Study on Types and Distributional Properties of Abandoned Channels in Korea Gwang-Ryul Lee* 6 409 266 Abstract The types, distributional and shape properties of abandoned channels in Korea are classified and examined. There are 409 abandoned channels in Korea and they can be classified into the 6 types such as the incised meander cutoff, stream piracy, distributary, artificial incised meander neck-cutoff, channel straightening of free meander and distributary streams. The abandoned channels by incised meander neck-cutoff showing the most frequency with 266, have the topographical properties of high altitude and steep relief and frequently distribute in Gangwon and Gyeonbuk Province and in the upper reaches of main stream of Nakdong-River, and Dal-River and Pyeongchang-River, tributaries of Namhan-River. The most frequency areas of abandoned channels by distributary, channel straightening of free meander and distributary streams are the lower reaches of Namhan-River and main stream in the lower reaches of Nakdong-River, Mangyeong-River and Yeongsan-River, and Geumho-River, respectively. The abandoned channles by incised meandering neck-cutoff and stream piracy are relatively used as farmlands or forests due to the high altitude and relative altitude from the river bed. : paleo-channel, meander neck-cutoff, channel straightening, stream piracy, incised meander, braided channel 2010 (NRF- 2010-332-B00582)(This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(NRF-2010-332-B00582)) (Assistant Professor, Department of Geography Education, Teachers College, Kyungpook National University) 304
abandoned channel, paleochannel) Goudie 2004 (Dury, 1965; Rotnicki, 1983; Page and Nanson, 1996; Page et al., 1996) (Sapozhnikov and Foufoula-Georgiou, 1996; Brewer and Lewin, 1998; Tabata and Hickin, 2003) (Baker et al., 1993; Shaw et al., 1999) (Ministry of Environment, 2008) (Odum, 1997) Suh(1988) Song(1993) (Lee and Yoon, 2004; Jeong and Lee, 2004; Lee et al., 2005a; 2005b; Son, 2009) 305
ArcGIS Excel 1920 1 50 000 1990 1 25 000 1970 (meander core) 1 25 000 (meander neck-cutoff) (distributary) (stream piracy) (channel straightening) 4 Figure 1 (meander neck) Figure 1. The processes of abandoned channel by meander neck-cutoff. 306
Figure 2. The abandoned channel at Gwangha-ri, Jeongseon-gun. (natural bridge) (meander core) C (Figure 2) (Figure 3) (bar) Figure 3. The processes of abandoned channel by braid. 307
Figure 4. The abandoned channel at Jangcheon-ri, Chungju-si. (Figure 4) Figure 5 A B (Figure 6) 1 7 km Figure 5. The processes of abandoned channel by stream piracy. 308
Figure 6. The abandoned channel at Yeondang-ri, Yeongyang-gun. 1980 Figure 7. The processes of abandoned channel by channel straightening. 309
Figure 8. The abandoned channel at Juksan-ri, Naju-si. 4 4 5 (A-1)(A- 2) (A-3) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3) 6 6 409 (A-1) 266 65 0 (B-2) 55 (A-2) 38 (B-3) 28 (A-3) 17 310
Figure 9. The number of abandoned channels by types in Korea (A-1: incised meander neck-cutoff, A- 2: stream piracy, A-3: braided channel, B-1: artificial incised meander cutoff, B-2: artificial free meander cutoff, B-3: artificial braided channel cutoff). (B-1) 5 Figure 10 (A-1) (A-2) (A-3) (B- 1) 5 2 (B-3) Table 1. The number of abandoned channels by administrative area. A-1 A-2 A-3 B-1(artificial B-2(artificial B-3(artificial (incised cutoff) (piracy) (braided) -incision) -meander) -braided) Gyeonggi 14 3 4 0 6 4 31 Gangwon 87 14 1 1 0 1 104 Chungbuk 27 5 2 1 2 2 39 Chungnam 16 2 0 1 8 0 27 Kyeongbuk 70 7 3 1 3 9 93 Kyeongnam 24 4 5 0 11 5 49 Jeonbuk 23 2 0 1 8 0 34 Jeonnam 5 1 2 0 17 7 32 total 266 38 17 5 55 28 409 total 311
이광률 Figure 10. Distribution of abandoned channel by type in Korea (A-1: incised meander neck-cutoff, A-2: stream piracy, A-3: braided channel, B-1: artificial incised meader cutoff, B-2: artificial free meander cutoff, B-3: artificial braided channel cutoff). 우리나라의 유형별 구하도 분포 -`312`-
409 104 25 4 93 22 7 (A-1) 87 32 7 70 26 3 59 5 1 9 15 14 13 13 10 10 10 10 9 (A-2) 14 36 8 7 18 4 3 2 (A-3) 5 29 4 4 23 5 2 (B-2) 17 30 9 11 20 0 8 14 5 5 (B-3) 9 32 1 7 25 0 5 18 Table 2 47 44 43 41 1 (A-1) 37 13 9 11 10 8 7 7 7 8 7 (A-2) 9 313
Table 2. The number of abandoned channels by drainage basin. drainage basin A-1 A-2 A-3 B-1(artificial B-2(artificial B-3(artificial (incised cutoff) (piracy) (braided) -incision) -meander) -braided) total Imjin 5 1 0 0 0 0 6 Bukhan 37 9 1 0 0 0 47 Namhan-up 37 4 0 0 0 0 41 Namhan-low 28 2 4 1 0 0 35 Han(low) 2 0 2 0 4 3 11 West coast-mid 1 1 0 1 3 0 6 East coast-mid 8 1 0 1 0 0 10 Geum-up 14 2 0 1 0 0 17 Geum-low 22 4 0 0 9 1 36 Nakdong-up 24 4 0 0 0 0 28 Nakdong-mid 24 4 3 1 2 9 43 Nakdong-low 19 3 5 0 9 8 44 East coast-south 22 0 0 0 1 0 23 Mankyeong 1 0 0 0 8 0 9 Yeongsan 3 0 1 0 15 5 24 West coast-south 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Seomjin 17 3 1 0 1 2 24 South coast 1 0 0 0 3 0 4 (A-3) (B-2) 15 (B-3) 98 5 Table 3 (A-3) 2 9km (B-3) 2 7km (B-1) 2 6km (B-2) 1 3km C 13 7 km (A-1) 7 7km (A-2) 314
Table 3. The shape and altitude of abandoned channels. A-1(incised A-2 A-3 B-1(artificial B-2(artificial B-3(artificial cutoff) (piracy) (braided) -incision) -meander) -braided) average length mean 1.7 1.9 2.9 2.6 1.3 2.7 1.8 (km) max 7.7 8.8 4.7 3.2 4.2 13.7 area mean 0.39 0.45 0.41 0.62 0.08 0.24 0.34 (km 2 ) max 5.72 3.34 0.96 1.32 0.78 1.49 altitude mean 225.1 205.2 38.3 96 8.8 36.3 172 (m) max 772 685 285 268 64 141 height above mean 32.0 26.7 2.3 4.6 1.8 2.6 24 riverbed max 146 235 5 10 7 8 (m) 8 8km 3 0 4km 2 0 62km 2 0 08km 2 409 5 72km 2 225m 205m 8 8m 772m 685m 4 300m 64m 32 0m 26 7m 4 5m 235m 146m 4 5 10m 315
Table 4. The number of abandoned channels by land use types. A-1 A-2 A-3 B-1(artificial B-2(artificial B-3(artificial (incised cutoff) (piracy) (braided) -incision) -meander) -braided) total urban 5 1 0 1 0 0 7(1.7%) facilities 17 2 2 1 6 1 29(7.1%) military 5 1 0 0 2 0 8(2.0%) farm 198 33 1 2 6 6 246(60.1%) wet land 1 0 13 0 34 8 56(13.7%) waters 10 0 1 1 7 13 32(7.8%) forest 30 1 0 0 0 0 31(7.6%) 409 60 1 246 13 7 56 323129 87 74 198 11 30 87 33 6 6 1 77 13 62 34 13 7 11 6 46 13 409 6 266 38 17 316
5 55 28 10493 4 4 Baker, V. R., Benito, G. and Rudoy, A. N., 1993, Paleohydrology of Late Pleistocene Superflooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia, Science, 259, 348-350. Brewer, P. A. and Lewin, J., 1998, Planform cyclicity in an unstable reach: complex fluvial response to environmental change, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23(11), 989-1008. Dury, G. H., 1965, Theoretical Implication of Underfit Streams, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 452-C, Washington. Goudie, A. S., 2004, Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, Routledge, New York. Jeong, S. M. and Lee, M. B., 2004, Change of Estuary Landscape in Suncheon Bay, South Coast of Korea, Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association, 11(2), 127-139 (in Korea). Lee, G. R. and Yoon S. O., 2004, Distribution Characteristics of the Incised Meander Cutoff in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, Central Korea, Journal of the Korean Geography Society, 39(6), 845-862 (in Korea). Lee, M. B., Kim, N. S., Lee, G. R. and Han, U., 2005a, Analysis of Landscape Changes of Channel Meandering by Satellite Images in Lower Reach of Daedong and Jaeryeong Rivers, West North 317
Korea, Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association, 12(1), 91-102 (in Korea). Lee, M. B., Lee, G. R., Kim, N. S., Shin, K. H. and Nam, H. J., 2005b, A Study oil the Geomorphic Changes in Yeonbaek Coastal Plain by Using Satellite Images and Topographical Map, West Coast of North Korea, Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association, 12(2), 73-85 (in Korea). Ministry of Environment, 2008, Discovering Wetlands, Ministry of Environment UNDP/GEF Korea Wetland Project, Gwacheon 2008 UNDP/GEF Odum, E. P., 1997, Ecology: A Bridge Between Science and Society, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland. Page, K. J., Nanson, G. C. and Price, D., 1996, Chronology of Murrumbidgee River palaeochannels on the Riverine Plain, southeastern Australia, Journal of Quaternary Science, 11(4), 311-326. Page, K. J. and Nanson, G. C., 1996, Stratigraphic architecture resulting from Late Quaternary evolution of the riverine plain, southeastern Australia, Sedimentology, 43, 927-945. Rotnicki, K., 1983, Modelling past discharges of meandering river, in G. K., (ed.) Gregory, Background to Palaeohydrology, Wiley, 321-354. Sapozhnikov, V. B. and Foufoula-Georgiou, E., 1996, Self-affinity in braided rivers, Water Resources Research, 32(5), 1429-1439. Shaw, J., Munro-Stasiuk, M., Sawyer, B., Beaney, C., Lesemann, J., Musacchio, A., Rains, B. and Young, R. R., 1999, The Channeled Scabland: back to Bretz?, Geology, 27, 605-608. Son, I., 2009, A Geomorphology on the Baeckhwa Mountains, Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association, 16(4), 1-12 (in Korea). Song, U. G., 1993, Geomorphic Development of Incised Meander in the Middle and South Part of the Korean Peninsula, Kyungpook University Doctor Thesis. Suh, H. J. 1988, A Study on the process of the abandoned channel formed by incised meander, Journal of Geography Education, 20, 43-66 (in Korea). Tabata, K. K. and Hickin, E. J., 2003, Interchannel hydraulic geometry and hydraulic efficiency of the anastomosing Columbia River, southeastern British Columbia, Canada, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 28(8), 837-852. 702-701 georiver@knu.ac.kr, 053-950-5859 Correspondence: Gwang-Ryul Lee, Department of Geography Education, Teachers College, Kyungpook National University, Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Korea (e-mail: georiver@knu.ac.kr, phone: +82-53-950-5859) 318