전자기학 (Electodnamics ) Lectued b Pof. Kong Hon Kim ( 김경헌 ) Office : 5N3 kongh@inha.ac.k Depatment of Phsics Inha Univesit Inha Univesit Fall 5
Sllabus ( 강의계획서 ) 강의목표 : 수강자들이전자기학과전기동력학, 막스웰방정식에대한이해와이러한지식을향후연구개발활동에적용할수있는능력을키우는데본강의의목표가있음 교재 : Intoduction to Electodnamics" 4th Ed., David J. Giffiths, Peason, oston (3), ISN : -3-85656- (ISN 3: 978--3-85656-) 평가 : 출석 (%), 숙제 (%), 퀴즈 (%), 토론및발표 (%), 중간고사 (%), 기말고사 (%) 숙제는본인이직접하지않으면베껴낼필요가없음. 사전에 e-leaning 게시판에올려진강의록을보고미리예습해오고수업시간에는문제풀이및발표위주로운영예정 (Flipped Leaning 실시 ) 참고도서 : Foundations of Electomagnetic Theo, 4 th Ed. John R. Reit, Fedeick J. Milfod, Robet W. hist ( 차동우역 한글판 전자기학 ) Peason (9) 질문및면담 : 5 북 3 호, 월오후 3~5 시및목오후 ~3 시, 그외시간도재실시에는가능함. Inha Univesit
강의계획. Intoduction & Vecto nalsis (Vecto algeba, Diffeential calculus). Vecto nalsis (Integal calculus, uvilinea coodinates, The Diac delta function) 3. Electostatics (Electic field, Divegence & cul of electostatic fields, Electic potential) 4. Electostatics (Wok and eneg in electostatics, onductos) 5. Potentials (Laplace equation, The method of images) 6. Potentials (Sepaation of Vaiables, Multipole epansion) 7. Electic Fields in Matte (Polaiation, The field of a polaied object) 8. Mid-Tem Eam 9. Electic Fields in Matte (Electic displacement, Linea dielectics). Magnetostatics (Loent foce law, iot-savat law). Magnetostatics ( Divegence & cul of, Magnetic vecto potential). Magnetic fields in matte (Magnetiation, Field of a magnetied object) 3. Magnetic fields in matte ( uilia field H, Linea & nonlinea media) 4. Electodnamics (Electomotive foce, Electomagnetic induction) 5. Electodnamics (Mawell s equations, ounda conditions) 6. Final Eam Inha Univesit 3
ackgound - - 이행성들이태양을중심으로돌고있도록하는힘은? + e - 수소원자내의양성자와전자간의작용하는힘은? - He 원자핵내부의양성자와중성자간에작용하는힘은? - 원자핵의방사능붕괴와핵융합을유도하는데있어서작용하는힘은? Inha Univesit 4
ackgound - - 이행성들이태양을중심으로돌고있도록하는힘은? Gavitational foce ( 중력 ) + e - 수소원자내의양성자와전자간의작용하는힘은? Electomagnetic foce ( 전자기력, oulomb foce) - He 원자핵내부의양성자와중성자간에작용하는힘은? Stong foce ( 강력 ) - 원자핵의방사능붕괴와핵융합을유도하는데있어서작용하는힘은? Weak foce ( 약력 ) Inha Univesit 5
ackgound - (a) - 태양과지구와의중력 ( 원운동을가정 ) F - 이행성들이태양을중심으로돌고있도록하는힘은? F G mm G 6.67 4 m eath 6 kg 3 M sun kg N m /kg ave ( suneath).5 4 3 kg kg 6.67 Nm kg.5 m mm G 6 3.56 - 태양과지구와의중력과동일한원심력을얻기위한원운동의주기는? GMm m m T T T 4 GM T 9.97 4 GM.5 Inha Univesit 4 6 6 4 8 km 4 3 6.67 Nm kg kg s ( 예 ) 지구와태양간에작용하는힘 3.59 s 365.6 das m 3 9.97 s N
+ e 매개체 : photon ackgound - (b) - 수소원자내의양성자와전자간의작용하는전기력은? F 4 o qq 입자 기호 전하량 질량 (kg) 양성자 p +e.676-7 중성자 n.6759-7 전자 e -e 9. -3 - 수소원자내의양성자와전자간의작용하는중력은? 4 9 9.6 9 Nm.53 m 9 qq 8 F e 8. 4 3 7 kg kg 9..67 6.67 Nm kg.53 m (e =.6-9 ) 8 e 39 Inha Univesit 전기력 / 중력비 :.7 7 47 Fg 3.6 N o 9 h m e a H N m / n a n H e h m e N e G 6.67 mm G 3.6 47 F g F 8. N.53 ngs N m N /kg
ackgound - (c) - He 원자핵내부의양성자와중성자간에작용하는힘은? Stong foce ( 강력 ) Nuclea binding foce (in a distance of.8 ~ 3 fm) 전자기력 6 약력 39 중력 Gluons quak-antiquak ( pion ) - 원자핵의방사능붕괴와핵융합을유도하는데있어서작용하는힘은? Weak foce ( 약력 ) 원자핵의존재와구성을유지시키는힘으로 W, Z-bosons 교환에의해이루어지며, 베타붕괴와핵융합에관련되어있음 Inha Univesit 8
lassical mechanics Galileo Galilei (564~64, Ital) Johannes Keple (57~63, Geman) Isaac Newton (64~77, England) Electomagnetism hales-ugustin de oulomb (736~86, Fance) Johann al Fiedich Gauss (777~855, Geman) ndé Maie mpèe (77~836, Fance) Geog Simon Ohm (789~854, Geman) Michael Faada (79~867, England) James lek Mawell (83~879, Scottland) Special elativit lbet Einstein (879~955, Geman-bon Jewish) Quantum mechanics Histoical List of Famous Phsicists Ma Kal Enst Ludwig Planck (858~947, Geman) Niels Henik David oh (885~96, Denmak) Ewin Rudolf Josef leande Schödinge (887~96, ustia) Wene Kal Heisenbeg (9~976, Geman) Quantum field theo Inha Univesit 9 Wolfgang Enst Pauli (9~958, ustia) Paul dien Mauice Diac (9~984, England) Richad Phillips Fenman (98~988, US) Julian Semou Schwinge (98~994, US)
ackgound - Electostatics ( 정전기학 ) E + - - 전기장의공간적인분포도 - 전위차 Electodnamics ( 전기동력학 ) E o - 전자의이동 전류 유도자기장 Magnetostatics ( 정자기학 ) Electomagnetic Induction ( 전자기유도 ) Inha Univesit
전자기학에서의단위사용 전하들간의전기력 oulomb s Law q q + + q q + - 거리 만큼떨어진두전하 q 과 q 간에작용하는 전기력은 - In SI (MKS) unit, - In Gaussian (cgs) unit, F 4 MKS: mete, kg, second F cgs: centimete, g, second - In HL (Heaviside-Loent) unit, Inha Univesit q q F q q : popula in elementa paticle theo ( 입자물리이론 ) qq 4
전자의역할 - 전자기파는어떻게만들어지는가? 전기쌍극자의진동에의한전기장및자기장의파동 Sound wave Radio Wave MH GH kh TH Infaed Visible Ultaviolet X-a Gamma - Ra osmic Ras 3 TH PH ( 주파수 ) 8-4 m Wavelength m 빛은어떻게만들어지는가? 원자 ( 또는분자 ) 내전자의에너지 준위간이동에의한빛의방출 e e e + hν Inha Univesit Nucleus
Lightwave - High Fequenc Electomagnetic Waves 6 TH (=5 nm) Inha Univesit 3
전자의역할 - 전자회로 & 전자집적회로소자 광원, 광검출소자, 광집적회로 n n n hν Inha Univesit 4
Requiement of Photonic Technolog inside hips?? Inha Univesit 5
Inha Univesit 6
hapte. Vecto nalsis Vecto lgeba Diffeential alculus Integal alculus uvilinea oodinates The Diac Delta Function The Theo of Vecto Fields Inha Univesit 7
. Vecto lgeba ( 벡터대수학 ).. Vecto Opeations Vectos have magnitude and diection: v a F P velocit, acceleation, foce, momentum, E H electic field, magnetic field, etc. Y Y XY Y - Y X X X X Scalas have magnitude onl but no diection: mass m, chage q, densit, tempeatue T, electic potential V, eneg U, etc. Inha Univesit 8
. Vecto lgeba (i) ddition of two vectos ( 벡터의덧셈 ) - + Geometic Method ( 기하학적인방법 ) Tiangula method ( 삼각형법 ) Paallelogam ( 평행사변형법 ) n vectos can be epessed as sum of moe than two abita vectos. 모든벡터는임의의둘이상의벡터의합으로표현할수있다. - =+(-) - - Inha Univesit 9
. Vecto lgeba (i) ddition of two vectos ( 벡터의덧셈 ) - + = + (commutative, 교환법칙 ) (+)+ = +(+) (associative, 결합법칙 ) n vectos can be epessed as sum of moe than two abita vectos. 모든벡터는임의의둘이상의벡터의합으로표현할수있다. Inha Univesit
. Vecto lgeba Subtaction of a vecto ( 벡터의뺄셈 ) ( ) Definition of - - (a vecto of the same magnitude but in opposite diection to, 벡터와크기는같고방향이반대인벡터 ) - = + (-) - = - ( - ) (No commutative, 교환법칙성립불가 : - ) - - - - Inha Univesit
. Vecto lgeba (ii) Multiplication b a scala ( 스칼라량의곱 ) (iii) Dot poduct of two vectos ( 벡터들간의스칼라곱 ) = Scala poduct of two vectos cos : 교환법칙 (commutative) If and vectos ae paallel, : 분배법칙 (distibutive) cos cos 9 If and vectos ae pependicula, Inha Univesit
Inha Univesit 3. Vecto lgeba [Eample of Scala poduct of two vectos] cos cos cos Fo cos < Remembe this!! >
. Vecto lgeba (iv) oss poduct of two vectos ( 벡터들간의벡터곱 ) sin n whee ( 여기에서는 면에수직방향의단위벡터 ) F n = Vecto poduct of two vectos sin Magnitude ( 크기 ): = sin = aea ( 면적 ) Diection ( 방향 ): 에서 로돌릴경우오른나사의진행방향 : n n is a unit vecto diecting pependicula to suface n (No commutative, 교환법칙이미성립, ) = sin = = sin : the same magnitude ( 같은크기 ) Inha Univesit 4 n F sin (Right-hand ule) ( 오른손법칙 )
Inha Univesit 5. Vecto lgeba Vecto poduct of two vectos : 분배법칙 (distibutive) sin
Inha Univesit 6. Vecto lgeba.. Vecto lgeba: omponent Fom ) 합벡터의성분은각벡터의성분들끼리의합과동일 : ŷ ẑ 크기 R R R R R R R,, ) 스칼라량의곱은각벡터의성분에곱한값과동일 : a a a a 3) 벡터들의스칼라곱은각벡터성분들을곱하여더한값과동일 : : 스칼라량 :unit vectos,,,
Inha Univesit 7. Vecto lgeba.. Vecto lgeba: omponent Fom 4) 벡터들의벡터곱은행렬식을이용 : ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ŷ ẑ
Inha Univesit 8. Vecto lgeba [Eample.] Find the angle between the face diagonals of a cube. cos cos cos (Solution) cos cos 6
Inha Univesit 9. Vecto lgeba..3 Tiple Poducts (i) Scala tiple poduct: 바닥면적 부피 < 알파벳순서로기술될때만 >?) (wh no meaningfu l
Inha Univesit 3. Vecto lgeba..3 Tiple Poducts (ii) Vecto tiple poduct:
Inha Univesit 3. Vecto lgeba..4 Position, Displacement, and Sepaation Vectos 위치벡터 (Position vecto) : S : 크기 (magnitude) : 단위벡터 ( 방향 ) + d d d d d d 극소변위 (infinitesimal displacement vecto): 거리벡터 (Sepaation vecto): ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
..5 Rotation of a Vecto compact notation:. Vecto lgeba 좌표의변환과벡터의회전 cos cos In mati notation, cos sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin sin sin sin cos i ij j j Inha Univesit =, =, 3 = 3 sin sin In 3-dimensional notations, 3 R sin cos cos sin cos whee i =,, R R R R R R R R R
Net lass hapte. Vecto nalsis Vecto lgeba Diffeential alculus Integal alculus uvilinea oodinates The Diac Delta Function The Theo of Vecto Fields Inha Univesit 33
. Vecto lgeba [Poblem.3] Find the angle between the bod diagonals of a cube. [Poblem.4] Use the coss poduct to find the components of the unit vecto the shaded plane in Fig... R (Hint : R Rn n ) R n pependicula to Inha Univesit 34
Lectue Note # hapte. Vecto nalsis Vecto lgeba Diffeential alculus Integal alculus uvilinea oodinates The Diac Delta Function The Theo of Vecto Fields Inha Univesit
. Diffeential alculus.. Odina Deivatives ( 상미분 ) 개의변수를가진함수의경우 가 d 만큼변할때, f() 의변화정도는 f df df d d df d.. Gadient ( 경사도 ) 3 개의변수를가진함수의경우 T,, 기울기 상미분 (odina deivative) ( 예, 3 차원공간인방안에서의온도분포 ) - 실내위치에따른온도의변화는? dt T T d T d d Inha Univesit T T dt T 편미분 (patial deivative) d d d T d whee T T T T : the gadient of T : a vecto has magnitude & diection T d : Maimum dt T d T d cos : Minimum ( 온도변화가최대인방향으로 ).
Inha Univesit 3. Diffeential alculus [Eample.3] X Z 크기 = 방향 = 방향 Y
. Diffeential alculus..3 The Del Opeato Gadient of T : T Let us wite T T T T : del opeato : Not a vecto but a vecto opeato T v v (T is a scala) : gadient T : divegence v : cul v Inha Univesit 4
Inha Univesit 5. Diffeential alculus..4 The Divegence ( 확산 ) v v v v v v v + - Positive divegence Negative divegence Zeo divegence Positive divegence [Eample.4] v a 3 v a v b ẑ v b v c v b E
Inha Univesit 6. Diffeential alculus..5 The ul ( 컬, 곱슬 ) v v v v v v v v v v : a vecto + - Zeo cul cases Non-eo cul cases
Inha Univesit 7. Diffeential alculus [Eample.5] alculate the culs of the v a and v b a v b v a v b v
. Diffeential alculus..6 Poduct Rules 상미분 (odina deivatives) d d d d d d Inha Univesit - 덧셈법칙 : f g - 상수의곱 : kf - 곱의법칙 : fg f g f g df d df k d dg f d dg d df g d d f df f dg df dg - 분수 (quotient) 의법칙 : g f d g g d g d g d d 벡터미분 (vecto deivatives) kf kf k k k k fg : poduct of two scala functions : dot poduct of two vecto functions f : scala times vecto : vecto poduct of two vecto functions 8
Inha Univesit 9. Diffeential alculus - Fo gadients: Poduct ules: f g g f fg - Fo divegences : - Fo culs : f f f f f f (Poof eample) f f f f f f f f f f f f dditional ules: g g f f g g f g g g g g g g g (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI)
. Diffeential alculus..7 Second Deivatives ( 차미분 ) () Divegence of gadient: () ul of gadient: (3) Gadient of divegence: (4) Divegence of cul: (5) ul of cul: T T T v v v v v : the Laplacian of T v v v : uncommon () T T T T T T T v v v v : vecto T : scala T T T () Inha Univesit
Net lass hapte. Vecto nalsis Vecto lgeba Diffeential alculus Integal alculus uvilinea oodinates The Diac Delta Function The Theo of Vecto Fields Inha Univesit