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Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache

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์ €์ž‘์žํ‘œ์‹œ - ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ - ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ธˆ์ง€ 2.0 ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋Š”์•„๋ž˜์˜์กฐ๊ฑด์„๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—ํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ด์ €์ž‘๋ฌผ์„๋ณต์ œ, ๋ฐฐํฌ, ์ „์†ก, ์ „์‹œ, ๊ณต์—ฐ๋ฐ๋ฐฉ์†กํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ๊ฐ™์€์กฐ๊ฑด์„๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค : ์ €์ž‘์žํ‘œ์‹œ. ๊ท€ํ•˜๋Š”์›์ €์ž‘์ž๋ฅผํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ. ๊ท€ํ•˜๋Š”์ด์ €์ž‘๋ฌผ์„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ์ด์šฉํ• 

ๆญฏ์ œ7๊ถŒ1ํ˜ธ(์ตœ์ข…ํŽธ์ง‘).PDF

04 ํ˜•์‚ฌํŒ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ hwp

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Development of culture technic for practical cultivation under structure in Gastrodia elate Blume


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THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),

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๋””์ง€ํ„ธํฌ๋ Œ์‹ํ•™ํšŒ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์–‘์‹

๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ณ€ํ™”์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ๋ณด์ „์—๊ด€ํ•œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (โ…ข) - ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธ์œ ํ•ด๋‚จ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฐœ์ƒํŠน์„ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ - ๋ฌผํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€์œ ์—ญ์ƒํƒœ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€ โ…ข 2012

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์ง€์งˆํ•™ํšŒ์ง€์ œ ๊ถŒ์ œ ํ˜ธ ๋…„ ์›” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์™€์ค‘๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™์˜์Šต์ง€์™€์œ ์ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ง€์˜ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๋™์ •๊ณผ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ™”๋ถ„ํ•™์ ์ธ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์€์•ฝ 1700 cal. yr BP ์—์ฒ˜์Œ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ถœํ˜„์‹œ์ ์ด์ง€์งˆ์‹œ๋Œ€์„ค์ •์—์žˆ์–ด 1700 cal. yr BP ๋ฅผ์ง€์‹œ์ข…์œผ๋กœํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋Š”์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€์ค‘ ํ›„๊ธฐ (3~5 ์„ธ๊ธฐ ) ์—์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๊ต์—ญ์„ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌํ•œ๊ตญ์—์ „ํŒŒ๋ผ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜์ฒ˜์Œ์ถœํ˜„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ด์ค‘๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ๋ณด๋‹ค์•ฝ 200 ๋…„์•ž์„œ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๋˜๋ฐฑ์ œ๊ฐ€์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผํ•ด์ƒ๊ต์—ญ์„ํ–‰ํ• ๋•Œํ•œ๊ฐ•ํฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ์ฒ˜์Œ์œ ์ž…๋˜์–ด์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ๊ทธ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์ธํ•œ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์ฐจ์ด์˜์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋”๋งŽ์€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ์˜ํ™•๋ณด์™€์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋œํ™”๋ถ„๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉด์ด๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”๊ณงํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. : ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ™”๋ถ„, ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„, ํ›„๊ธฐํ™€๋กœ์„ธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ABSTRACT: Prehistoric maize pollen (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) recovered from western central region and central inland of Korea was taxonomically identified and archaeopalynologically discussed. The first appearance datum (FAD) of prehistoric maize pollen is about 1700 cal. yr BP and it can be used as potentially age index in Korea. Prehistoric maize pollen may infer that foreign maize has imported into Korea by ocean- or land-trade with China, during the middle to late era of the Three States, 3-5 centuries. Moreover, FAD of prehistoric maize pollen in western central region (Paju, Ilsan and Cheonggye-cheon) is about 200 years earlier than that in central inland (Jincheon and Osong). The probably reason is that inception of maize domestication in Korea began first at place near port of the Han River by prosperous Baekjae State. Subsequently maize cultivation may has been spread to neighboring area. Another possibly reason is that lack of age dates give rise to time lag between two regions. The question issued herein will be solved when high resolution age-controlled pollen spectra are obtained. Key words: Archaeopalynology, maize pollen, late Holocene, Korea (Sangheon Yi, Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources) ์ง€๋‚œ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„๋™์•ˆ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋งŒ๋…„ ์œ ์ ์ง€์—์„œํ™”๋ถ„ ์ข…์ž ์‹๋ฌผ๊ทœ์†Œ์ฒด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํƒ„์†Œ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ธก์ •์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ฑ์„๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ์ž์—ฐ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ–‰์œ„์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์„ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ƒํ™œ์ƒ ๋†๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์› ๋†๊ฒฝ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ณผ๋ฌธํ™”์ƒํ™œ์ƒ์„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ถฉ์‹คํžˆ์žฌํ˜„ํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐํƒ„์†Œ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ธก์ •์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๊ณ ํ•ด

์ƒ๋„์˜๊ณ ๊ณ ์‹๋ฌผํ•™์ ๋ถ„์„ ํ™”๋ถ„ ์ข…์ž ์‹๋ฌผ๊ทœ์†Œ์ฒด ๊ณผ์ข…์ž์˜์œ ์ „ํ•™์ ๋ถ„์„์„ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ๋†๊ฒฝ์˜๊ฐœ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€์ „ํŒŒ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ๋ณต์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๋ฐ€๊ณผ๋ณด๋ฆฌ๊ฒฝ์ž‘๊ฐ™์€๋ฐญ๋†์‚ฌ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋†์—…๋ฐœ์›์ง€์ธ์„œ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜๋ฐญ๋†์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ์•ฝ ์™€๋Œ€๋น„๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์Šต์ง€์—์„œ๋งŒ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”๋ฒผ๋†์‚ฌ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐํ™ฉํ•˜๊ฐ•๊ณผ์–‘์ž๊ฐ•์œ ์—ญ์—์„œ์•ฝ ์—๋†๊ฒฝํ™œ๋™์ด์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ํ™€๋กœ์„ธ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์Šต์ง€์™€ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ์œค์ˆœ์˜ฅ ์ด์ƒํ—Œ์™ธ ํ™ฉ์ƒ์ผ ์œค์ˆœ์˜ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์œ ์ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ง€ ๊น€์ •ํฌ ์œคํ˜œ์ˆ˜์™ธ ์ตœ๊ธฐ๋ฃก ์˜์ดํƒ„์ธต์—์„œ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€์„ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜์ƒํ™œ์ƒ์„๋ณต์›ํ•œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋“ค์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”๋ฒผ ์˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜์‚ฐ์ถœ๊ณผ๋นˆ๋„์ˆ˜์˜๋ณ€ํ™”์—๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ๋ฒผ๋†์‚ฌ๊ฐœ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ๋ฐํžŒ๋ฐ”์žˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐญ๋†์‚ฌ์˜์ง€ํ‘œ์‹๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฉ”๋ฐ€๊ณผ๋ฐญ๋‘๋ ๋“ฑ์ง€์—์„œ์ƒ์œกํ•˜๋Š”์‘ฅ ์งˆ๊ฒฝ์ดํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜์‚ฐ์ถœ๊ณผ๋นˆ๋„์ˆ˜์˜๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ๋ฐญ๋†์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ˜•ํƒœ๋“ฑ์„๋…ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ์ฐธ๋‚˜๋ฌด์†ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์‚ฐ์ถœ์˜๊ธ‰๊ฐ๊ณผ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฌด์†ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜๊ธ‰์ฆ์€์„ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€ํ™•๋ณด์˜๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ์ฃผ๋ณ€์‚ฐ์ง€์˜๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ๊ณผํ™”์ „๊ฐ™์€์ž์—ฐ์‹์ƒ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ–‰์œ„๋กœํ•ด์„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ด์ƒํ—Œ์™ธ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๊ตญ๋‚ดํ™”๋ถ„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋ฐญ๋†์‚ฌ์˜์ง€ํ‘œ์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ์ด์šฉ๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๋…ผ์˜๋Š”์ „๋ฌดํ•˜๋‹ค ์ตœ๊ทผ์—ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์•ฝ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋กœ๋™์ •๋˜๋Š”ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์ด์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ด์ƒํ—Œ์™ธ ์ด์ƒํ—Œ ์ด์ƒํ—Œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ํ–ฅํ›„ํŠน์ •ํ™”๋ถ„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌํƒ„์†Œ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์ง€์•Š์€์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ์—ฐ๋Œ€์„ค์ •์ด๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์—๊ทธ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜๋ชฉ์ ์€ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์—๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ™”๋ถ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•œ๋‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ์ด์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์•ž์œผ๋กœํ™€๋กœ์„ธํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ํ‡ด์ ์ธต์„๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœํ™”๋ถ„์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ• ๋•Œ์ฐธ๊ณ ๊ฐ€๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์œก์ƒ์—๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š”๋‚ด๋ฅ™์Šต์ง€ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์€ํ™€๋กœ์„ธ์—ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๊ฒƒ์ด๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค ์ด์ƒํ—Œ ํ™€๋กœ์„ธ์Šต์ง€ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ค‘์ง€ํ‘œ์—๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ์ตœ์ƒ๋ถ€ํ‘œ์ธต์€ ๋…„๋Œ€์‚ฐ์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฐ์ƒํ™œ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์›๋ฃŒ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์ˆ˜์ „๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๋Š”๊ต๋ž€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์˜ˆ ํ‰ํƒ์Šต์ง€์˜์ดํƒ„๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌํ™€๋กœ์„ธํ›„๊ธฐ ํŠนํžˆ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋…„์˜์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”๋Œ€์ƒ์Šต์ง€ํ‡ด์ ์ธต์„์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์–ด๋ ค์šด์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š”๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜์‚ฐ์—…๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์™€ํŽธ์˜์‹œ์„ค๋“ค์˜์ˆ˜์š”์ฆ๊ฐ€์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๊ฑด์„ค๋ถ€์ง€๊ฐ€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œํ™€๋กœ์„ธํ‡ด์ ์ฒด๋“ค์˜๋…ธ์ถœ์ด์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌํ™€๋กœ์„ธํ›„๊ธฐ์˜์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€์ธ๊ฐ„์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋ฒˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค๋„์ด๋Ÿฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ๊ณณ๋“ค๋กœ์„œ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์€๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์ผ์‚ฐ ํŒŒ์ฃผ ์„œ์šธ์ฒญ๊ณ„์ฒœ์ด๊ณ ์ค‘๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์€์ถฉ๋ถ์ง„์ฒœ๋ฉด์†ก๋‘๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ค์†ก๋ฉด์›ํ‰๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ‘œ ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์˜์ผ์‚ฐ๊ณผํŒŒ์ฃผ ์šด์ •์ง€์—ญ์€ํ•œ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์—ญ์˜๋‚ฎ์€๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰ํ•˜๋ถ€์—์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋“ค์ง€์—ญ์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ๋‚จ์ชฝ์€๋น„๊ต์ ํ‰ํƒ„ํ•œ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์›๊ณผ๊ณ ๋„ ์ดํ•˜์˜๋‚ฎ์€๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ด์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ๋ถ„ํฌํ•œ๋‹ค ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€๊ฐ๊ฐ ์™€ ์ •๋„๋†’์ด์˜๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰ Table 1. Sites of palynological data of late Holocene used in this study. Site Latitude Longitude Area Reference Ilsan 126º 44' E 37º 41' N Gyeonggi Province Yi et al. (2005) Paju 126º 44' E 37º 42' N Yi (2008b, unpublished) Cheonggye-cheon 126º 58' E 37º 34' N Seoul, Capital City Yi et al. (2008a) Jincheon 127º 27' E 36º 52' N Chungbuk Province Yi (2009a, unpublished) Osong 127º 19' E 36º 38' N Yi (2009b, Unpublished)

Fig. 1. Modern vegetation map of Korea (modified from Yim and Kira, 1975), and landsat imagery of the Korean Peninsula. Numbers indicate sites for pollen analyses in this study and see Table 1 for detailed information of each site. 30-years mean annual temperature and precipitation in Gangwha-do (A), Seoul (B) and Cheongju (C) areas (from Korea Meteorological Administration, http://www.kma.go.kr). ์œผ๋กœ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ์ €์ง€์˜๊ณ„๊ณก๋“ค์€์ฃผ๋กœ๋…ผ์œผ๋กœ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ง€๋Š”์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ์ฃผํƒ๋ฐ๋…ผ์œผ๋กœ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ค‘๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ธ์ง„์ฒœ์ง€์—ญ์€๋ถ์„œ ๋‚จ๋™๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœํ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฏธํ˜ธ์ฒœ๊ณผ๋ฐฑ๊ณก์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์—์„œ๋ฐœ์›ํ•œ๋ฐฑ๊ณก์ฒœ์ดํ๋ฅด๋Š”์ˆ˜๊ณ„์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ์ถฉ์ ์ธต์ด๋„“๊ฒŒ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋“ค๋‘๊ฐ•์ดํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฏธํ˜ธ์ฒœ์ˆ˜๊ณ„๋Š”์„ ์บ„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ•์•”์งˆํŽธ๋งˆ์•”๊ณผ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ˆ„์ธต๊ตฐ์ด๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š”์ดˆํ‰๋ฉด ๋ฌธ๋ฐฑ๋ฉด์ผ๋Œ€์—์„œ๋ถ๋™ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์งˆ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์„๋”ฐ๋ผ์ข์€์ˆ˜๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ณก๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š”ํŠน์ง•์„๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์„์ถ”์ถœ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ดํ‘œ์ค€์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์˜๊ฑด์กฐ๋œํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์—์—ผ์‚ฐ ๋†๋„ ๊ณผ๋ถˆ์‚ฐ ๋†๋„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ์„ํšŒ์งˆ๊ณผ๊ทœ์งˆ์˜๊ต๊ฒฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„๊ฐ๊ฐ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๋‘๋ฐ˜์‘์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ›„๋‚จ์€์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ์€ ๋ง์‚ฌ์˜๋‚˜์ผ๋ก ์ฒด๋กœ์Šต์‹์ฒด์งˆ์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ฒด์œ„์—๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์ง„์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ์€์—ผํ™”์•„์—ฐ๋น„์ค‘์•ก ์œผ๋กœ๋น„์ค‘์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ์œ ๊ธฐ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ๋งŒ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ์•ก ๋†๋„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถˆํ•„์š”

Fig. 2. Sketch of maize pollen, Zea mays spp. mays L. Zea-type pollen being subspherical, monoporate, annulate, essentially scabrate under light microscopy, with relatively evenly distributed scabrate under scanning electron microscopy and with a major diameter of 59~85 µm. Note: terminologies herein adapted from Faegri et al. (1989). ํ•œ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜๋ถ€์‹๋ฌผ์งˆ์„์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœํ™”๋ถ„๋งŒ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜ํ™”๋ถ„์€๊ฐœํ™”์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ ์›”์—๋Œ€์ „์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฐญ์—์„œ์ฑ„์ง‘์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ฑ„์ง‘ํ•œ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„์€์ž์—ฐ๊ฑด์กฐ์™€๋ƒ‰๋™๊ฑด์กฐ๋ฅผ์‹œํ‚จํ›„๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํ™”์„๊ณผํ˜„์ƒ์€๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ „์ž์ฃผ์‚ฌํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํ™”๋ถ„์˜์™ธ๋ฒฝ์˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ํŠน์ง•์€๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์™ธ๋ฒฝํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ํŠน์ง•๊ด€์ฐฐ์€์ „์ž์ฃผ์‚ฌํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์‹๋ฌผ๊ทœ์†Œ์ฒด๋Š”์ธ๋„์˜ ์—๋ถ„์„์˜๋ขฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ๋Š”๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์›์‚ฐ์ธ์™ธ๋ž˜์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ์‹๋ฌผ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ฒผ ์˜ํ•œํ•ด ์‚ด์ดํ’€์ด๋‹ค ๋ฒผ๊ณผํ™”๋ถ„์˜๊ฐ€์žฅํฐํ˜•ํƒœ์ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๊ฐœ์˜๋ฐœ์•„๊ณต๊ณผ๋ฐœ์•„๊ณต์˜์ฃผ์œ„์—๋‘๊บผ์šด์™ธ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๋œ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฅผ๊ฐ€์ง„๊ตฌํ˜• ์ด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ด๋Ÿฐํ˜•ํƒœ์ ํŠน์ง•์€๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ดˆ๋ณธํ™”๋ถ„๊ณผ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ๋Œ€๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค ๋ฒผ๊ณผํ™”๋ถ„์˜ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋Š”๋งค์šฐ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฒผ๊ณผ์˜ํ™”๋ถ„์—์„œ์ง๊ฒฝ ์„๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„์„๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฒผ๊ณผํ™”๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ดํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ๊ธฐ์ค€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๊ฒฐ๊ณผํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„์•ˆ์—๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋ฉฐํ‰๊ท ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค ํ‘œ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„์˜์™ธ๋ฒฝํ‘œ๋ฉด ์€๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ๋œ๋‹จ๋…๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€๋™์ผํ•œํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ๊ท ์งˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ์กฐ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋„ํŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฒผ๊ณผ์˜์™ธ๋ฒฝํ‘œ๋ฉด์€๋‹จ๋…๋Œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐœ์˜๋‹จ๋…๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์ง‘ํ•ฉํ•œ์†Œํ˜•์˜๋„์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ ๋ฒผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ด์ƒ์˜๋‹จ๋…๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š”๋„์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ ๊ฐˆ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค ๊น€์ •ํฌ ์ด๋Ÿฐ์™ธ๋ฒฝํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฒผ๊ณผํ™”๋ถ„๊ณผ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝํ•˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ๊ด€์ฐฐํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ํŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์—๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋„์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋„ํŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ด๋Š”์•„๋งˆ๋„๋ณด์กด์ƒํƒœ์—์˜ํ•œ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์˜๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฉฐํ‰๊ท ์€ ์ด๋‹ค ํ‘œ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜์‹๋ฌผ๊ทœ์†Œ์ฒด๋Š”์ฃผ๋กœ์•„๋ นํ˜• ๋„ํŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ˜น์€๋ก ๋ธํ˜• ๋„ํŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ก ๋ธ๊ตฌํ˜• ๋„ํŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ธํŽธ์žฅํ˜• ๋„ํŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๊ทœ์†Œ๊ดด๊ฐ€๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค ๋ก ๋ธํ˜•์€์›์ถ”ํ˜•์˜๊ผญ์ง€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ž˜๋ฆฐํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ตญ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์ธํ•œ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์—ญ์˜๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ํŒŒ์ฃผ์‹œ์šด์ •์ง€์—ญ์˜์ดํƒ„์ธต์—์„œ๋Š”์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์ด์•ฝ ์—์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์ค‘๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ธ์ถฉ๋ถ์ง„์ฒœ์†ก๋‘๋ฆฌ๊ณต์žฅ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ถ€์ง€์˜์ดํƒ„์ธต์—์„œ๋Š”์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์ด์•ฝ ์—์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ดํ™”์„์€๋ฐญ๋†์‚ฌ์˜์ง€ํ‘œ์‹๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฉ”๋ฐ€ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„๊ณผํ•จ๊ป˜๋น„์Šทํ•œ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค ๋ฉ”๋ฐ€ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„๊ณผํ•จ๊ป˜์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€๊ทธ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์•ผ์ƒ์ข…์ด์•„๋‹Œ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์‹๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค ๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ „์ž์ฃผ์‚ฌํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ํ†ตํ•ดํ˜„

Fig. 3. (A) Pollen diagram of Paju-Unjeong site (Core UJ12), Gyeonggi Province located in western central region of the Korean Peninsula. Zea mays spp. mays L and Fagopyrum are first appearance at about 1710 yr BP. (B) Pollen diagram of Jincheon, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk Province belonging to central inland. Zea mays spp. mays L. and Fagopyrum first appear at about 1550 yr BP. Pollen grains were not recovered from coarse sand sequence interval of depth 247-212 cm.

Fig. 3. contiued.

Fig. 4. Prehistoric maize pollen occurs from western central region (Ilsan, Paju and Cheonggye-cheon) and central inland (Jincheon and Osong) of the Korean Peninsula. Occurrence of Zea mays spp. mays L. is shown in individual. Red bar chart indicates relative proportion (%) occurrence of buckwheat pollen, Fagopyrum. Cross marks show appearance of maize phytolith. First appearance datum (FAD) of prehistoric maize pollen in the western central region is somewhat earlier than in central inland area. No recovered soil samples are from top section of all study area except Paju, because of lost or disturbed sediments due to human disturbance such as agricultural cultivation. ์ƒ๊ณผํ™”์„ํ™”๋ถ„์˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ํŠน์ง•์„๋น„๊ต๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๋„ํŒ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ทœ์†Œ์ฒด๋Š”ํŒŒ์ฃผ์˜์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜์‚ฐ์ถœ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์—๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋ณด์ถฉ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋„ํŒ ์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ ๊ฒฝ ์ „์ž์ฃผ์‚ฌํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ทœ์†Œ์ฒด๋ถ„์„์„ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜ํ™”๋ถ„๋™์ •์—์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ๋†’์ผ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ํ™”๋ถ„๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ์ด์šฉํ•œํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜๋†๊ฒฝ๋ฌธํ™”๊ด€๋ จ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”์ฃผ๋กœ๋ฒผ๋†์‚ฌ๊ฐœ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ

๋…ผ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์˜ˆ ๊น€์ •ํฌ ์œค์ˆœ์˜ฅ ์ตœ๊ธฐ๋ฃก ํ™ฉ์ƒ์ผ ์œค์ˆœ์˜ฅ ์„ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋“ค์ด์ˆ˜๋ ต์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ๋†๊ฒฝ์ •์ฐฉ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋ฉด์„œ์Œ€์„์ฃผ์‹์œผ๋กœํ•˜๋Š”์‹์ƒํ™œ๋กœํŒจํ„ด์ด๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์—๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”๋ฒผ๋†์‚ฌ๊ฐœ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋ฐญ๋†์‚ฌ์˜๊ฐœ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€์ „ํŒŒ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„๋Š”๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค ํŠนํžˆํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ์ž‘์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ž๋ฃŒ๋‚˜์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™์ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š”์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€์ „๋ฌดํ•œ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค ์•„๋งˆ๋„๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋…„๋™์•ˆ์˜์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ๊ฐ„์งํ•œ์ Š์€ํ‡ด์ ์ธต์ด๋งŽ์ด๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์ด์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์œ ์ผ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ์ตœ๊ทผ์—์œ ์ ์ง€์˜์‹œ๊ตด์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€์œก์ง€์˜์ดํƒ„์ธต์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ์ Š์€ํ‡ด์ ์ธต์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€๋งŽ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ๊ฒฐ๊ณผํš๋“๊ณผ์ด์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ค‘์š”ํ•œํ•ด์„๋“ค์ด๋„์ถœ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์€ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€ ์ด์ƒํ—Œ์™ธ ์ด์ƒํ—Œ ์™€์ค‘๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™ ์ด์ƒํ—Œ ์—๋ถ„ํฌํ•œ์ดํƒ„์ธต์—์„œํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์€๋ฉ”๋ฐ€ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„๊ณผํ•จ๊ป˜๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์•ฝ ์˜์ธต์ค€์—์„œ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„์€์ง€์งˆ์—ฐ๋Œ€์„ค์ •๊ณผ์ง€์ธต๋Œ€๋น„์—์œ ์šฉํ•œํ™”์„์œผ๋กœํ™œ์šฉ๋ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ์‹œ๋Œ€์ง€์‹œ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋”๋งŽ์€๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉด์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ์ž…์ฆ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์„๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์„๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”์‹œ๋Œ€์ง€์‹œ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•œ๋‹ค ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜๊ธฐ์›์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์„ค์ด์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€์›์‚ฐ์ง€๋กœ์„œ์•ฝ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ์ดํ›„์„ ์‚ฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜๊ต์—ญ๊ณผ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š”๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์™€์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„๊ฒฝ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ์œก๋กœ๋กœ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์—์„œ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์‹คํฌ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜์–ด๊ฒฝ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์ „ํŒŒ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š”์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋งˆ๋„์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€์ค‘ ํ›„๊ธฐ์—์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜๊ต์—ญ์—์˜ํ•œ์œก๋กœ๋˜๋Š”ํ•ด์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌํ•œ๊ตญ์—์ „ํŒŒ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์ด๋ฉ”๋ฐ€ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„๊ณผํ•จ๊ป˜์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€๊ทธ๋‹น์‹œ์—์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์•ผ์ƒ์ข…์ธ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œํŠน์ดํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜์ฒ˜์Œ์ถœํ˜„์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์ง€์—ญ์—๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”์ ์ด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”์•ฝ ์—์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ์ถœํ˜„ํ•œํ›„๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”์•ฝ Table 2. Radiocarbon dates used in this study. Calendar years are recalculated on the basis of CalPal2007 online (Danzeglocke et al., 2008). *after Yi et al. (2008) Location Jincheon Osong (Wonpyeong) Seoul* (Cheonggye -Cheon) Paju (Unjeong) Sample No. Depth (cm) Material 13 C ( ) Conventional 14 C age (yr BP) Calendar age (2, yr BP) Calendar year Laboratory No. SD-4 265 Sediment bulk -26.3 1550±40 1553±51 AD 497±51 ISa080080 SD-3 275 Sediment bulk -28 1600±40 1483±49 AD 467±49 ISa080079 SD-1 295 Sediment bulk -25.7 1670±40 1594±52 AD 356±52 ISa080077 M-12-6.S 210 sediment bulk -17.5 1580±40 1471±47 AD 479±47 M-12-6-6.s CKK-15 365 organic mud -27.5 1420±60 1340±40 AD 610±40 GX-30894 CKK-9 440 plant fragments -26.4 2040±90 2022±108 BC 72±108 GX-30893 UJ-12-1-11 11 plant fragments -30 modern modern modern IWD070117 UJ-12-1-49 49 sediment bulk -28 410±40 434±71 AD 1516±71 ISA080022 UJ-12-2-06 61 sediment bulk -25 1250±40 1188±61 AD 762±61 ISA080023

์—์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„๋ณผ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค ์œ„๋„์™€์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œ„์น˜์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธ์•ฝ ๋…„์˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๋˜๋ฐฑ์ œ๊ฐ€์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผํ•ด์ƒ๊ต์—ญ์—์˜ํ•œ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž‘๋ฌผ๊ณผํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ๊ฐ•ํฌ๊ตฌ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ๋จผ์ €๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ด์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„์žˆ๋‹ค ๋˜๋Š”์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€์—ฐ๋Œ€์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€๋ชปํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์ฐจ์ด์˜์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด์žˆ๋‹ค ํ–ฅํ›„๋”๋งŽ์€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ์˜ํ™”๋ถ„๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ถ•์ ๋˜๊ณ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜๋ฉด์ด๋Ÿฐ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”๊ณงํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์™€์ค‘๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™์˜์Šต์ง€์™€์œ ์ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ง€์˜ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ ๋™์ •๊ณผ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ™”๋ถ„ํ•™์ ์ธ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ „์ž์ฃผ์‚ฌํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋กœํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผํ™”์„์˜ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ํŠน์ง•์„๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌํ™”์„๋™์ •์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ๋†’์ผ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ์‹๋ฌผ๊ทœ์†Œ์ฒด๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”์„์˜๋ณด์ถฉ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์€์•ฝ ์—์ฒ˜์Œ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ดํ›„ํ‡ด์ ์ธต์—์„œ์ง€์งˆ์—ฐ๋Œ€์„ค์ •๊ณผ์ง€์ธต๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์žˆ์–ด์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ถœํ˜„์‹œ์ ์ด ๋ฅผ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•œ๋‹ค ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋Š”์‚ผ๊ตญ์‹œ๋Œ€์ค‘ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์—์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜๊ต์—ญ์—์˜ํ•œ์œก๋กœ๋˜๋Š”ํ•ด์ƒ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœํ•œ๊ตญ์—์ „ํŒŒ๋˜์–ด์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ถ„ํ™”์„์˜์ฒ˜์Œ์ถœํ˜„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์ด์ค‘๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€์—ญ๋ณด๋‹ค์•ฝ ๋…„์•ž์„œ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๋˜๋ฐฑ์ œ๊ฐ€์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผํ•ด์ƒ๊ต์—ญ์„ํ• ๋•Œํ•œ๊ฐ•ํฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ์ฒ˜์Œ์œ ์ž…๋˜์–ด๊ทธ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์ œ์ผ๋จผ์ €์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์—ฐ๋Œ€์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€๋ชปํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์ฐจ์ด์˜์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„์žˆ๋‹ค ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋”๋งŽ์€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ์˜ํ™•๋ณด์™€์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋œํ™”๋ถ„๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉด์ด๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”๊ณงํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค ๋ณธ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง€์งˆ์ž์›์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๊ธฐ๋ณธ์‚ฌ์—…์ธ ๊ทนํ•œ์žฌํ•ด์™€ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด๋ณ€๋™์˜ˆ์ธก์„์œ„ํ•œ๋Œ๋ฐœ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์—ฐ ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜์ผํ•œ์œผ๋กœ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ง„์ฒœ์†ก๋‘๋ฆฌ์˜๋ถ„์„์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋Š”์ถฉ์ฒญ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ „์ž์ฃผ์‚ฌํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์—…์—ํ˜‘์กฐํ•ด์ค€ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง€์งˆ์ž์›์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ป˜๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค ๋ณธ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋งŽ์€์กฐ์–ธ๊ณผ๊ฑด์„ค์ ์ธ๋น„ํŒ์„ํ†ตํ•ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜์งˆ์ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์—๋งŽ์€๋„์›€์„์ฃผ์‹ ๋ชฉํฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ •์ฒ ํ™˜๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ณผ๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์œค์ˆœ์˜ฅ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜๊ป˜๊นŠ์€๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ๋“œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ๊น€์ •ํฌ, 1994, ๊ณ ์–‘๊ฐ€์™€์ง€์œ ์ ์ถœํ† ๋ฒผ๊ณผ๊ฝƒ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ - ๋ฒผ๋†์‚ฌ์™€๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ - ์„์‚ฌํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ, ์ถฉ๋ถ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, 39 p. ์œค์ˆœ์˜ฅ, 1996, Holocene ํ›„๊ธฐ์‚ผ์ฒœํฌํ•ด์•ˆ์ถฉ์ ํ‰์•ผ์ง€ํ˜•๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง€ํ˜•ํ•™ํšŒ์ง€, 3, 83-98. ์œค์ˆœ์˜ฅ, 1997, ํ™”๋ถ„๋ถ„์„์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ๋ณธ์ผ์‚ฐ์ง€์—ญ์˜ํ™€๋กœ์„ธํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€๊ณ ์ง€๋ฆฌ๋ณต์›. ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ์ง€, 32, 15-30. ์œคํ˜œ์ˆ˜, ์ด์ข…๋•, ๊น€ํ–ฅ์ˆ™, ๋ฐ•์ˆœ๋ฐœ, 2002, ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ตฐ๋…ธํ™”๋ฆฌ์ œ 4 ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€์—์„œ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œํ™”๋ถ„, ํฌ์ž์—์˜ํ•œ๊ณ ๊ธฐํ›„ํ•ด์„. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ํšŒ์ง€, 18, 11-26. ์ด์ƒํ—Œ, 2008a, <Review> ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋ฐ์Šต์ง€ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์—ํ•จ์œ ๋œํ™”๋ถ„์„์ด์šฉํ•œ๊ณ ๊ธฐํ›„์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™ํ–ฅ. ์ง€์งˆํ•™ํšŒ์ง€, 44, 105-117. ์ด์ƒํ—Œ, 2008b, ํŒŒ์ฃผ - ์šด์ •๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ 44 ์ง€์ ์—์„œ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œํ™”๋ถ„๋ถ„์„. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง€์งˆ์ž์›์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ, unpublished. ์ด์ƒํ—Œ, 2009a, ์ถฉ๋ถ์ง„์ฒœ์†ก๋‘๋ฆฌ๊ณต์žฅ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ถ€์ง€์—์„œ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œํ™”๋ถ„๊ตฐ์ง‘. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง€์งˆ์ž์›์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ, unpublished. ์ด์ƒํ—Œ, 2009b, ์ถฉ๋ถ์ฒญ์ฃผ์˜ค์†ก๊ณผํ•™๋‹จ์ง€์กฐ์„ฑ๋ถ€์ง€์—์„œ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œํ™”๋ถ„๊ตฐ์ง‘. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง€์งˆ์ž์›์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ, unpublished. ์ด์ƒํ—Œ, ์ „ํฌ์˜, ์œคํ˜œ์ˆ˜, 1999, ํ™”๋ถ„๋ถ„์„์—์˜ํ•œํ•œ๊ตญ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์ €์ง€๋Œ€์˜ 4000 ๋…„์ „์ดํ›„๊ณ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ œ 4 ๊ธฐํ•™ํšŒ์ง€, 13, 1-23. ์ด์ƒํ—Œ, ๋ฅ˜์€์˜, ๊น€์ฃผ์šฉ, ๋‚จ์šฑํ˜„, ์–‘๋™์œค, ์‹ ์ˆ™์ •, 2005, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์ผ์‚ฐ์ด์‚ฐํฌ์ง€์—ญ์˜ํ›„๊ธฐํ™€๋กœ์„ธ๊ณ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ํ™”๋ถ„๊ณผ๊ทœ์กฐ๋ถ„์„. ์ง€์งˆํ•™ํšŒ์ง€, 41, 295-322. ์ตœ๊ธฐ๋ฃก, 2003, ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜๋ฒผ๋†์‚ฌ๊ฐœ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ํšŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋†๊ฒฝ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ํ˜•์„ฑ, 9-24. ํ™ฉ์ƒ์ผ, ์œค์ˆœ์˜ฅ, 2005, ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์‹ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ œ 4 ๊ธฐ์‹์ƒ๋ฐ๊ธฐํ›„ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”. ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™๋…ผ๊ตฌ, 24, 154-180. Bellwood, P., 2005, First farmers: the origin of agricultural societies. Blackwell Publishing, 362 p. Boyd, M., Surette, C., Nicholson, B.A., 2006, Archaeological evidence of prehistoric maize (Zea mays) consumption at the northern edge of the Great Plains. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33, 1129-1140. Cavalli-Sforza, L., Menozzi, P. and Piazza, A., 1993, Demic expansions and human evolution. Science, 259, 639-646. Danzeglocke, U., Jöris, O. and Weninger, B., 2008, CalPal-