46-6대지.02이광률

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1 Geomorphological Properties and Changes on River-Mouth Bar at Song-cheon River Gwang-Ryul Lee* Abstract The Geomorphological properties and ages of river-mouth bar at Song-cheon River in the East Coast of Korea, Yeongdeok-gun, Gyeongbuk Province are estimated, and the long-term and short-term changing processes and causes are analyzed. Sand grains of the bar near the coastline show the finer trends from south to north and these can be attributed to the northward movement of waves and long-shore currents. The absolute ages of bar and nearby coastal sand dune are less than approximately 100 years ago, indicating that the bar has experienced the active geomorphological changes. While the inlet located at south part of the bar between 1971 and 1995, the inlet has located at north or middle part since These may caused by the changes of movement directions of waves and long-shore currents due to the apparent northward movements of winds and currents. In short-term, the higher elevation, larger area, simpler landform relief and more variable location of inlet and morphology of bar can be observed between September and March due to the dominance of sedimentary processes by wave and wind processes. : East Coast of Korea, river-mouth bar, inlet, sand beach, sand spit, sea wave, longshore current, wind direction 2010 (This Research was supported by Kyungpook National University Research Fund, 2010) (Assistant Professor, Department of Geography Education, Teachers College, Kyungpook National University) 693

2 (river mouth, estuary) (brackish water zone) (Goudie, 2004) (longshore current) (river-mouth bar) (storm surge) (inlet) 2 Kwon(1973) Kim(2005; 2009) Kim et al.(2007) Jo and Shin(1982) Son et al. (2002) Ha et al. (2009) Jo and Shin (1982) Son et al.(2002) Ha et al.(2009) (Penland et al., 1985; Otvos and Giardino, 2004; FitzGerald et al., 2004; McBride et al., 2007) (Wang and Liang, 2000; Wang et al,, 2005; Fan et al., 2006) (Frihy and Lawrence, 2004) Oueme (Anthony et al., 2002) Fitzgerald et al.(2002) Davis Jr. and Barnard(2003) Shuttleworth et al.(2005) Murray 694

3 Lichter et al.(2011) DEM Pacheco et al.(2011) Rio Formosa Bhattacharya and Giosan(2003) ArcGIS GPS (Magellan Triton 400) 5m ArcGIS 20m 5cm (Speedtech) ArcGIS 2 OSL(Optical Simulated Luminescence) 14 (Figure 1) 4 6km 230m 100m 695

4 Figure 1. The topography of Song-cheon river basin and satellite image at Song-cheon river mouth, study area(source: Daum map). (Bang and Lee, 2011) 230m 100m (Figure 1) Figure 2. The landform at Song-cheon river mouth bar and sites of inlet and leveling. 696

5 (Figure 2, 5) A G (Figure 3) A (beach ridge) 2 4m 50m 0 6m 25m 1 6m (berm) (beach flat) (swash) 5m 0 5m B 35m 1 4m 0 3m 15m 1 0m C C 30m 1 5m C F G D E (spit) 20 30m F G 2m F 1 0m 5 10m Figure 3. The cross-sections, landform and mean grain size of surfaces at leveling sites A~G. 697

6 Figure 4. The sites of absolute age measurements and results m 2m 20m (Figure 3) 0 5mm (agent) 1m OSL 0 8m 14 C 1m OSL (Figure 4) 1m 0 03ka 1m 0 13ka 0 8m modern

Figure 5. The morphologic changes of Song-cheon river mouth bar from 1971 to 2011.

7 Figure 5. The morphologic changes of Song-cheon river mouth bar from 1971 to GIS GPS (Figure 5) (swash) (Masselink and Hughes, 2003) (Bird, 2008)

Table 1. The monthly wind speed(m/s) and wind direction data at Ulleung-do in 1988 and 2008.

8 Table 1. The monthly wind speed(m/s) and wind direction data at Ulleung-do in 1988 and year month mean speed max speed max direction SSW NE NE N SSW NNE SW SSW NE NE NNE NNW mean speed max speed max direction NE NE SSW NE SSW SSW SSW SW NNE SSW SSW SSW source: Korea Meteorological Administration (Table 1) Figure 6. The current charts at Gyeongbuk at the East Coast of Korea, Gyeongbuk in 1995 and 2009(source: Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration). 700

2000 2009 1995 6 6 9 10 11 (Figure 6) 1995 8 5 Figure 7.

9 (Figure 6) Figure 7. The pictures showing landform changes at Song-cheon river mouth bar. 701

10 Figure 8. The wave height from 2009 to 2011 at Hupo tide station (Figure 5, 7) km (Figure 8) m m m m m m 3 702

Table 2. The weather conditions on appearances of storm surge from 2009 to 2011 in Gyeongbuk coast. date (duration) 2009.10. 7 ~10.

11 Table 2. The weather conditions on appearances of storm surge from 2009 to 2011 in Gyeongbuk coast. date (duration) ~10. 8 wave height at Hupo max of wave height at Pohang buoy weather conditions in East coast of Gyeongbuk Province 4~5m 8.6m low pressure (center of depression: South Sea), strong wind low pressure (center of depression: southern Japan), 4~5m 10.4m ~11.12 northeasterly wind, very strong wind (mean wind speed: 10m/s) ~5m 12.2m low pressure trough (center of depression: southern Japan), strong wind Figure m s (Table 2) km 3m 7m (Malou) (Maon) Figure 9. The changes of detailed topographic relief at Song-cheon river mouth bar during the last year. 703

12 Table 3. The changes of area, volume and relief at Song-cheon river mouth bar during the last year. date 10.16/2010 variation 4.9/2011 variation 9.17/2011 bar area 2D area (m 2 ) 15,122 +3,442 18,564-3,052 15,512 whole area 2D area (m 2 ) 27,606 27,572 27,532 surface area (m 2 ) 179,844-35, , , ,189 volume (m 3 ) 10,737,761 +1,276,223 12,013,984-1,033,366 10,980,618 surface area/volume ArcGIS (Figure 9) (Table 3) km km km km km km 2 4m km km km m 100m 5 10m 20 40m 2m 704

13 OSL 14 C Anthony, E. J., Oyédé, L. M., and Lang, J., 2002, Sedimentation in a fluvially infilling, barrierbound estuary on a wave-dominated, microtidal coast: the Ouémé River estuary, Benin, west Africa, Sedimentology, 49(5), Bang, H. J. and Lee, G. R., 2011, Geomorphological properties and changes of Goreabul sand beach in Yeongdeok, Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association, 18(3), Bhattacharya, J. P. and Giosan, L., 2003, Waveinfluenced deltas: geomorphological implications for facies reconstruction, Sedimentology, 50(1), Bird, E., 2008, Coastal geomorphology, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Davis Jr., R. A. and Barnard, P., 2003, Morphodynamics of the barrier-inlet system, west-central Florida, Marine Geology, 200, Fan, H., Huang, H., Zeng, T. Q., and Wang, K., 2006, River mouth bar formation, riverbed aggradation and channel migration in the modern Huanghe(Yellow) River delta, China, Geomorphology, 74, FitzGerald, D. M., Buynevich, I. V., Davis Jr., R. A., and Fenster, M. S., 2002, New England tidal inlets with special reference to riverine-associated inlet systems, Geomorphology, 48, Fitzgerald, D. M., Kulp, M., Penland, S., Flocks, J., and Kindinger, J., 2004, Morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of muddy ebb-tidal deltas along a subsiding coast: Barataria Bay, Mississippi River delta, Sedimentology, 51(6), 1157?1178. Frihy, O. and Lawrence, D., 2004, Evolution of the modern Nile delta promontories: development of accretional features during shoreline retreat, Environmental Geology, 46, Ha, K. H., Choi, K. H., and Kim, J. W., 2009, Geomorphological Characteristics and Salinity Distribution of Yeongok Estuary in Kangneung, 705

14 Korea, Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association, 16(1), Jo, W. R. and Shin, Y. H., 1982, Grain Size Distribution of Micro-Landforms on Coastal Plain, Geography(Journal of the Korean Geographical Society), 25, Kim, S. H. 2009, The Sedimentological Environment of Deltaic Barrier Islands in the Nakdong River Estuary, Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association, 16(4), Kim, S. H., 2005, The Morphological Changes of Deltaic Barrier Islands in the Nakdong River Estuary after the Construction of River Barrage, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 40(4), Kim, S. H., Rhew, H. S., and Shin, Y. H., 2007, The Characteristics and Distribution of the Surface Sediment Grain Size of Nakdong River Deltaic Barrier Island, Journal of the Korean Association of Regional Geographers, 13(1), Kwon, H. J., 1973, A Geomorphic Study of the Naktong Delta, Geography(Journal of the Korean Geographical Society), 8, Lichter, M., Klein, M. and Zviely, D., 2011, Dynamic morphology of small south-eastern Mediterranean river mouths: a conceptual model, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 36(4), Masselink, G. and Hughes, M. G., 2003, Introduction to coastal processes and geomorphology, Hodder Arnold, London. McBride, R. A., Taylor, M. J., and Byrnes, M. R., 2007, Coastal morphodynamics and Chenier-Plain evolution in southwestern Louisiana, USA: A geomorphic model, Geomorphology, 88, Otvos, E. G. and Giardino, M. J., 2004, Interlinked barrier chain and delta lobe development, northern Gulf of Mexico, Sedimentary Geology, 169, Pacheco, A., Ferreira, O., and Williams, J. J., 2011, Long-term morphological impacts of the opening of a new inlet on a multiple inlet system, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 36(13), Penland, S., Suter, J. R., and Boyd R., 1985, Barrier island arcs along abandoned Mississippi River deltas, Marine Geology, 63, Shuttleworth, B., Woidt, A., Paparella, T., Herbig, S., and Walker, D., 2005, The dynamic behaviour of a river-dominated tidal inlet, River Murray, Australia, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 64(4), Son, M. W., Seo, J. C., and Jeon, Y. G., 2002, The Characteristics of Coastal Geomorphological System of Chilpo, The Geographical Journal of Korea, 36(3), Wang, H., Yang, Z., Bi, N., and Li, H., 2005, Rapid shifts of the river plume pathway off the Huanghe(Yellow) River mouth in response to water-sediment regulation scheme in 2005, Chines Science Bulletin, 50(24), Wang, Z. Y. and Liang, Z. Y., 2000, Dynamic Characteristics of the Yellow River Mouth, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25, her.jsp georiver@knu.ac.kr Correspondence: Gwang-Ryul Lee, Department of Geography Education, Teachers College, Kyungpook National University, Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu, , Korea ( georiver@knu.ac.kr, phone: ) 706

44-3대지.02이광률c

44-3대지.02이광률c Properties of Channel and Evolutions of Fluvial Terraces in Odae River Gwang-Ryul Lee* 1 3 OSL 1 MIS 2 2 MIS 3 2 0 205m/ka 0 269m/ka Abstract This study analyzes the properties of fluvial landforms in