자로사용 22, 23) 될수있어중요하다. 본연구에서기능적잔기량가역성 (FRC reversibility) 에영향을가장많이미치는것은출생체중이었다. 그러나 Fig.1A 에서보여지는바와같이기능적잔기량가역성은 ELBW 출생아에서가장높지만 ELBW 와 VLBW 출생아사 이에는상당부분겹쳐지는부분이존재한다. 이러한겹쳐지 는부분은 LBW 출생아에서는확연히줄어드는것을관찰할 수있다. 이러한양상은기능적잔기량가역성이재태주령 28주미만출생아와 28주이상 33주미만출생아사이에는 겹쳐지는부분이존재하나, 33주이상출생아에서겹쳐지는 부분없이안정적인 dfrc 수치를보여주는것과유사하 다.(Fig. 2A) 이것은출생체중이나재태주령이중요하지만 이러한발달시기에출생한미숙아는다른여러가지영향으 로다양한기능적잔기량가역성을가질수있다는것을의미 하기도한다. 즉, 기관지폐이형성증을가지고있는미숙아에 서출생체중또는재태주령으로폐기능을정확하게예측하 기어려우며폐기능검사를통하여적절하게평가, 치료및 관찰하는것이필요하다는것이다. 초극소저체중출생아또는재태주령 28주미만의미숙아 로출생한환아를대상으로한최근연구에의하면폐의구 조적, 기능적이상을예측할수있는위험인자는지속적인 산소치료라고하였다. 4) 이는기관지폐이형성증의정의및 중증도분류를지지하는결과이지만산소치료의지속이단 일위험인자가아니므로만성호흡기질환의예후예측에는 정확한도구가요구된다. 10) 다른한연구에서는만성호흡기 질환에대한위험요소로남아, 월경후연령 36주에산소 의존여부, 5세미만의형제유무등이있다고보고하였 다. 24) 본연구에서는출생체중, 재태주령, 기계호흡일수, 산 소치료일수가기능적잔기량가역성에영향을미치며, 그중 에가장중요한요소는출생체중인것으로나타났다. 폐기능 에미치는임상적인요소를연구하는데상이한결과를보이 는것은대상군의임상적차이, 즉재태연령또는출생체중 등에차이를보인다는것이다. 또한대상환아마다다른유 전적요인, 폐발달, 감염등에의한염증, 그리고폐손상 등이존재하므로위험요소들은복합적으로작용한다고할 수있다. 이에이시기에폐기능을측정하여객관적인호흡 기상태를평가하는것은중요하다고할수있다. 본연구는국내에서만성폐질환미숙아에서의폐기능측 정에대한유용성을입증하는최초의보고로서의의를가진 다. 또한검사또는진정과관련된부작용은한건도없었으 므로안정성또한확인하였다. 결론적으로미숙아만성폐질환에서출생체중이작을수 록, 재태주령이어릴수록, 기계호흡일수와산소치료일수가 길수록기관지확장제에의한기능적잔기량의가역성이증가 하였다. 그러나이러한폐기능인자는이러한임상지표만으 로예측하기어려워폐기능평가를위하여는측정해야한다. 기능적잔기량가역성은만성폐질환미숙아에서안전하게 측정할수있는유용한폐기능지표로생각된다. Acknowledgment 이논문은 2009 년도정부( 교육과학기술부 ) 의재원으로 한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된기초연구사업임 (No ) 요 목적 : 건강한미숙아에서기관지폐이형성증을가진미 숙아에이르기까지미숙아의폐기능은다양한정도로감소 되어있다고알려져있다. 영아에서폐기능을평가하는방법 은오랜노력끝에표준화되기에이르렀으나국내에서아직 까지연구된바없다. 본연구에서는만성폐질환을가진미 숙아에서폐기능을객관적인평가방법을통하여측정하고 폐기능감소에영향을미치는위험요인들을분석하여그 유용성을알아보고자하였다. 방법 : 세브란스어린이병원에서출생한 54명을대상으 로하였다. 전체대상아중남자는 31 명, 여자는 23명이었 고, 평균연령은 5.6± 3.7 개월이었다. 대상자에서영아폐기 능측정기구 (Exhalyser; EcoMedics, Dü rnten, Switzer- land) 를이용하여일회호흡량 (tidal volume, TV) 및기능 약

7 Kyung Won Kim et al. : Utility of Infant Pulmonary Function Test in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 적잔기량 (functional Residual Capacity, FRC) 을측정하 였고, 기관지확장제흡입후같은방법으로측정하여변화를 관찰하였다. 전체대상아에서검사와관련된부작용은없었 다. 결과 : 대상환아 54명중 22명은재태주령 28주미만 출생아, 25명은 28주이상 33 주미만출생아, 7명은 33주 이상 37 주미만의출생아였다. 또한초극소저체중출생아 23 명, 극소저체중출생아 23 명, 저체중출생아는 8명이었 다. 기관지확장제흡입전후기능적잔기량변화(delta FRC, dfrc) 는재태주령이어릴수록 (P <0.05), 출생체중이작 을수록 (P <0.05) 의미있게증가하였다. 기능적잔기량변화 는재태주령 (r=-0.35; P =0.013), 출생체중 (r=-0.32; P =0.026) 과유의한음의상관관계를, 기계호흡일수 (r= 0.42; P =0.0028), 산소치료일수 (r=0.43; P =0.0024) 와 는양의상관관계를보였다. 기관지확장제흡입전기능적잔 기량은출생체중이작을수록유의하게작았으며,(r=0.43; P =0.0013) 기관지확장제흡입전일회호흡량은기계호흡 일수와음의상관관계를나타내었다.(r=-0.39; P = ) 결론 : 미숙아에서출생체중이작을수록, 재태주령이어 릴수록, 기계호흡일수와산소치료일수가길수록기관지확 장제에의한기능적잔기량의가역성이증가하였다. 기능적 잔기량가역성은만성폐질환미숙아에서안전하게측정할 수있는유용한폐기능지표로생각된다. 참고문헌 1) Northway WH, Jr., Moss RB, Carlisle KB, Parker BR, Popp RL, Pitlick PT, et al. Late pulmonary sequelae of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med 1990;323: ) Palta M, Sadek-Badawi M, Madden K, Green C. Pulmonary testing using peak flow meters of very low birth weight children born in the perisurfactant era and school controls at age 10 years. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007;42: ) Vrijlandt EJ, Gerritsen J, Boezen HM, Grevink RG, Duiverman EJ. Lung function and exercise capacity in young adults born prematurely. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173: ) Aukland SM, Rosendahl K, Owens CM, Fosse KR, Eide GE, Halvorsen T. Neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia predicts abnormal pulmonary HRCT scans in long-term survivors of extreme preterm birth. Thorax 2009;64: ) Laughon M, O'Shea MT, Allred EN, Bose C, Kuban K, Van Marter LJ, et al. Chronic lung disease and developmental delay at 2 years of age in children born before 28 weeks' gestation. Pediatrics 2009;124: ) Frey U, Stocks J, Coates A, Sly P, Bates J. Specifications for equipment used for infant pulmonary function testing. ERS/ATS Task Force on Standards for Infant Respiratory Function Testing. European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society. Eur Respir J 2000;16: ) Brennan S, Hall GL, Horak F, Moeller A, Pitrez PM, Franzmann A, et al. Correlation of forced oscillation technique in preschool children with cystic fibrosis with pulmonary inflammation. Thorax 2005;60: ) Hjalmarson O, Sandberg KL. Lung function at term reflects severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 2005;146: ) Hjalmarson O, Sandberg K. Abnormal lung function in healthy preterm infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165: ) Kinsella JP, Greenough A, Abman SH. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Lancet 2006;367: ) Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163: ) Schibler A, Hall GL, Businger F, Reinmann B, Wildhaber JH, Cernelc M, et al. Measurement of lung volume and ventilation distribution with an ultrasonic flow meter in healthy infants. Eur Respir J 2002;20: ) Pillow JJ, Ljungberg H, Hulskamp G, Stocks J. Functional residual capacity measurements in healthy infants: ultrasonic flow meter versus a mass spectrometer. Eur Respir J 2004;23: ) Greenough A. Long-term pulmonary outcome in the preterm infant. Neonatology 2008;93: ) Baraldi E, Filippone M, Trevisanuto D, Zanardo V, Zacchello F. Pulmonary function until two years of life in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:

8 김경원들 : 기관지폐이형성증에서의폐기능 16) Gappa M, Stocks J, Merkus P. Lung growth and development after preterm birth: further evidence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168: ) Doyle LW, Faber B, Callanan C, Freezer N, Ford GW, Davis NM. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight subjects and lung function in late adolescence. Pediatrics 2006;118: ) Narang I, Rosenthal M, Cremonesini D, Silverman M, Bush A. Longitudinal evaluation of airway function 21 years after preterm birth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178: ) Baraldi E, Filippone M. Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N Engl J Med 2007;357: ) Santuz P, Baraldi E, Zaramella P, Filippone M, Zacchello F. Factors limiting exercise performance in long-term survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152: ) Koumbourlis AC, Motoyama EK, Mutich RL, Mallory GB, Walczak SA, Fertal K. Longitudinal follow-up of lung function from childhood to adolescence in prematurely born patients with neonatal chronic lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996;21: ) De Boeck K, Smith J, Van Lierde S, Devlieger H. Response to bronchodilators in clinically stable 1-year-old patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur J Pediatr 1998;157: ) Allen J, Zwerdling R, Ehrenkranz R, Gaultier C, Geggel R, Greenough A, et al. Statement on the care of the child with chronic lung disease of infancy and childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168: ) Greenough A, Limb E, Marston L, Marlow N, Calvert S, Peacock J. Risk factors for respiratory morbidity in infancy after very premature birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005;90:F

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