1 11 (slope stability analyses) (landslide), ( ) (Cruden, 1991) ( ),,, (potential landslide hazards) (appropriate countermeasures),, - 1 -
,,,,, 7 1 10 1998 8 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7 12,, (socioeconomic) - 2 -
(multiple-hazard disasters) (triggering process), ( ),,, ( ) (, avoidance), (, prevention), (, control), (, warning), ( ) (, repair), (, reconstruction and remediation) 121,, 21,, - 3 -
,,,,, ( ) ( ), ( ),, 1980 3 (El Niño) (California), (Colorado), (Nevada), (Utah), (Washington)(, (greenhouse effect), 1980, - 4 -
, 122 (direct), (indirect) (repair), (replacement), (maintenance),,,,, ( ),,,,, private (, public) (Fleming and Taylor, 1980), - 5 -
,,,, 13 131 10 (,,,,,,,, 10,,,,, 10 11 12-6 -
11 10 12 10-7 -
10 1990 6,496 1992 240 10 3,358 1989 307 1992 40 12,,, 10, 13 16,,, 13 95 96 14 90 92 15 90 16,, - 8 -
13 14-9 -
15 16-10 -
10,, 17 91 283% 96 25% 132, 5 (600 ) 1986 5 1,300 km 65 4 (785 ), 16 (1270 (Walkinshaw, 1992) 18 1986 1990-11 -
17-12 -
18 1986 1990 ( : ) (Walkinshaw, 1992) - 13 -
20 (24 ) 11 1938 1981 Eisbacher Clague 2 137 (Eisbacher and Clague, 1984), 17 12 1963 25 Vaiont 260m 100m 5 2 14 1998 141 1998 8 4 1998 8 9 1998 8 11 1998 8 12, - 14 -
11 1938 1981 (, 1983) - 15 -
12 13 17 (Eisbacher and Clague, 1984) 142 13-16 -
13 ( ) 5 47 455 25 98 8 11 98 8 12 98 8 13 98 8 14 98 8 28 25 98 8 30 37 25-17 -
143 ( :1998 85 1998 8 10 20 : 6505 mm (694) : 6720 mm (520) : 7935 mm (525) ( ) 1998 85 1998 8 12 20 : 5981 mm : 2260 mm 144,,, 14 145,,,, - 18 -
14 4, 98 8 6 2 ( ) 98 8 6-98 8 6 25 98 8 7-1000 5 98 8 6 1, 1 98 8 6 1 98 8 7 1, 2 98 8 5 3 98 8 5 4 47 98 8 9-455 98 812 1 25 ( 4km ) 98 812-25 98 812 - ( 1km ) 37 98 812 - ( 4km ) 25 ( 25km ) 98 812 - - 19 -
- 20 - (natural pipe),, 2, 70mm/hr (Premchitt, 1986),,,
, ( ), (1) ( ) 19 19 (2) 2m-3m ( ) 1m, - 21 -
1:2: ( ) 3: 4: 19 110 10m, 5m 67m, 3m 111, - 22 -
110 111-23 -
15km (3) ( ) 5km 112 113, 150m 45m 40m, 10m, 80m (flow) (1), 19-24 -
112 113-25 -
(2) 114, 115 45m, 4 (,,, ), 25m, 800m - 26 -
114 115-27 -
(3) 116 (4),, 117 (5) ( 40m) ( ) 118, ( 300mm) ( 119 ) - 28 -
116,, (6) 120-29 -
1: 2: 3: 1 17 20m, 50m - 30 -
118 119-31 -
120 (7) Y Y 30m, 10m, 50m 121-32 -
121 (8) 122 (9) X 10m - 33 -
1: 2: 3: 47 ( ) 122 X V 123 124, A, B B A - 34 -
123 A 124 X - 35 -
123 A 124 X X X B 20m, A 10m, X 40m, B 20m, A 30m 350m (10) ( ) 125 25m, 15m, 40m (11) 47 47 ( ) 126 Y ( ) - 36 -
125 126-37 -
(1),, 127 (2) 128 20m (3) 25 4km 60m 20m, 50m V 129 (4) 25 1km - 38 -
1: 2: 25 3: 25 4: 37 127 10m, 50m (5) 25 25km - 39 -
128 129 ( 25-40 -
100m (6) 37 4km 10m 20m, 15m ( 130) V 146 1998 731 818 322 166 131,,,, 623%, 249% 132,,,,,, - 41 -
130 ( 37 131 1998-42 -
132 133 199%,, 188%, 136%, 121%,,, 134,,,, - 43 -
- 44-133 134
- 45-147,,,,, ( ),
- 46-148 1 2 3, (flow)
- 47-4 5
park - 48 -
2 21 (,, (consistency)) (,,, ),, 1 2 2 1 2,,,,,,,, (piping) ( ), ( ),,,,,, - 49 -
,,,,,, (perched water table),,,, - 50 -
- 51 -,, 22,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (fall), (slide), (flow)3 Curden Varnes 21 (fall), (topple), (slide), (spread), (flow) (Curden and Varnes, 1992) (Fall) 21 (topple) - 52 -
(fall) (topple) (slide) (spread) (flow) 21 (Curden and Varnes, 1992) - 53 -
- 54 - (slide) 21, (spread) Cruden Varnes (flow), (debris flow)
- 55-23 computer simulation ( 1 4 5 ) (5 1 ) PC STABL 5M (Carpenter, 1986)
,, 205m, 45m 30 231 ( 22) ( 23) o φ = 38, o φ = 33 γ = 19t / m 3 t γ = 185t / m 3 t, c = 0,, c = 0, Bishop (4 ) 22 23 22 23-56 -
22 23 ( ) - 57 -
232 231 γ = 185t / m 3, 2 c = 13t / m o, φ = 0 Bishop 24 25 046 t - 58 -
24 25-59 -
233 Janbu 231 26 27 167,, computer simulation - 60 -
26 27-61 -
park - 62 -
3 31 (investigation) ( ) ( ) (field investigation), 4, (Osterberg, 1979) - 63 -
,,, 3 (Dowding, 1979),, 1,,,,, 11 31 (Clayton et al, 1982), Johnson DeGraff 5 (Johnson and DeGraff, 1988) - 64 -
31 (Clayton et al, 1982) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 32 Sower Royster (Sower and Royster, 1978) 32,, - 65 -
32 (Sower and Royster, 1978) - 66 -
(vulnerability),, 321 (hazard zonation),,,,,, (direct mapping methodology) (indirect mapping methodology),,,, - 67 -
, 1996 TRB 33 5 (accuracy) (reliability) Model,, 322 34,, - 68 -
33 (TRB, 1996) - 69 -
34 (, 1998),,, 323 (GIS), - 70 -
- 71-1960 database 33 ( ),,
,,,, mapping 1984 Crozier 35 (Crozier, 1984),,,,,,, GPS (Global Positioning System) - 72 -
35 (Crozier, 1984) - 73 -
,,,,,,,, 1 34,,, - 74 -
,,,,,,,, CPT (Cone Penetration Test),,,,, - 75 -
- 76 -, 4, 341 36
36 (TRB, 1996) (Sounding) (SPT) (CPT) 31, 32-77 -
31 (Kovacs et al, 1981) - 78 -
32 (Baldi et al, 1988) - 79 -
342, 33 4 37, 38 343,, - 80 -
(a) (b) Source Receivers (c) Borehole s (d) 33 : (a) direct crosshole using two holes, (b) interval crosshole using three holes, (c) uphole, and (d) downhole - 81 -
37 4 (TRB, 1996) - 82 -
Normal Force Sledgehammer Direct wave receiver Reflected wave Refracted wave 38 (dilatometer), (vane) - 83 -
- 84 - ( )
,, 35,,, (field observation) (accuracy) (precision) (repeatability) (sensitivity) (reliability),,,, (transducer) - 85 -
, (Bourdon gage) (manometer) U (pressure cell)-, - (arching) (stress redistribution), (tip) (hydrostatic time lag),, (Air entry value) (suction) (negative pore water pressure) - 86 -
351 Geotechnical Control Office (GCO, 1979) 38 Dunnicliff 25 (Dunnicliff, 1988) a) (mechanism) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p),,,, q) r) s) t), u) v) - 87 -
38 (GCO, 1979) 1, 2 3 < >,,,, < >,,, < >, < > < >,,, < >, < >,, / < >, < >,,, - 88 -
w) x) y) 352 025% 3% (Cording et al, 1975) 39 353 Peck (1988)GCO (1979),, a) b) c) d) (cross check) - 89 -
39 (Cording et al, 1975) 1 5%,,,, 10 20% 25 50%,,, 2 5%, 20 30%, 20 40% e) f) g) h) (drift) (background noise level),, i) j) - 90 -
k) l) m) n) (probe-type instruments) o) p) q) r) s) t) u), - 91 -
354 10 NATM(New Austrian Tunneling Machine), 25 1998,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1987) (,, 1993) - 92 -
, 310, 35,,,, (Hong, 1991) 20 30 1977 1987 15 20-93 -
310 (Dunnicliff, 1988),, 1), - 2), - 3) -,, (Tiltmeter) (Inclinometer),, 4) -, (shear plane indicator), Multiple deflectometer 5) - 35 (Dunnicliff, 1988) - 94 -
355 311 (suction) (tensiometer) 36 0 80 kpa (Brand, 1987) (cavitation) 1 (psychrometer) (inclinometer),, - 95 -
- 96-311 (, 1989) (3 5m), (,, ), ( ) 20 ( )
36 (Brand, 1987) - 97 -
park - 98 -
4 41, 3 411 3,,,, 412, - 99 -
,,,,,, (,, ), (,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 413,, - 100 -
,,,,,,,,,,,, 414, PC STABL 5M SLOPE/W, - 101 -
42, PC STABL 5M (Carpenter, 1986) Bishop Fellenius, Morgenstern 10 SLOPE/W 421 s = c u + σ tan φ : u : s = c + σ tan φ 0 φ = - 102 -
, c' φ ', 3 c' φ' 422-103 -
, Chowdury (1978),,, - 104 -
,,, Fellenius Janbu wedge sliding block Fellenius Bishop, Janbu, Janbu, Spencer, Morgenstern and Price, Fredlund and Krahn GLE - 105 -
423 1,,,, PC STABL 5M SLOPE/W PC STABL 5M Siegel (1975) STABL Spencer 2 Bishop, Janbu, Spencer - 106 -
Tieback,, SLOPE/W PC-SLOPE GEO-SLOPE MS Windows Fellenious Bishop Janbu Spencer Morgenstern-Peice Corps of Enginners Lowe-Karafiath GLE(General Limit Equilibrium) Finite Element Stress - 107 -
, r u contour, Block,,,, Geo-fabric, 424,, - 108 -
(displacement method),, 425 (limit equilibrium analysis), (limit analysis),,, Coulomb - =0 Skempton(1948), 0, ( : 0, :r, : L a ) 41 (a) τ ) ( m τ τ m m = = F c u F (41), F O 0-109 -
41 φ = 0 (, 1986) c W d = u F L a r (42) c L r F = u a W d (43) 41(b) ( L a ) Taylor(1937, 1948) 42 ( 0, r ) c u, φu τ ) ( m - 110 -
42 (, 1986) τm 1 τ m = = ( cu + σ tan φu ) = cm + σ tanφm (44) F F, F, c c m m = (45) F c tan φ tanφ = u m (46) F φ - 111 -
45 46 F F c = F φ = ab l, ab, ab : σl c : ml σ l tan φ : m ( c ml )AB 0 AB C = c ml L c (47), Lc AB CAB c ) C O ( ml C O r c Crc = rσc ml (48) c m Lc rc = rcmla (49), L a : L c :, - 112 -
r c = L L a c r (410), 43 N = σ(l 1) = σl (411) N φm = N tanφ m = σl tanφ m (412) R = ( σl) 2 + ( σltanφ m ) 2 (413) O, r sin φ m φ - r sin φ m, (W)C R W, CR F φ 46 φ m 43 C C c c m =, Fc = L c c u m (414) F φ, Fφ 3 F F φ, F c Fφ F = Fc = F φ c - 113 -
43 φ - (, 1986) ( ) O r AC ABCD 44 b (slice) α, h - 114 -
44 (, 1986) F = τ τ f m (415), 1 : W = rbh - 115 -
2 N, (N ), N ( = αl) (ul ) 3 ( ) : T = τ l 4 E, : 1 E 2 5 X, : 1 X 2 m,,, E T, O, ABC (T) (W), r sin α, ΣT r = ΣW r sin α (416) τ, T = τ l f m = l F τ Σ f l = ΣW sin α F (417) Στ l F = f (418) ΣWsin α τ = c + σ tan φ f - 116 -
Σ(c + σ tanφ )l F = (419) ΣWsin α c L + tanφ ΣN F = a (420) ΣW sin α L a : ABC ΣN 419, (F )Σ N (1) Felleinus Felleinus (1927,1936)Ordinary method of slice Swedish method ( ΣE i, ΣX i ) i 0 ( ) N N = W cos α ul (421), 420 c L + tanφ Σ(Wcosα ul) F = a (422) ΣW sin α Fellenius - 117 -
, 5~20% Fellenius 8-12 30 0 2 l,, c,, u (, u=0) (2) Bishop, X 0 X1 2 = - 118 -
( T ) 1 T = ( c l + N tanφ ) (423) F, c l N W = N cos α + ulcosα + sin α + tanφ sin α (424) F F c l W sin α ulcos α F N = (425) tanφ sin α cosα + F l = b sec α, 419 1 secα F = Σ [c b + (W ub) tanφ ] (426) ΣWsin α tanφ tanα 1 + F, ( ) r u u r u = (427) rh r r b sat - 119 -
u r u = W / b (428), 426 1 secα F = Σ [c b + W(1 ru ) tanφ ] (429) ΣWsin α tanφ tanα 1+ F 1 1 F = Σ [c b + (W ub) tanφ ] (430) ΣWsin α M( α ) tan φ tan α, M ( α) = cosα 1 + F 429 F, ( c, φ, u) α 429 ( F) Bishop )Fellenius Fellenius l b - 120 -
F ma 429 F, 45, (1) Janbu Janbu Bishop 45 ht, N cos θ = W + S T sin θ (431) ( W + S) sec θ T θ N = sin (432) E = N sin θ T cos θ (433) - 121 -
45 Janbu (, 1986) 433 432 ( W + S) tan θ T sin θ E = (434) x 0 S x = E x tanδ + h E S = E tan δ + h t E x t, (435) - 122 -
Σ E = 0 (436) 436 434 ( + S) tan θ ΣT sec θ Σ W (437) c xsecθ + N tan φ T = (438) F 437 ( c xsecθ + N tanφ) Σ( W + S) tanθ Σ secθ F = (439) 439 432 { c xsecθ + [(W + S)secθ T tanφ]tanφ} Σ( W + S) tanθ Σ secθ F = (440) S = 0 440 F F 432 438 T, T 440 F T 434 E E E E ht 435 S - 123 -
S S 1 ) (2) Morgenstern Price s 46 0 dx 0 (2 ) de S = y dx d dx (Ey t ) (441) N ( W + S)cos θ + E sin θ (442) T = ( W + S) sin θ E cosθ (443) Mohr-Coulomb c xsecθ + N(tanφ) T = F (444) 442, 443, 444-124 -
46 Morgenstern Price's (, 1986) de tanφ 1+ dx F dy dx + ds dx tan φ dy = F dx c F dy 1+ dx 2 dw dx tanφ F dy dx (445) 441 445 S = λf x) ( E (446) f :, λ :, (x) - 125 -
441 445 F (3) Spencer Spencer (1967, 1973, 1981) (F ) (δ ) 2 Morgenstern Price 47, δ ( z z ) ( δ θ) T = W sin θ + 2 1 cos (447) ( z z ) ( δ θ) N = W cos θ + 2 1 sin (448) Mohr-Coulomb c xsecθ + N tanφ T = F (449) 447 449 c x secθ + N tanφ = W sin θ + F ( z z ) cos( δ θ) 2 1 (450), 448 450 N z 2 c x secθ FWsin θ + W cosθ tanφ 2 = z + (451) cos z 1 ( δ θ) [ F tan( δ θ) tanφ] - 126 -
47 Spencer (, 1986), x x x x 1 cosδ h1 tan θ + z1 sin δ + z2 sin δ = z2 cos δ h + tan θ (452) 2 2 2 2 z 2 h 2 z ( ) = 1 x z h + δ θ + 1 2 h1 tan tan 1 (453) z2 2 z2, z 1 h 1, z 2 h 2, - 127 -
0 F δ z1 h 1 451 453 z 2 h 2 h z 2 2 z 2 h 2 z 2 h 2 F δ ) 48 ad bc ( ) ( P ) ( ) abcd W bc P, ad, Rankine P (trial wedge method), de A S m Sm = PA cos( βa θ) PP cos( βp θ) + W sin θ (454), S [ W cos θ + P sin ( β θ) P sin( β θ) ] φ S = c L + A A P P tan (455), L : dc - 128 -
48 (, 1986) ( ), F F = S S m c L + = [ W cosθ + PA sin ( βa θ) PP sin( βp θ) ] P cos( β θ) P cos( β θ) + W sin θ A A P P tanφ (456), abcd - 129 -
2 3 (1) 2 49 2 W 1, W 2 : U 1, U 2 T 1, T 2 : N,, 1 N 2 :, : U : AB,, 12 P 12 : Ab α T 1 T 2 CL = F N + T 1 1 1 tan φ F (457) CL = F N + T 2 2 2 tan φ F (458) α F P P 12, F 2 α = 0 AB F φ α = 12 ( ) - 130 -
49 2 (, 1986) (2) 3 410 3 α 1,α 2 F P P ( ) 23 12 F 3 ( ) - 131 -
410 3 (, 1986) (Logarithmic Spiral Method) 411 π + φ O i 2 ( ) R - 132 -
411 (, 1986) R = [ T cosφ Nsin φ] = + cosφ ( N + ul) i c l Ntanφ F F sin φ i (459) φ, tanφ = tan F c l R = ultanφ cosφ F i 1 = F [( c l ultanφ ) cosφ] i (460) O R r O i - 133 -
i = n i= 1 1 F i = n [( c l ul tanφ ) cosφ] r [ W x] i i λ= 1 i = 0 (461) n [ ( c l ultan φ ) cos φ] i= 1 F = (462) n [ W x] λ= 1 i i r i r = r e i o ϑ tanφ N N i tan φ / F O N, i O X E, i, E i X i i i 412, β z, mz (0 < m < 1),,, ( ) τ R - 134 -
412 (, 1986) ( σ u) tan φ τ f = c + (463) σ,τ,u [( 1 m ) r + mr ] z β N = W cos β = sat cos N σ = = secβ 2 [( 1 m) r + mr ] zcos β sat (464) [( 1 m) r + mr ] z β T = W sin β = sat sin I τ = = [( 1 m) r + mrsat ] zsin β cosβ (465) secβ - 135 -
u = mzr 2 w cos β (466) ( σ u) τ c + tanφ F = f = (467) τ τ, ( ) c = 0, m = 0 F tan φ F = (468) tan β,, c = 0, m = 1 F = γ tanφ γ tanβ sat (469) (Gnerral Limit Equilibrium :GLE) 413 (fictional center of Rotation) ( ) F F 2 m ( ) f - 136 -
413 GLE (, 1997) 413 σ, τ, u s ( σ u ) φ s = c + tan (470) s τ =, F F, P = σl, l T = τ, 1 T = { c l + ( p ul) tanφ } (471) F - 137 -
P cos ( ) α + T sin α = W X R X L (472) P 1 1 P = W ( XR XL ) ( c lsin α ul tanφ sin α) F (473) m a tan φ m a = cosα 1 + tanα F T cos α P sin α + ER E L = 0 (474) ( ), Σ E E 0 Σ X X R L = 474 471 F ( ) 0 R L = ( c l + ( P ul) tanφ ) Σ cosα F = (474) ΣPsin α, - 138 -
43,,, (stereo graphic projection),,,,, - 139 -
431 2 5, (1) (Water Pressure),, (2) (Weathering),,,,,, - 140 -
(3), (Joint): (Fault): (Fracture zone): (Fissure): (Bedding plane): (Schistosity): (Lamination, foliation): (lamination) (foliation),,,, (number of joint): (random), - 141 -
(orientation): 414 (strike) (dip direction) (joint spacing):, cm m (joint roughness):,, (joint weathering):, (filling material): - 142 -
414 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) (1) (2) - 143 -
- 144-432 (2) (3),, (4)
(5) (Schmidt hammer) (6) 5 (6) (7) 2 5-145 -
Barton (Tilt test) (JRC, Joint Roughness Cofficient) Barton φ JRC = Log p φ r ( JCS/ σ ) n (475) p tan -1 (/n ), r, JCS, n 433 (Limite Equilibrium Analysis),, (1) - 146 -
- 147-20 ( 415a ) ( 415b ) 416 (sliding) Zw 423 W( ), U( ), V( )
(a) (b) (c) 415 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) 416 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) - 148 -
2 F = ca + ( W cos φ U V sin φ ) p W sin φ p + Vcos φ p p tanφ (476) c : A : = (Hz)cosec p : p : U : V : W : UV U = 1 2 r w z H z cosecφ w ( ) p (477) V = 1 2 r w z 2 w (478) (2) - 149 -
, 417 fi > i > fi :, i :, : 417 F = ( R + R ) A B tanφ W sin φ i (479) R A, R B 418 A, B R A, R B 1 1 R A sin β ξ = R B sin β + ξ (480) 2 2 R A 1 cos β ξ R 2 B cos β + 1 2 ξ = W cos φ i (481) R A R B - 150 -
417 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) - 151 -
418 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) W cos φ sin β R + R = i A B (482) 1 sin ξ 2 479 sin β tanφ F = 1 tanφ sin ξ i 2 (483) F = K w F p (484) F w F p fi i K 483 ( ( - 152 -
- 153 - (3),,,, = c +tan c
F = (4), 1 2 2 (flexural toppling), (block toppling) (block-flexural toppling) ( 419 ) (tan available ) T (tan required ), tan φ F = tanφ available required - 154 -
419 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) 434 (Stereo Graphic Projection) - 155 -
( 420 (Great circle): (Pole): 90 (Lower reference hemisphere) :, 421 420 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) - 156 -
421 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) - 157 -
park - 158 -
5 51 511 Norris Wilbur 5 (Norris and Wilbur, 1960),,,,,, (slope) (sliding) (factor of safety), - (,,, ) ( - 159 -
,,,,, -, (Sharp et al, 1981; Bowles and Ko, 1984),,,, 1, - 160 -
,,,,,, 512,, (External Loads), - 161 -
,,,,,,, (earthquake acceleration) (AASHTO) 475 50 10% (limit-equilibrium), pseudostatic force, (continuous force) vibratory force - 162 -
, 1998 (shallow soil slide) Keefer (Keefer et al, 1987), (,, 1990), (Schuster et al, 1987) pipeline (coarse material) - 163 -
,, 513 joint ( ), (mass properties), - 164 -
,,,,,,, RQD (drill-core Rock Quality Designation),,,,,,,, 2,,,, subsoil profile, 514, (100% ), - 165 -
,,, 20 50, 100, (dual-level design) (design conservatism), 15 (,, 515,,,, - 166 -
,,,,,,, (51-53),,,, - 167 -
51 I (, 1996) ( : ) 5m 1:15 1:15 1:15 1:15 5m 1:12 1:12 1:12 1:12 5m 1:12 5m 1:10 1:07 1:10 1:10 5m 1:10 5m 1:08 1:05 1:05 1:05 5m 1:08 5m 1:05 : 1:1534, 1:1240, 1:0851, 1:0755, 1:0563 52 II (, 1996) TCR(%) RQD(%) 0 - - 1 : 12 5m - - 1 : 15 5% 0% 1 : 10 H=5m 1m 10 20% 0% 1 : 08 30%10 20%1 : 07 50% 30% 1 : 05 H=10m 1 2m H=20m 3m - 168 -
53 6m 1 : 18 1 : 18 - - 0m 1 : 15 1 : 15 - - 5m 1 : 20 - - - 0m 1 : 15-6m, 1 : 20, 3 6m 1 : 18, 0 3m - - - 1 : 15 6m, 3 6m 1 : 20 0 3m 1 : 18 ( ),,, - 169 -
52 521 1,, 125 150 15 3,, 54 3 522,, - 170 -
54, -,, ( ) Anchor Anchor - anchor, micropile, nail ( ) - 171 -
23 523 1 54,, - 172 -
,, shotcrete,,,, 51-173 -
51 (, 1997) (crack),, (mortar), 52,,,, PVC, 2m 2030m 53-174 -
52 (, 1997) 53 (, 1997) - 175 -
54 55, (boring) 5060m, 510m 56, 1820m 1km 57,,, - 176 -
54 55, - 177 -
56 (, 1997) 57 (, 1997) - 178 -
, 30-35m 2-4 (Arutjunyan, 1988) PVC (Gress, 1992),,,,,,, YehGilmore (1992)EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) Colorado EPS 02kN/m 3 524 3, - 179 -
,,,,,, 58, (overturning) (sliding), (bearing failure of foundation),,, (precast) 1 : 1, 59 1 : 1, 510-180 -
58 59 (, 1997) - 181 -
510 (, 1997),,, 1 : 08 511,,,, - 182 -
511 (, 1997),,,,,, - 183 -
T L U 512 (, 1994) - 184 -
T L T T, U, U (active earth pressure) (earth pressure at rest) - 185 -
- 186-513,,
- 187-513 (, 1997), 514,,
514 (, 1997), (pile), 515,,, - 188 -
515 (, 1997),,,,, H, 516 517-189 -
In Situ In Situ - timber - precast concrete - sheet piles - soldier pils - masonry - concrete - cantilever - counterfort - metallic, polymeric and organic strips and grids - soil nailing - reticulated micropiles - soil doweling - cast in situ - gabion - anchored - slurry walls - crib earth - secant pile - bin - tangent pils - cellular - bored-in-place cofferdam -soil-cement Braced Tied-Back - closs-lot - augured - tailed gabion - soil - rakers - belled - tailed masonry - - pressure - concrete injected - EPS 516 (O'Rourke and Jones, 1990) - 190 -
517 (O'Rourke and Jones, 1990), 1960 30 strip, sheet,,, soil nailing,, soil anchor 518 soil nail anchor - 191 -
Nails Anchors 518, soil nail, anchor, ( ) < > - 192 -
< > ( ), (porous),,,,,,,, (gun),,,,,, (fiber),,,,,, - 193 -
,,,,,,, ( 50cm ) 15cm 3cm,, ( 50cm), 15%, - 194 -
53 531 1970 1,,,,,, 532 519 Rock Bolts,,,,,,, Rock Bolts Tieback Wall Shotcrete,,,,, (grout) - 195 -
519 (TRB, 1996) - 196 -
,,,, RC (wedge),,, V (stopper) 1 2, (polyester), (epoxy) 533 519, (overhang) 520 1, 15-197 -
520 (TRB, 1996) - 198 -
520 2 (overhang) (shotcrete) 534, 2-3m 521 CRSP (Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program) 07m, 313 kg 1963 Richie 522-199 -
521 CRSP (Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program) (Pfeiffer and Bowen, 1989), 522, 75, 55 75 40 55-200 -
522 (Richie, 1963) - 201 -
(gabion) block 1m 075m,,,,, 523,,,,, 524-202 -
523 (, 1994) - 203 -
524 (, 1994) (the flex-post fence), 525 5m 1m - 204 -
525 (Hearn, 1991), 526 527 (door type) - 205 -
526 (, 1994) 527 (TRB, 1996) - 206 -
park - 207 -
6 61,,,, 4 (Kockelman, 1986) (,,, 5 1988 90% (Schuster and Leighton, 1988) - 207 -
,,,,,, 62 database,,, 2,, (GIS), UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) WP/WLI (Working Party on the World Landslide Inventory) FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) Colorado - 208 -
, NLIC (National Landslide Information Center), IUFRO (International Union of Forestry Research Organization),, 63,,,,,,, - 209 -
3,,,,,, ) 631,, - 210 -
, 632,,,,,,,, - 211 -
,,,,,, 1% (, 1998) " "1958 1993 " " 1958 1987 633 5 3,,, extensometer, tiltmeter, piesometer,, trip wire, TV,,, vibration - 212 -
meter data (real-time),,,,, TV, GCO (Geotechnical Control Office),,, 64, (Schuster and Fleming, 1986),,, 1990) (Olshansky and Rogers, 1987; Olshansky, - 213 -
, 1944 " (Earthquake and War Damage Act)" 2 1968 " (the Housing and Urban Development Act)" (National Flood Insurance Program; NFIP) NFIP FEMA (Olshansky and Rogers, 1987) " (adverse selection)" (Olshansky, 1990),, - 214 -
,, 65,,,,, (Swanston and Schuster, 1989),,,,,, (, - 215 -
, (,,,, ( ), - 216 -
park - 217 -
7 71 (socioeconomic) (multiple-hazard disasters) ( ),,, 10,,,,, 1998 8 4 1998 8 9 1998 8 11 1998 8 12 (15 ), - 217 -
- 218 - ( 322, 623%, 249%,,,,, (flow)
,, computer simulation ( ) ( ) (landslide investigation) 3, 4,,, 5,,, - 219 -
72,, 3,, (GIS),,,,,,,,,, 5,,,,,, 6-220 -
,,,,,,,,,, - 221 -
,,,,,, data (real-time),,,,,,,,,,,,, - 222 -
,,,,,,,,,,,, (,,,,, ( ),,, - 223 -
park - 224 -