Kinematic analysis of success strategy of technique JooHo Song 1, JongHoon Park 2, & JinSun Kim 3 * 1 Korea Institute of Sport Science, 2 Catholic Kwandong University, 3 Yonsei University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusions] Key words:
Table 1. Characteristics of subjects Subject Height (cm) Weight (kg) Age (yrs) YHS 159.9 52.3 27 S1 166.8 61.1 28 S2 167.3 66.6 27 S3 171.9 65.0 23 S4 165.2 62.7 23 166.2(4.3) 61.5(5.6) 25.6(2.4)
Fig. 1. Layout of camera and control point installation (Song et al., 2016) Fig. 2. Events and phases of and techniques (Song, 2017)
Fig. 3. Definition of angles (Song, 2017) Table 2. Phase time (unit: sec) BC PrF HC PoF PoF Asc 0.10 (0.01) 0.11 (0.01) 0.14 (0.02) 1.05 (0.03) 0.41 (0.03) PoF Des 0.64 (0.01) Vaulting time 1.41 (0.01) S1 0.11 0.15 0.14 1.14 0.40 0.74 1.66 S2 0.10 0.10 0.17 1.21 0.42 0.79 1.58 S3 0.10 0.12 0.18 1.05 0.38 0.67 1.45 S4 0.10 0.13 0.15 1.10 0.42 0.68 1.48 0.10 0.13 (0.02) 0.16 (0.02) 1.13 (0.06) 0.41 (0.02) 0.72 (0.05) 1.54 (0.08)
Table 3. Horizontal and vertical displacements of the center of mass (unit: m) Horizontal BTD BTO HTD HTO Peak 0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 3.0 LD 5.0 Displacement PrF 0.6 PoF 3.3 Vertical BTD BTO HTD HTO Peak LD 0.9 1.1 1.6 2.1 3.0 1.0 Displacement S1 0.0 0.7 1.6 2.1 3.6 6.3 0.9 4.1 1.0 1.2 1.7 2.3 3.1 0.9 0.9 2.3 S2 0.0 0.7 1.2 1.8 2.8 4.8 0.6 3.1 1.0 1.1 1.5 2.1 3.0 0.5 1.0 2.6 S3 0.0 0.5 1.1 1.7 2.8 4.6 0.6 2.9 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.3 3.1 0.9 0.8 2.2 S4 0.0 0.7 1.4 1.9 3.2 5.3 0.7 3.4 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.2 3.0 0.7 0.9 2.3 0.0 0.7 1.3 1.9 3.1 (0.4) 5.3 (0.8) 0.7 3.4 (0.5) 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.2 3.0 0.7 PoF Asc 0.9 0.9 PoF Des 2.0 2.4 Table 4. Horizontal and vertical velocities of the center of mass (unit: m/s) Horizontal BC HC PoF BTD BTO V HTD HTO V 7.7 5.3 2.4 5.0 2.9 (0.3) 2.1 (0.3) 3.1 Vertical BTD BTO HTD HTO LD 0.1 (0.3) 4.0 3.7 3.9 S1 7.6 5.7 1.9 5.5 3.2 2.3 3.6 0.1 3.4 3.0 3.9 3.4 S2 7.5 5.5 2.0 5.0 2.1 2.9 2.5 0.5 3.2 3.3 4.3 1.7 S3 7.2 4.8 2.4 4.4 2.4 2.0 2.8 0.3 3.6 3.0 3.7 5.4 S4 7.8 5.5 2.3 4.9 2.9 2.0 3.1 0.4 3.2 3.4 3.9 2.7 7.5 5.4 (0.4) 2.2 5.0 (0.5) 2.7 (0.5) 2.3 (0.4) 3.0 (0.5) 0.3 3.4 3.2 4.0 (0.3) 5.3 (0.3) 3.3 (1.4)
Table 5. Change in hip, knee and shoulder joint angles (unit: ) Hip Knee Shou lder BTD BTO HTD HTO Peak LD 109.1 (6.1) 143.5 (8.7) 186.9 (8.2) 188.8 185.5 181.6 (12.0) (12.0) (14.6) S1 105.3 170.2 227.2 211.2 188.1 95.4 S2 117.8 159.4 196.8 196.6 187.0 108.7 S3 116.0 154.3 214.2 191.8 159.6 127.1 S4 111.2 145.7 190.3 204.8 175.8 134.9 112.6 (5.6) 147.3 (3.0) 157.4 207.1 201.1 (10.2) (16.8) (8.6) 168.1 (3.3) 168.8 (5.4) 173.3 (2.6) 177.6 116.5 (13.2) (17.9) 171.5 (2.3) 134.9 (14.8) S1 148.7 177.2 160.7 171 172.6 124.7 S2 158.8 169.7 171.9 175.4 174.0 126.3 S3 146.8 167.8 158.7 170.5 165.0 156.2 S4 153.0 167.9 175.9 161.7 161.9 140.9 S1 S2 S3 S4 151.8 (5.3) L 126.0 (6.9) R 114.5 (5.8) 170.7 (4.5) 166.8 (8.4) 169.7 (5.7) 127.6 121.8 146.7 (12.8) (18.2) (11.5) 133.2 (7.5) 125.4 149.5 (13.5) (13.6) 168.4 (5.9) 29.6 (4.6) 64.4 (2.9) 137.0 (14.7) 99.9 (24.1) 53.1 (7.9) L 112.7 112.3 102.5 136.6 57.5 42.5 R 96.0 107.7 110.5 147.9 37.3 78.4 L 116.1 122.1 124.4 139.1 39.7 76.9 R 110.6 119.6 118.1 132.3 37.1 28.8 L 138.9 134.7 120.2 164.2 34.9 19.8 R 124.0 125.5 107.8 117.8 21.9 42.9 L 131.5 131.9 119.2 129.9 45.3 56.0 R 130.9 132.0 122.9 108.6 28.0 57.4 L 124.8 125.3 116.6 (12.5) (10.2) (9.7) R 115.4 121.2 114.8 (15.4) (10.3) (6.9) 142.5 (15.0) 126.7 (17.2) 44.4 (9.7) 31.1 (7.5) 48.8 (24.0) 51.9 (21.2)
Fig. 4. Change in hip and shoulder joint angles
Table 6. Touchdown and takeoff angles of board and horse, landing angle (unit: ) BC HC BTD BTO HTD HTO 63.4 (1.6) 106.0 (6.4) 24.0 (3.0) 81.7 (10.0) LD 54.2 (7.5) S1 63.8 113.5 32.5 83.2 78.6 S2 65.2 107.5 23.3 75.8 89.7 S3 64.8 107.7 28.9 86.1 69.6 S4 62.3 102.4 29.8 81.8 77.0 64.0 (1.3) 107.8 (4.5) 28.6 (3.9) 81.7 (4.3) 78.7 (8.3) Table 7. Rotation angles of the thigh and trunk (unit: ) Thigh Trunk BTD BTO HTD HTO Peak LD 42.2 (4.3) 105.1 (11.1) 188.4 (5.4) 261.2 (7.8) 455.5 (5.4) 770.0 (14.6) S1 39.7 119.6 219.2 278.2 436.5 825.8 S2 51.0 113.1 186.2 258.4 429.5 822.8 S3 45.2 111.2 195.5 267.6 451.2 787.7 S4 49.3 103.0 194.4 265.0 456.6 805.0 46.3 (5.0) 112.7 (2.7) 111.7 (6.8) 141.1 (4.7) 198.8 (14.2) 179.9 (8.9) 267.3 (8.2) 250.5 (10.5) 443.5 (12.6) 457.8 (6.8) 810.3 (17.7) 766.5 (1.7) S1 113.9 129.3 172.1 248.6 451.3 741.8 S2 112.6 133.3 168.5 240.5 436.9 753.9 S3 109.6 136.6 161.3 253.9 433.3 729.7 S4 117.7 136.9 184.2 241.2 450.9 758.0 113.5 (3.4) 134.0 (3.5) 171.5 (9.6) 246.1 (6.4) 443.1 (9.4) 745.9 (12.8)
Table 8. Twist angle of the trunk (unit: ) BTD BTO HTD HTO Peak LD 2.7 (13.3) 7.1 (10.8) 14.1 (6.2) 11.4 (5.7) 222.8 (17.0) 1049.5 (4.3) S1 1.3 2.3 1.8 8.4 220.4 896.2 S2 0.3 1.4 8.4 10.8 180.1 903.7 S3 3.7 4.0 3.3 35.8 153.2 846.2 S4 0.2 6.3 2.1 12.5 205.0 877.7 1.3 (1.7) 1.7 (4.2) 2.3 (4.8) 7.3 (21.7) 189.7 (29.4) 881.0 (25.6)
Table 9. Angular velocities of the thigh and trunk (unit: /s) BTO HTD HTO Peak LD BC PrF HC PoF PoF Asc PoF Des 758.5 (30.2) 741.9 (54.2) 231.4 (104.7) 212.3 (93.7) 759.6 (37.4) 495.0 (75.9) 470.1 (3.5) 485.8 (22.4) Thigh rotation Trunk rotation S1 578.5 670.8 48.6 289.6 653.5 407.2 391.5 526.4 S2 681.5 704.7 52.8 289.2 702.0 427.0 408.5 495.1 S3 780.7 682.1 122.3 576.8 723.6 393.5 473.4 505.8 S4 692.0 583.2 368.2 337.4 678.4 471.4 459.3 508.1 683.2 (82.8) 660.2 (53.2) 302.6 (22.5) 148.0 (150.7) 564.4 (44.9) 373.3 (137.6) 442.5 (34.5) 277.1 (28.7) 689.4 (30.2) 355.4 (35.6) 424.8 (34.0) 471.1 (12.3) 433.2 (39.4) 506.5 (47.0) 508.9 (13.0) 479.8 (13.2) S1 357.2 598.7 292.1 137.8 281.8 528.0 507.0 391.1 S2 306.9 583.7 14.0 196.4 337.2 429.5 472.9 398.5 S3 201.6 525.6 496.2 255.5 222.6 493.4 468.0 444.8 S4 351.1 400.8 257.7 191.7 353.7 380.2 498.1 445.2 304.2 (72.0) 527.2 (90.0) 90.4 (65.8) 1308.8 (120.4) 265.0 (197.7) 684.2 (184.8) 195.4 (48.1) 298.8 (59.4) 457.8 (65.9) 997.7 (24.4) 486.5 (19.0) 573.9 (26.8) 419.9 (29.1) 1278.2 (14.2) S1 15.1 1027.0 193.3 791.3 570.8 914.8 Trunk twist S2 22.6 1077.2 136.9 752.5 460.3 910.6 S3 296.0 1195.9 489.9 828.5 490.3 1035.4 S4 20.9 1212.6 142.5 797.9 525.0 976.8 69.8 (152.0) 1128.2 (90.5) 240.7 (168.1) 792.6 (31.2) 511.6 (47.5) 959.4 (59.0)
AbdelAziz, Y. I., & Karara, H. M. (1971). Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates in objectspace coordinates in close range photogrammetry. Proceedings of the ASP Symposium of CloseRange Photogrammetry. Urbana: University of Illinois. Kim, S. K. & Park, Y. J. (1994). A Kinematic Analysis of Cuervo and Cuervo Full turn Motions of Gymnastics. Korean Journal of Physical Education, 33(2), 133143. Park, J. H., Youn, S. H. Back, J. H., Kim, D.M., Chung, N. J. (2003). The Kinematical Analysis of Ropez Motion in Horse Vaulting. Korean Journal of Physical Education, 42(3), 697708. Park, J. H. & Song, J. H. (2012). The Kinematic Analysis of Vault. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 23(3), 702717. Park, J. H. & Song, J. H. (2015). The Kinematic Analysis of Tsukahara Stretched with 7/2 Turn ( 2) in Vault. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 26(2), 413429. Park, C. H., Kim, Y. K. (2014). Kinematic Comparisons between Yang1 and Yang2 Vaults in Men`s Artistic Gymnastics. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 24(4), 317327. Song, J. H. (2017). A Study of the Possibility of New Technique in Vault for the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. Seoul: Korea Institute of Sport Science. Song, J. H., Kim, K. J., Park, J. H. (2016). A Study on the Optimization of Vault for the 2016 Liu Olympic Games. Seoul: Korea Institute of Sport Science. Song, J. H., Moon, Y. J., Kim, K. J., Kwon, Y. H., Park, J. H. (2014). A study to improve the completeness of new technique (tsukahara stretched with 7/2 turn) in vault. Seoul: Korea Institute of Sport Science. Song, J. H. & Park, J. H. (2016). A Comparative Study of Kinematic Characteristics of Ri Se Gwang Motion in Vault. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 27(3), 644655. Song, J. H., Lee, S. H., Song, H. S., Park, J. H., Ha, C. S. (2011). Analysis to improve the completeness of new technique (handspring forward and salto forward straight with triple twist) in vault. Seoul: Korea Institute of Sport Science. Lee, S. H., Park, J. H., Lee, J. H. (2006). Kinematic Analysis of Acopian in Vault. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 16(1), 8999.
Lim, K. C. (2004). Biomechanical Analysis of Tsukahara Vault with Double Salto Backward Piked. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 14(3), 135147. Takei, Y., Blucker, Erik P., Hudert Dunn, J., Myers, Scott A., & Fortney, Virginia L. (1996). A Threedimensional analysis of the men's compulsory vault performed at the 1992 Olympic Games. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 12, 237257. Takei, Y. (2007). The Roche Vault Performed by Elite Gymnasts: Somersaulting Technique, Deterministic Model and Judges Scores. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 23, 111. Yoon, C. S. & Kim, T. S. (2006). The Kinematic Difference to the Skill Level in the Yurchenko Stretch Skill of Horse Vaulting. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 16(2), 135144.