Chairman of the Water Reuse SG, IWA Executive Director, Center for Seawater Desalination Plant Prof. of the Dept. of Environ. Science & Engineering, GIST 1. 2. 1) 3. 2)
- Jones, P.D. and Moberg, A. (2003) "Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001". Journal of Climate, 16, 206-223. : An inconvenient truth, Al Gore World Resource Institute US Department of Energy
: 1.1 3 : http://www.chosun.com/ http://www.donga.com/
: Global Water Shortage Projected global water shortage in 2025 Europe Russia Asia Middle East North America Africa Central America Africa Australia South America Physical water shortage Economic water shortage Little or no water shortage Adapted from International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2000 : Impact on Water Availability Reduced Inflows to Dams
: Water Supply by Region Water supply for population 4000 Total population 3575 3,575 Po opulation (million) 3000 2000 1000 0 281 20 Population unserved Percent served(%) 832 674 536 303 93 64 59 89 81 8 4 52 Eurasia Africa South America Asia Oceania Adapted from The world s Water (2002 update) 1. 2. 1) 3. 2)
: World Water Resources Salt Water 97.5 % (1,351 M km 3 ) Sea Water 96.5 % Groundwater Lakes Fresh Water 2.5 % (35 M km 3 ) Glacier 1.76 % Groundwater 0.76 % Lakes & Rivers 0.0067 % Others 0.0019 % Source : Water in crisis (Gloick, P.H., 1993) If we could produce fresh water from salt water at a low cost, that would indeed be a great service to humanity And would dwarf other scientific accomplishment. John F. Kennedy 1962
MSF (Multistage Flash) RO (Reverse Osmosis) : 3 / * : 11% ( : 17%) (* 2 4,400 ) Europe Africa Middle East (50%) Asia North America Central America Australia South America = 1million m 3 /day (220MIGD)
RO RO 55 33 RO ( : ) 12 6 1.3 22.6 13.6 3 8 O & M 2005 2007-2011 2012-2020 Source : GWI Desalination markets 2005~2015/ IDA 19 th *O&M EPC Inventory 22% (GWI ) Hybrid / RO RO (32.5MIGD, 147, 745ton/ ) MSF (67.5MIGD, 306,8 55ton/ ) UAE, Site Fujairah Hybrid System (MSF+RO) 454,600 / (100MIGD) (MSF 284,125 /, R/O 170,475 / ) 1 (43%) 2 (90%) 66.9 bar
(MSF) (, ) 1000 800 Million m 3 /d (2001~2005 IDA ) 600 400 200 0 Doosan GE Ionics Fisia Italimpianti VWS Sidem MHI/Sasakura VWS Westgarth Hitachi Zosen Degremont Kurita Nomura Biwater AEWT Envirogenics Sasakura Geida IHI Unknown Siemens Water (USF) VWS M etito Arabia Hydranautics IDE M itsui VA TECH MHI Ansaldo VWS Entropie AES Cadagua M itsui/sasakura/m HI Preussag EMCO
SeaHERO R&D Program Platform Tech. Material Localization EPC O&M Vision Practical Technology & Contribution to Humanity 19/36 Energy Unit Train Size, consumption, < 4kWh/m 3 ~ 8MIGD Essential factor affecting O&M Cost (~36,000 tons/day) The biggest train in the world Big Train-Standard of large scale plant High opportunity of energy saving Stabilization of water price Energy recovery system development Fouling Reduction, < 50% Reliability increasing Most important factor in SWRO 20/36
SeaHERO R&D program structure SEAHERO Program -13 main and 27 commissioned projects for 4 Core Tech. -950 research staff at 25 Univ., 6 Institutes, 28 Industries Center-leading Project: Verification of desalination core technologies and test-bed using seawater analysis CT 1: Development of core technologies for future SWRO plant URP 1: Development of the infrastructure and the support system of seawater desalination URP 2: Development of optimal pretreatment process adjusted to seawater characteristics URP 3: Monitoring technology for SWRO process: Development of RO process sensors and network based monitoring systems URP 4: Post treatment of R/O processed water and risk assessment of condensed water URP 5: Next Generation RO membrane analysis and operation diagnosis CT 2: Localization of SWRO Membrane/Pump Components and Development of Systems Integration Technologies for SWRO Desalination Plant URP 1: Systems engineering technology development for seawater desalination systems Integration URP 2: Development of high performance polyamide RO membrane for SWRO desalination plant construction URP 3: Development of novel SWRO membranes with high durability and chemical resistance for seawater desalination URP 4: Development of high efficiency, high capacity high pressure pump and ERD for desalination Plant CT 3: Development of large-scale SWRO Desalination Plant Design and Construction Technology URP 1: Development of large-scale SWRO desalination plant design and construction technology URP 2: Development of evaluation technology of domestic device s site application characteristic on Test-Bed plant CT 4: Development of Innovative O&M technology for large-scale SWRO plant URP 1: Development of optimization technology for large-scale SWRO plant URP 2: Development of diagnosis and control system for large-scale SWRO plant 21/36 1. 2. 1) 3. 2)
Water reuse is the use of treated wastewater for beneficial uses, such as agricultural irrigation and industrial cooling Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Middle water Factory Agriculture River Drinking water Typical application of reclaimed water (1) Agricultural irrigation Crop irrigation water Commercial nurseries Parks Reuse water Landscape irrigation Golf courses Greenbelts School yards Industrial reuse Cooling water Boiler feed Process water Adapted from Water Reuse (2006)
Typical application of reclaimed water (2) Groundwater recharge Groundwater replenishment Salt water intrusion control Lakes and ponds Reuse water Environmental use Potable reuse Marsh enhancement Streamflow augmentation Blending in groundwater Direct pipe to pipe water supply Nonpotable reuse Toilet flushing Fire production Adapted from Water Reuse (2006) : Annual Renewable Water Source Unit: km 3 /yr Europe (3,036 km 3 /yr) Russia (5,105 km 3 /yr) Asia (14,967 km 3 /yr) North and central America (6,630 km 3 /yr) Africa (5,434 Africa km 3 /yr) Oceania (1,669 km 3 /yr) South America (17,145 km 3 /yr) Adapted from The world s Water (2002 update)
: International Reclaimed water reuse Japan Florida (US) Califor nia (US) Country Singapore Australia Israel Kuwait Reuse Rate 1.5 % 52 % 10 % 6.7 % 7.3 % 10 % 15 % (1996) (2001) (2002) (2003) Global market growth 2005-2015 from 19.4 to 54.5 Mm 3 /day or US$ 28 billion capex. 59% will be tertiary or advanced treatment (GWI). Copied from Report of EUREAU water recycling & reuse group
1 Municipal Wastewater (2004) 2 Water Supply (2003) Rate of Treatment : 81.4 % Treated Amount : 18,290,415 m 3 /day Total Amount of Wastewater : 8.20 Billion m 3 /year Total water supply : 15,669,911 m 3 /day Wastewater generation : 90 % (assumed) Total Amount of Wastewater : 5.15 Billion m 3 /year Source : 1 Wastewater Statistics 2004 (Korea Ministry of Environment, 2005), 2 Waterworks Statistics 2003 (Korea Ministry of Environment, 2004) Domestic Reclaimed Water Reuse Rate 20 Reus se Rate (%) 16 12 8 4 0 2000 2003 2005 2016
Facility number (one hundred million won) Reclaimed Water Market in Korea Market Facility Market Unit operations and processes for reuse applications Unit operation and processes Secondary treatment Secondary with nutrient removal Depth filtration Surface filtration Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Dissolved air flotation Nanofiltration Reverse osmosis Electrodialysis Carbon adsorption Ion exchange Advanced oxidation Disinfection Constituent class Suspended solids Colloidal solids Organic matter (particulate) Dissolved organic matter Nitrogen Phosphorus Trace constituents Total dissolved solids Bacteria Protozoan cysts and oocysts Viruses Adapted from Water Reuse (2006)
ter Wastewat case 1 case 2 1 MBR Chlorination MBR AOP Middle wa ater Wastew water case 1 MBR Pretreatment case 2 MBR NF RO Industrial water Wastewater case 1 Toxicity MBR RO Monitoring i case 2 MBR NF case 3 MBR NF AOP Toxicity Monitoring Toxicity Monitoring Drinking water
Microbial pathogens E. Coli Protozo a Helmint hs Virus Photos from Water Reuse (2006) Common chemicals found in raw and reclaimed water - Trace organics and heavy metals - Pharmaceutically active compounds - Endocrine disrupting chemicals - Non-degradable chemicals - Nutrients
Wastewater treatment Development of treatment process Consideration of Non degradable chemicals Health assess Health assessment Ecosystemic assessment Human health assessment Treatment Public concern Public concern ce More scientific study More effective interaction Cell cyclic functional check points TCEP 0 10 (ppb) 10 (ppm) Cyclin D Gap 2 DNA synthesis (Chromosom e duplication) Mitosis (Chromosome separation & cell division) i i G 2 S M G1 R Gap 1 Restricti on point β-actin 120 100 80 60 Relative Optical Density (% of Control) 40 20 0 * Ions functional check points in the cells Kidney cell function Target electrolytes in the cells Radio-isotope counting Sodium ions (Na +) Potassium ions (K +) Calcium ions (Ca 2+)
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