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대한내과학회지 : 제 77 권제 6 호 2009 원저 09-082 만성기침환자에서 Modified ECRHS 설문을이용한천식진단의유용성에대한연구 충남대학교의과대학내과학교실 신지영 이정은 박지원 정선영 유수진윤지현 박희선 김선영 김주옥 Validation of a modified ECRHS questionnaire for diagnosing asthma in patients with chronic cough Ji Young Shin, M.D., Jeong Eun Lee, M.D., Ji Won Park, M.D., Sun Young Jung, M.D., Su Jin Yoo, M.D., Ji Hyun Yoon, M.D., Hee Sun Park, M.D., Sun Young Kim, M.D., and Ju Ock Kim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejon, Korea Background/Aims: Chronic cough may be the only manifestation of asthma. This study prospectively evaluated the validation of a modified European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaire (including postnasal drip and GERD) in patients with chronic cough. Methods: We recruited patients with a chronic cough exceeding 8 weeks from Oct. 2004 to March 2008. The patients had undergone an assessment using the modified ECRHS questionnaire, methacholine challenge test, chest PA, and PNS series, as well as the MAST and skin prick test in some patients. Results: A total of 1518 patients were recruited. A total of 511 patients (33.6%) were physician diagnosed with asthma. Wheezing (53%, odds ratio [OR]: 2.989), nocturnal cough or dyspnea (57.3%,OR: 1.751), resting dyspnea (43.8%, OR: 2.216), post-exercise dyspnea (63.4%,OR: 2.297), esophageal reflux symptoms (34.1%, OR: 1.107) and postnasal drip (13.1%, OR: 1.116) are symptoms that have been reported. As the number of asthmatic symptoms included in the questionnaire increased, the number of patients diagnosed with asthma by a physician increased. The correlation between bronchial hyperresoponsiveness (BHR) and physician diagnosed asthma was evaluated by the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. The questionnaire was more correlated with BHR than with physician diagnosed asthma (area: 0.852 vs. 0.631). Conclusions: The Modified ECRHS questionnaire is an available method to assist in the diagnosis of asthma and to evaluate BHR in patients with chronic cough. (Korean J Med 77:734-740, 2009) Key Words: Chronic cough; Modified ECRHS questionnaire; Asthma Received: 2009. 4. 2 Accepted: 2009. 7. 1 Correspondence to Ju Ock Kim, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 640 Daesa-dong, Jung-gu, Daejon 301-721, Korea E-mail: jokim@cnu.ac.kr - 734 -

- Ji Young Shin, et al. Validation of questionnaires in chronic cough patients for diagnosing asthma - 서론만성기침은임상적, 방사선학적으로명확한폐질환의증거없이 8주이상기침이지속되는상태로임상적으로매우흔한증상이다 1,2). 기침은생리적으로유해한물질이호흡기로들어오는것을방지하고폐와기관지에존재하는해로운물질을제거하는기전으로서정상적인생체의방어작용중의하나이다. 그러나이러한기침이장기간지속되는경우에는많은경우에어떤질병의중요한증상으로발현된것일수있으며, 또한기침의정도가과도하거나오랫동안지속되면구토, 늑골골절, 요실금, 실신, 근육통, 우울증등의합병증을유발할수있다 3). 비흡연자에서만성기침의빈도는 14~23% 로실제임상에서흔히접할수있으나원인질환을정확히진단하고치료하기는쉽지않다 4). 일반적으로만성기침을주소로내원한환자의감별진단을위해서는기관지유발검사, 폐기능검사, 단순흉부촬영, 위내시경검사, 흉부전산화단순촬영등의검사가동반된임상증상에따라단계적으로이루어진다. 이러한검사에는적지않은비용이소요되므로만성기침의진단은주로치료적으로이루어진다. 하지만치료적진단에는상당한기간이소요되고짧게는한달에서길게는 2~3개월이상의시간이소요되기때문에환자가오랜기간고통을겪을가능성이있다. 환자의삶의질과경제적부담을고려할때좀더간단하고비용이적게드는방법이필요하다. 1990년대초반, 천식의유병률이전세계적으로급격히증가되면서, 천식의유병률과그원인인자에대한역학조사가중요한문제로대두되었다. European communitiy respiratory health survey (ECRHS) 설문이짧은시간동안유병률의변화를조사, 비교하는데유용성이있다고알려지면서 5년여간 22개의국가에서이설문에의한조사가이루어졌다. 많은 연구자들이이연구에포함되었으며 14만명의참여자가포함되었고, 천식의역학에대한 100여개의논문이출판되었다. 그결과, ECRHS 설문은천식의유병률의다양성과위험인자, 그치료에관해많은자료를제공하였다 5). 저자들은천식의유병률의연구에사용되었던 European community respiratory health survey (ECRHS) 에후비루증후군과위식도역류에관한내용을추가하여만성기침의원인중천식환자를진단하는데설문지를통한진단방법이어느정도유용한지를평가하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상 2개월이상지속되는만성기침을주소로 2004년 10월부터 2008년 3월까지본원호흡기내과외래를방문한환자들을대상으로전향적으로조사하였다. 2. 방법 1) Modified European community respiratory health survey (modified ECRHS) 설문 ( 표 1) 1)~6) 까지의문항은 예 라고한경우, 마지막두개의문항 ( 후비루증상과식도역류증상에관한질문 ) 은 아니오 라고대답한경우에천식의진단에도움이되는것으로하였다. 천식의가능성을시사하는문항수의증가별로각각민감도와특이도를구하여비교하였다. 2) 기관지유발검사 Spirometer는 V-max 를사용하여유량- 용적곡선을구하고 1초강제호기량 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second: FEV 1), 강제폐활량 (forced vital capacity: FVC) 등을구하였다. 그리 Table 1. Modified ECRHS questionnaire Please choose yes or no to the following questions. 1. Have you had wheezing or whistling in your chest at any time in the last 12 months? 2. Have you woken up with a feeling of tightness in your chest at any time in the last 12 months? 3. Have you had wheezing or an attack of breathlessness at rest in the last 12 months? 4. Have you had wheezing or an attack of breathlessness after activity in the last 12 months? 5. Have you had a feeling of tightness in your chest while you are with your pets (dogs or cats) in the last 12 months? 6. Have you caught a cold often in the last 12 months? 7. Have you felt esophageal reflux symptoms or have you experienced an aggravation of your cough after a meal in the last 12 months? 8. Have you felt postnasal drip symptom in the last 12 months? - 735 -

- 대한내과학회지 : 제 77 권제 6 호통권제 592 호 2009 - 고 V-max 와 nebulizer 를사용하여생리식염수를폐활량 (vital capacity: VC) 까지 5회흡입시키고 5분경과후측정한 FEV 1 을비교기준치로하여, 이미만들어진메타콜린희석액을 0.075, 0.15, 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 mg/ml 순서대로각각 5회까지 VC까지흡입시키고 5분경과후 FEV 1 을측정하여 FEV 1 이비교기준치보다 20% 이상감소하는메타콜린농도를 PC 20 으로하였다. PC 20 <8 mg/ml 일경우에기도과민성이있는것으로진단하였다. 3) 임상의에의한진단방법 1 천식 : 기도과민성검사결과 (methacholine challenge test 결과 PC 20 <8 mg/ml) 를참고하였고, 이검사에서음성으로나온경우라도계절, 환경에따른급격한증상의발현등임상의가판단하기에천식으로의심되는경우에천식에대한치료를시행하고나서반응이있었던경우천식으로진단하였다. 2 후비루증후군 : PNS series, PNS CT상 sinusitis 유무를기준으로하였고, 치료에대한반응이있었던경우후비루증후군으로진단하였다. 3 위식도역류 : 위내시경검사상위식도역류의유무를확인한경우와치료에반응이있었던경우위식도역류로진단하였다. 3. 통계통계처리는 SPSS version 15.0 ( 윈도우용 ) 통계프로그램을이용하였다. 각자료는빈도와평균, 표준편차등으로표시하였고각군의비교는 Chi square test 또는 Mann-Whitney U test 그리고각변수간의상호관계는 Pearson s correlation 과 linear regression test를이용하였다. 결과 1. 대상의특성대상군에서기관지유발검사를통하여천식으로진단받은경우는 1,518명중 511명이었다. 이들의평균연령은 49.7 세이고남녀비율은 43.8% 와 55.9% 였다. 그중천식으로진단받은환자들은 511명 (33.6%) 이었고, 415명 (27.3%) 이비염, 216명 (14.2%) 이 chronic bronchitis였다 ( 표 2). 1,518명의환자에서천식양증상중천명이있는경우천식으로진단받는경우가 50.1% 로가장높았고다음으로휴식시호흡곤란이있는경우천식으로진단받는경우가 46.9% 였다 ( 표 3). 역으로천식으로진단받은환자에서천명과휴식시호흡곤란의빈도를살펴보았다. 천식으로진단받은사람에서천명은 271명으로 53% 였고, 휴식시호흡곤란은 224명으로 43.8% 였다 ( 표 3). 천식으로진단받은환자군에서가장흔한천식양증상은운동후호흡곤란으로 324명으로 63.4% 였으며운동후호흡곤란이있는경우는 43.3% 에서천식으로진단되었다 ( 표 3). 2. 설문에포함된각증상에따른천식진단과의연관성천식양증상의각각에따른비교위험도를직접비교하였다 ( 표 4). 비교위험도는천명이 2.966으로가장높았으며운동후호흡곤란이 2.415, 휴식시호흡곤란이 2.211로높았다. 하지만기타위식도역류증이나후비루등은비교위험도가각각 1.107, 1.116으로낮았다. 마지막 7), 8) 의질문에대해 아니오 로대답한경우에이것이진단에도움이되는지를 ROC curve 를이용해비교하였 Table 2. Characteristics of the chronic cough patients. (A) Diagnosis by a physician (B) Characteristics of chronic cough patients diagnosed with asthma Physician Diagnosis Count (%) Age, yrs (mean±sd) 50.1±19.4 Asthma Rhinitis or sinusitis Chronic bronchitis COPD GERD Bronchiectasis Pulmonary tuberculosis Lung cancer Undiagnosed Etc (Heart failure, pneumonia, IPF) 511 (33.6) 415 (27.3) 216 (14.2) 40 (2.6) 58 (3.8) 23 (1.5) 33 (2.2) 10 (0.7) 147 (9.7) 65 (4.2) Men, No (%) Women, No (%) Symptoms cough+wheeze cough+dyspnea Pulmonary function test, % predicted (±SD) FEV 1 FVC FEV 1/FVC 241 (47.2) 270 (52.8) 373 (73.0) 348 (68.1) 95.2±20.8 96.1±15.3 98.2±13.0-736 -

- 신지영외 8 인. 기침환자에서설문을이용한천식진단의유용성 - Table 3. The prevalence of each symptom used in the modified ECRHS questionnaire Total (%) asthma within gender (%) Within asthma (%) Wheezing 541(35.6) 271 50.1 53.0 Nocturnal dyspnea 725 (47.7) 293 40.4 57.3 Resting dyspnea 478 (31.4) 224 46.9 43.8 Post-exercise dyspnea 748 (49.2) 324 43.3 63.4 Allergic symptoms 580 (38.2) 140 38.4 43.6 Susceptible to infection 422 (27.8) 67 33.2 27.4 Esophageal reflux symptoms 459 (30.2) 174 37.9 34.1 Postnasal drip 223 (14.7) 174 30.0 13.1 Table 4. Validation of the symptoms for diagnosing asthma used in the modified ECRHS questionnaire in patients with chronic cough Symptom Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) Wheezing 2.989 (2.394~3.731) Nocturnal dyspnea 1.751 (1.413~2.169) Resting dyspnea 2.216 (1.771~2.774) Post-exercise dyspnea 2.297 (1.847~2.856) Allergic symptoms 1.381 (1.112~1.716) Susceptible to infection 0.976 (0.770~1.238) Esophageal reflux symptoms 1.107 (0.895~1.370) Postnasal drip 1.116 (0.902~1.380) Table 5. Correlation between physician-diagnosed asthma and the number of asthmatic symptoms used in the modified ECRHS questionnaire Sum of the number of yes answers to questions 1~6 and the number of no answers to questions 7 and 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Area under ROC 0.487 0.461 0.471 0.514 0.533 0.529 0.526 0.506 을때 7), 8) 번째질문에대한답을포함한경우 ROC area 값이 0.631, 포함하지않은경우 0.626으로유의한차이를보이지않았다 ( 그림 1). 따라서위식도역류증상과후비루증상의유무는만성기침환자에서천식여부를감별하는데도움이되지않았다. 3. 천식양증상의빈도와천식의진단에대한추세분석 ROC curve 를통해분석한결과, 8개설문내용중응답한천식양증상의개수가다섯개일때 ROC curve 면적이 0.533 로천식진단에대한유용성이가장높게나타났다 ( 표 5). 4. Modified ECRHS 설문의천식진단에대한유용성 ROC curve 를통해분석한결과, 설문결과와임상의에의한천식진단의관계는 ROC area 값이 0.631이었고, 기관지유발검사상양성 (PC 20 <8 mg/ml) 을보인경우천식진단과의관계는 ROC area 값이 0.618로나타났다. 또한, ECHRS 설문과천식진단의관계를설문과기도과 민성여부의관계와비교하였을때, ROC area 는 0.631 vs 0.852로나타났다. 따라서설문이라는주관적인증상의평가임에도불구하고 ECRHS 설문은기관지과민성을충분히반영한다고볼수있다 ( 그림 2). 고찰만성기침의원인은연령에따라다소차이가있으나일반적으로후비루증후군, 천식, 위식도역류, 기관지염등이가장흔한원인으로알려져있으며이러한질환들이중복되는경우도드물지않은것으로보고되고있다 6-9). 원인이다양한만큼만성기침을호소하는환자들은많지만현재까지각각의질환을진단하는정립된지침이없을뿐만아니라진단을하는데까지많은비용이소요되고있다. 이에저자들은좀더간편하고적은비용이드는방법으로 ECRHS 설문을이용하였다. 이미 ECRHS 설문은천식의유병률을연구하는데그유용성이입증되어있으나실제만성기침환 - 737 -

- The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 77, No. 6, 2009 - A B Figure 1. Correlation between physician-diagnosed asthma and (A) the modified ECRHS questionnaire (including questions about postnasal drip symptoms and reflux symptoms); (B) ECRHS questionnaire. A B Figure 2. Correlation between ECHRS questionnaire and (A) physician-diagnosed asthma; (B) positive methacholine challenge test (PC 20 <8 mg/ml). 자를진단하는데있어사용된경우는없었다. 여기서는단순한유병률의확인이아니라환자의치료를결정하는방법으로서 ECRHS 설문을이용하였다. 만성기침의원인의 20~30% 가기침형천식인것으로보고된다 4). 감별진단의방법으로는기관지유발검사, 폐기능검사, 단순흉부촬영, 흉부전산화단순촬영, PNS series, 위식도내시경및 24시간식도산도검사등이있다. 천식의진단에는주로기관지유발검사와기도확장제에대한반응으로기도의과민성을입증하는방법이이용되고있으며그민감도는 71~77% 이다 10). 기도과민성검사가양성이라고하여모든사람이천식이라고할수는없기때문에민감도가 100% 가될수는없다. 특히일시적으로상기도감염후에는기도과민성이양성으로나올수있다. 위양성의요인으로는검사방법의오류 ( 시약의오염, 시약의부적절한농도측정, 검사자의오류 ), 검사환경의다양성 ( 기온, 흡입기기능의차이 ), normal variation ( 기도과민성이있으나무증상인경우계절에따른차이 ), 피검자의건강상태등이있다 10). 그리고검사시약의역가가약하거나떨어진경우또는이미반응을감소시키는약물을복용한경우에는위음성이나올수있다. 따라서임상에서는기도과민성검사결과는음성으로나왔으나천식에준하여치료하는경우가생기게된다. 임상적으로계절과환경에따라기침이심해지거나호흡곤란의악화가생기는경우그리고치료에대한반응이있는경우임상의에의해천식으로진단이될수있다. ECRHS 설문을통해조사된일반인구에서의천식의유병률은나라마다상당히다양성을보였는데, 1,000명당 1.3명에서 6.7명이었다 5). 만성기침환자중천식으로진단되는경우는 39% 로보고된바있으며 11), 이번연구에서도만성기 - 738 -

- Ji Young Shin, et al. Validation of questionnaires in chronic cough patients for diagnosing asthma - 침환자중 33.6% 가천식으로진단되어비슷한유병률을보였다. 2001년한연구에서우리나라성인천식환자 8,800여명을대상으로 ECRHS 설문에포함된천식양증상의빈도를발표하였는데, 그중천명을호소하는경우가 15.2%, 야간에발생하는기침이 15.2%, 안정시발생하는호흡곤란이 11%, 운동후발생하는호흡곤란이 23.5%, 먼지흡인후발생하는호흡곤란이 16.7% 였다 12). 저자들은 ECRHS 설문에위식도역류증상과후비루증상에대한설문을추가하여, 천식양증상의개수와추가된질문에 아니오 로대답한개수를합하여수가증가함에따라천식으로진단받을확률이높아지는지를평가하였다. 후비루증후군과위식도역류에관한내용을추가한것은이들이만성기침의주요한 3대원인이므로이것을설문조사를통해배제했을경우천식을진단하는데있어서유용성이높을것으로가정했기때문이다. 하지만 ROC curve 로비교한결과, 위식도역류증상과후비루증상의여부는만성기침환자에서천식을감별하는데도움이되지않았다 ( 그림 1). 이는위식도역류증상이나후비루증상을환자가실제로느끼지못하는경우가많기때문일것으로생각된다. Tokayer 등의논문에서는가슴쓰림의증상이발현되지않는경우가위식도역류환자의 75% 에달한다고보고하기도하였다 13). 또 modified ECRHS 설문에서천식양증상의개수와추가된질문에 아니오 로대답한개수를합하여수가증가함에따라기도과민성이증가하는지를비교했을때임상의에의한천식진단을기준으로하여기관지유발검사와설문에대한문항의합을 ROC로비교하였을때 0.852와 0.631로기관지유발검사에비해서는낮지만천식양증상의개수가충분히천식을진단하는데도움이된다고할수있다. 이결과는천식양증상에대한설문이환자의치료를시작할지를결정할때에기관지유발검사를대신할수도있다는가능성을제시하는것이다. 모든의원을포함한병원에서기관지유발검사를시행한다는것은불가능하며검사에걸리는시간과비용을감안한다면설문지를통해천식양증상의수가많을경우에천식일가능성이높아진다는사실을이용할수도있을것이다. 이연구의제한점으로는진단에이용될만큼통계적유의성이확보되는천식양증상의개수를밝히지못했고, 임상의의진단에기관지유발검사의결과가일정부분기여했을가능성을배제하지못한다는것이다. 요 목적 : 만성기침은임상에서매우흔한증상이나시간적, 비용적문제때문에원인질환을정확히진단하고치료하기가쉽지않다. 따라서저자들은천식의유병률의연구에사용되었던 ECRHS 설문에후비루증후군과위식도역류에관한내용을추가하여만성기침의원인중천식환자를진단하는데설문지를통한진단방법이어느정도유용한지를평가하였다. 방법 : 2004년 10월부터 2008년 3월까지만성기침을주소로충남대학교병원호흡기내과외래를방문한환자들을대상으로전향적으로조사하였다. 대상환자들에게 modified ECRHS 설문과기관지유발시험을시행하고그결과를임상의에의한진단결과와비교하였다. 결과 : 대상군에서기관지유발시험을통하여천식으로진단받은경우는 1,518명중 511명이었다. 천식양증상각각에따른비교위험도를비교하였을때천명의비교위험도가 2.966으로가장높았으며운동후호흡곤란이 2.415, 휴식시호흡곤란이 2.211로높았다. 하지만기타위식도역류증이나후비루등은비교위험도가각각 1.107, 1.116으로낮았다. ROC curve 를통해분석한결과, 8개설문내용중응답한천식양증상의개수가다섯개일때 ROC curve 의면적이 0.533 으로천식진단에대한유용성이가장높게나타났다. 또한, ROC curve 를통해분석한결과, 설문결과와임상의에의한천식진단의관계는 ROC curve의면적이 0.631이었고, 기관지유발검사상양성을보인경우천식진단과의관계는 ROC curve의면적이 0.618로나타났다. 결론 : 저자들은만성기침환자를대상으로 modified ECRHS 설문을시행하여분석한결과, 천식양증상의빈도가높을수록천식일확률이높아짐을확인하였다. 또한기도의과민성도반영할수있으며실제환자의치료를결정하는데도움이될만한가능성을제시하였다. 약 중심단어 : 만성기침 ; Modified ECRHS 설문 ; 천식 REFERENCES 1) Tan RA, Spector SL. Chronic cough. Compr Ther 23:467-471, 1997 2) Irwin RS, Madison JM. The persistently troublesome cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:1469-1474, 2002 3) Irwin RS, Madison JM. The diagnosis and treatment of cough. N Engl J Med 343:1715-1721, 2000-739 -

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