untitled

Similar documents
MSU crystals induce apoptosis in HEK cell

Lumbar spine

( ) Jkra076.hwp

<303220C6AFC1FD20BDC5B1E2C3B D E687770>

untitled

13_이찬희 외_ 수정 완료.hwp

012임수진

<303120C6AFC1FD20C0CCC0BABAC D E687770>

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

황덕원.hwp

untitled

< D B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A E687770>

hwp


Pharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ

ÀÇ»çȸº¸ È£-14, page Normalize ( È£-14 )

<34372EC0CCC0E7B0C72E687770>

원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현

( )Kju269.hwp

Jksvs019(8-15).hwp

Jkss hwp

04조남훈

<34362EC0AFC7F6BDC22E687770>

DIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 SUMMARY About 3.2 million Korean people (10.1%) aged over 30 years or older had diabetes in Based on fasting g

Microsoft PowerPoint - 발표자료(KSSiS 2016)

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있

<B0E6C8F1B4EBB3BBB0FA20C0D3BBF3B0ADC1C E687770>

황지웅

전공의 연수강좌

Jkafm093.hwp


Trd022.hwp

ºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö

Àå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö

Kaes017.hwp


untitled

Can032.hwp

untitled

(

untitled

자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr

6.Kaes013( ).hwp

( )Kjhps043.hwp


ÀÇÇа�ÁÂc00Ì»óÀÏ˘

질병부담이란? 위험요인에따른상병과사망모두를포함하는단일건강지표로서세계보건기구가제안 해당질병으로인한건강손실을연수로표현한것임 질병이나상해는알려진선행요인없이하나의병인이나또는단일한사건에의해발생되는것이아니라과거혹은현재의위험요인에폭로됨으로써발생함. 인구구조의변화, 산업화, 도시화드

untitled

untitled

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö

975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호

제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 Program 1 ANESTHESIA (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuou

16_이주용_155~163.hwp

00약제부봄호c03逞풚

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ

내시경 conference

Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Kyphotic Deformity after Spinal Fusion in a Patient with Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis - A Case

충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교

Jkbcs032.hwp

Jkbcs016(92-97).hwp

2016

untitled

433대지05박창용

#Ȳ¿ë¼®

YI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w


* ** *** ****


±è¹ÎÁö

388 The Korean Journal of Hepatology : Vol. 6. No COMMENT 1. (dysplastic nodule) (adenomatous hyperplasia, AH), (macroregenerative nodule, MR

( )Kju225.hwp

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

<313820C1F5B7CA B9DAC8F1C1F82DC0CCBCF6B0EF2E687770>

에너지경제연구 제13권 제1호

12이문규

(49-54)Kjhps004.hwp

<313220BCD5BFB5B9CCC1B6BFF8C0CF2E687770>

06-구기형

1..

72 순천향의과학 : 제14권 2호 2008 Fig.1. Key components of the rehabilitation evaluation of patients with the rheumatic diseases. The ICF provides a good frame

<303420C6AFC1FD20C0CCBBF3BFF D E687770>


Kaes025.hwp

기관고유연구사업결과보고

<30342E20B1E8C7F6BFEC2C20B1E8C8A3C1D82C20B9DABFB5C8B82E687770>

<323220C1F5B7CA C0CCC8ABC1F72DC0CCC1F6C7F62E687770>

Kbcs002.hwp

Treatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy

???춍??숏

류마티스 질환의 이해와 관리

김범수

A 617

<C1A63534C8B820BCBCB9CCB3AA2DC6EDC1FD2E687770>

hwp

<B0E6C8F1B4EBB3BBB0FA20C0D3BBF3B0ADC1C E687770>

歯1.PDF

<32312E20C1F5B7CA D C0CCBDBDB1E22DB0EDC0BAB9CC2E687770>

May 10~ Hotel Inter-Burgo Exco, Daegu Plenary lectures From metabolic syndrome to diabetes Meta-inflammation responsible for the progression fr

2002_20_신보문.hwp


Transcription:

대한류마티스학회지 Vol. 17, No. 1, March, 2010 DOI:10.4078/jkra.2010.17.1.86 증례 항 TNF 차단제로치료한고령에서발생한강직성척추염증례 한양대학교의과대학내과학교실, 류마티스병원류마티스내과 이지선ㆍ방소영ㆍ유대현ㆍ변영상ㆍ박수역ㆍ김태환 =Abstract= Treatment of Late Onset Ankylosing Spondylitis with TNF Antagonist: A Case Series Ji Sun Lee, So-young Bang, Dae-Hyun Yoo, Young Sang Byun, Soo Yuk Park, Tae Hwan Kim Departments of Internal Medicine Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Ankylosing spondylitis is a disease that shows a young age of onset (less than 40 years old), inflammatory back pain, sacroiliitis and a strong association with HLA-B27. Yet some recently reported cases have presented with a late age of onset (more than 55 years old), atypical clinical presentations and a low response to NSAIDs, and this has also been named late onset spondyloarthropathy (LOSPA). As compared with early onset spondyloarthropathy (EOSPA), the LOSPA patients more frequently suffer with combined peripheral arthritis and inflammatory systemic symptoms and a high ESR and CRP level, but they lack the typical axial symptoms. Yet there have been few reports about late onset ankylosing spondylitis (LOAS). The previous cases of LOSPA and LOAS were managed with NSAIDs, steroids, methotrexate and sulfasalazine, but none were managed with TNF antagonists. LOAS is rare and difficult for management because of the patients older age and the lack of experiences with this malady, so we report here on the four cases of LOAS that were successfully treated by TNF antagonists. Key Words: Late onset, Ankylosing spondylitis, TNF antagonist <접수일 :2009년 9월 30일, 수정일 :2009년 10월 28일, 심사통과일 :2009년 10월 30일> 통신저자 : 김태환서울시성동구행당1동한양대학교의과대학류마티스병원류마티스내과학교실 Tel:02) 2290-9245, Fax:02) 2298-8231, E-mail:thkim@hanyang.ac.kr 86

이지선외 : Treatment with TNF Antagonist in Late Onset Ankylosing Spondylitis 서론강직성척추염은천골장골관절및척추를침범하는만성염증성질환으로골부착염과말초관절염이동반되며 HLA-B27과강한연관성을보인다. 일반적으로 20대에서 40대에발병하고특징적인임상양상, 방사선학적소견및유전학적특징들을공유하며, 이러한특징들로서진단하는질병으로 Amor 혹은 ESSG 기준이사용된다. 그러나고령에서발생한척추관절병과강직성척추염에대한증례들이보고되었고, 국내에서도말초형관절염과함몰성부종 (pitting edema) 으로나타난척추관절병한예가보고되었다 (1). 1989 년 Dubost와 Sauvezie는 50세이상에서처음발병한 하지의함몰성부종을동반한소수관절염으로주로발현하고관절액검사에서낮은수의염증세포수를보이며, 적혈구침강속도 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR) 가젊은연령에서발병한경우에비하여더많이증가되어있는 HLA-B27양성인말초형척추관절병을보고하였고 (2), Olivieri 등이고령에서다양한임상양상으로발현한척추관절병을보고하였다 (3,4). 이후고령에서비전형적인임상양상으로발현한증례들이계속보고되면서 (2-6) 임상양상과검사소견에서젊은연령과비교하여차이점이나타났고, 고령에서발생한척추관절병 (late onset spondyloarthropathy, LOSPA) 이명명되었다. 이전에보고된대부분의증례들은고령에서말초성관절염과함몰성부종등의비전형적인증상들로발현한척추관절 Table 1. Cases of elderly onset ankylosing spondylitis Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Sex F F M M Onset of symptoms 62 57 54 63 Age of diagnosis 63 57 55 64 Inflammatory back pain + + + + Alternating buttock pain + + + + Axial LOM + + + Peripheral arthritis + + + enthesopathy + + + Uveitis Pitting edema + + Fever + Psoriasis Inflammatory bowel disease Urethritis Malignancy + ESR/CRP 154/19.9 127/10.3 94/10.5 41/6.4 HLA-B27 + + + Radiographic sacroiliitis Bilaterally Right grade 2 Bilaterally Left grade 3 grade 3 Left grade 3 grade 3 Degenerative or traumatic changes of spine + + + + Response to NSAIDs +/ +/ +/ Response to steroids +/ +/ +/ DMARDs MTX 12.5 mg/w Sulfasalazine 2 g/d MTX 12.5 mg/w MTX 10 mg/w MTX 12.5 mg/w Sulfasalazine 2 g/d Response to TNF blocker + + + + Duration of TNF (months) 27 6 2 (stop now) 37 Side effects LOM: limitation of motion 87

대한류마티스학회지제 17 권제 1 호 2010 병으로, 염증성요통으로주로발현한고령에서발생한강직성척추염 (late onset ankylosing spondylitis, LOAS) 은더욱드물다. 본증례는국내처음으로고령에서발생한염증성요통과소수관절염등의증상으로내원하여방사선검사에서천골장골관절염소견으로강직성척추염으로진단된후 TNF 차단제로치료한 4개의증례들을보고하고자한다 ( 표 1). 증례 1. 증례 1 환자 : 65세여자주소 : 왼쪽고관절통증과요통 8개월전시작된왼쪽고관절통증과요통으로타원에서시행한자기공명영상검사에서왼쪽천골장골관절의염증소견이있어감염성척추관절병을의심하여 2달간항생제치료를하였다. 그러나증상이악화되어, 함께시행한척추체와장골의조직생검에서감염및염증소견없이국소적인섬유화가동반된소견으로본원류마티스내과를방문하였다. 1 년전부터당뇨병으로경구혈당강하제및운동치료 중이었으며, 가족력상특이소견은없었다. 환자는아침에악화되는염증성요통을호소하였고, 신체검진에서우측턱, 경추, 흉쇄골, 견봉쇄골관절의압통과왼쪽고관절의외회전시에악화되는통증과움직임의제한소견, 왼쪽무릎의통증이관찰되었으며, Schober 검사에서 2 cm이었다. 혈액학적검사에서 C 반응단백 19.9 mg/dl, 류마티스인자음성, 적혈구침강속도 154 mm/hr, HLA-B27 음성, 항 CCP 항체음성, tuberculin 피부반응검사강양성 (>15 mm) 이었으며, 혈액, 소변, 가래, 관절액배양검사에서이상소견없었고, 항산성바이러스검사음성이었다. 골반단순방사선검사에서양측의 grade 3의천골장골관절염, 전신골주사검사에서비대칭적골부착부염과동반한천골장골관절염소견으로강직성척추염으로진단하였다 ( 그림 1). 환자는결핵성천골장골관절염을완전히배제할수없어 4제요법항결핵제와 NSAIDs, prednisolone 10 mg/ 일로치료하였다. 그러나요통은더욱악화되었고, C-반응단백 13.4 mg/dl, 적혈구침강속도 135 mm/ hr로호전없어결핵치료를하면서 1개월후부터 etanercept (Enbrel R ) 를시작하였다. 그후요통은급 Fig. 1. Case 1. (A) The sacroiliac joint series: both SI joints are widened with erosions and subchondral sclerosis, and this is compatible with bilateral sacroiliitis, grade 3. (B) The whole body bone scan: note the focal increased uptake in the bilateral SI joints, the body portions at the T7 T11 levels, the right sternoclavicular joint, the superior portion of the right patella, the medical aspect of the left ankle, the bilateral proximal tibiofibular joint areas and the bilateral shoulders, and all this is compatible with ankylosing spondylitis with accompanying enthesopathy. 88

이지선외 : Treatment with TNF Antagonist in Late Onset Ankylosing Spondylitis 격히호전되었고, 2개월후 C-반응단백 <0.3 mg/dl, 적혈구침강속도 22 mm/hr로호전되고, BASDAI score 도초기 9.2점에서 4.5 점으로감소되어이후치료지속하며현재증상악화없이 2년이상외래추적중이다. 2. 증례 2 환자 : 58세여자주소 : 요통및고관절, 무릎통증과동반된부종. 5개월전시작된염증성요통이있었으나치료없이지내던중, 1개월전부터우측고관절통증이시작되었고이후우측무릎통증, 종창및발열이발생하여내원하였다. 과거력에서내원 7개월전갑상선의유두암진단받아갑상선전절제술및방사성요오드치료받았으며, 가족력에서특이소견은없었다. 신체검진에서왼쪽손목과팔꿈치, 오른쪽무릎에서압통과열감, 부종및운동제한소견이있었으며, 검사에서 C-반응단백 10.3 mg/dl, 적혈구침강속도 127 mm/hr, HLA-B27 양성, 류마티스인자음성, 손목자기공명영상검사에서염증성관절염소견이관찰되고, 천골단순방사선검사에서특이소견없었으나이후시행한천골컴퓨터단층촬영검사에서오른쪽의 grade 2의천골장골관절염과왼쪽의 grade 3의천골장골관절염으로강직성척추염으로진단하였 다 ( 그림 2). Methotrexate 12.5 mg/ 주, sulfasalazine 2 g/ 일, NSAIDs 사용후일시적으로증상호전되었다가 1달후왼쪽팔꿈치, 오른쪽무릎과발목의말초관절염이더욱악화되고, BASDAI score 9점, C-반응단백 16.3 mg/dl, 적혈구침강속도 137 mm/hr 증가소견으로 adalimumab (Humira R ) 을사용하였다. 주사 2주후부터증상호전되었으며 C-반응단백 <0.3 mg/dl, 적혈구침강속도 53 mm/hr, BASDAI score 4.4로현재 methotrexate 12.5 mg/ 주, NSAIDs, adalimumab 투여하며외래추적중이다. 3. 증례 3 환자 : 55세남자주소 : 양측고관절통증, 부종을동반한왼쪽무릎및오른쪽발목통증. 환자는 10개월전부터조조강직을동반한목과허리의통증있었고, 이후왼쪽어깨통증과운동범위제한동반되어정형외과병원에서치료중양측고관절통증, 왼쪽무릎과오른쪽발목에부종동반한통증이발생하여본원을방문하였다. 신체검사에서손끝에서바닥까지의거리 (finger to floor distance=lumbar forward flexion) 30 cm, Schober 검사 3 cm, 경추회전검사 (cervical rotation test) 에서양성이었고, 양측 Fig. 2. Case 2. The sacrum 3D-CT revealed the irregularity of the articular surface of the left SI joint with erosions and pseudowidening of the joint surface and the mild subchondral sclerosis of the right SI joint, and all this compatible with sacroiliitis (right: grade 2 and left: grade 3). 89

대한류마티스학회지제 17 권제 1 호 2010 Fig. 3. Case 3. (A) The sacroiliac joint series revealed ill-defined irregular articular surfaces with erosions and subchondral sclerosis with focal narrowing of the joint spaces of both SI joints, and all this is compatible with bilateral sacroiliitis, grade 3. (B) The sacrum CT revealed ill-defined irregular articular surfaces with erosions and subchondral sclerosis with alteration of the joint space width bilaterally, and all this is compatible with bilateral sacroiliitis, grade 3. 천골장골의압통, 왼쪽무릎과오른쪽발목의압통과종창이관찰되었으며, 검사실소견에서 C-반응단백 10.5 mg/dl, 적혈구침강속도 94 mm/hr, 류마티스인자음성, HLA-B27 양성이었다. 관절액검사에서 yellow color, WBC 5,200 /mm 2 (Seg 84%), protein 6.1 g/dl, glucose 68 mg/dl, LDH 907 U/L이었고, 천골단순방사선검사및컴퓨터단층촬영검사에서양측의 grade 3 천골장골관절염소견으로강직성척추염으로진단하였다 ( 그림 3). Methotrexate 10 mg/ 주, prednisolone 5 mg/ 일, NSAIDs 의치료에효과없어 infliximab (Remicade R ) 으로치료시행하였다. 3회투여후증상호전되었고, 현재외래추적중이다. 4. 증례 4 환자 : 67세남자주소 : 요통 6개월전시작된염증성요통과 2 3개월전시작된왼쪽고관절통증으로내원하였다. 과거력및가족력에서특이소견없었다. 신체검진에서왼쪽천골장골의압통과고관절의외회전시에경미한통증호소가있었으며, Schober 검사에서 3 cm이었다. 혈액 학적검사에서 C-반응단백 6.4 mg/dl, 적혈구침강속도 41 mm/hr, HLA-B27 양성, 류마티스인자음성, 천골단순방사선검사에서양측천골장골관절에부분적인연골하경화소견보였고, 천골컴퓨터단층촬영검사에서양측천골장골관절의퇴행성관절염소견및왼쪽의 grade 3 천골장골관절염소견으로강직성척추염으로진단하였다 ( 그림 4). NSAIDs와 prednisolone 10 mg/ 일로뚜렷한증상호전없어 etanercept (Enbrel R ) 를투여하였고, 3개월후증상과검사소견이호전되고 BASDAI score 초기 7.5 점에서 3.5점으로감소되어현재 etanercept를유지하며외래추적중이다. 고찰강직성척추염의유병률은약 0.1 0.4% 로알려져있으나지역과인종에따라다르고, HLA-B27 양성률과강한연관성을가지며거의대부분의환자들이 20 40세에발병하며고령에서매우드문것으로알려져있다 (7). Carbone 등의연구에따르면 55세이상에서발현하는척추관절병의빈도는 2.2/100,000로 25 34세의 16.2/100,000에비하여유의하게낮았으 90

이지선외 : Treatment with TNF Antagonist in Late Onset Ankylosing Spondylitis Fig. 4. Case 4. (A) The sacroiliac joint series revealed focal subchondral sclerosis at about the upper portion of the bilateral SI joints, and this compatible with bilateral sacroiliitis, grade 3. (B) The sacrum CT revealed irregularity of the articular surface of the lower portion of the left SI joint with possible erosions and pseudo-widening of the joint space, and all this is compatible with left sacroiliitis, grade 3. 며 (8), Amor 등은 50세이상에서발생하는척추관절병이전체척추관절병인구의 4 8% 를차지한다고보고하였다 (9). 고령에서발현한척추관절병은젊은연령에비해비전형적인임상양상으로발현하고평균연령은 65.1세 ( 범위 58 77), 남녀의비율이 3:5로여성에서빈도가높았으며, 좀더뚜렷한경추및배부통, 흉곽의침범, 말초관절염및발열및체중감소등의전신증상을보이고, 적혈구침강속도의뚜렷한증가가나타나며, NSAIDs에대한반응이낮다 (1-5,10,11). 이와같이증상이비특이적이고 HLA- B27 음성률이더높아진단이지연되는경우가많다 (12). 고령에서발생한척추관절병에비해고령에서발생한강직성척추염의임상양상에대한보고는매우드물다. 본증례는고령에서발생한강직성척추염으로척추관절병과유사하게평균연령은 59.75세, 평균증상기간은 7.25개월이었으며, 말초형관절염과경추침범이많았고, 평균적혈구침강속도 104 mm/hr, C-반응단백 11.8 mg/dl로높은수치를관찰할수있었다 ( 표 1). 그러나발열등은전신증상과 HLA-B27 음성소견은각각 1예에서나타났다. 고령에서발병한강직성척추염의경우나이에따른척추증 (spondylosis), 추간판탈출증등의퇴행성변화와외상성병변에의한통증의동반이많아염증성요통에대한평가가쉽지않으며, 본원의증례에서도척추증, 골증식체 (osteophyte), 골다공증및압박 골절, 외상성병변들이모든예에서동반되어있었다 ( 표 1). 따라서환자들의염증성요통과운동제한에대한평가가쉽지않고전신골주사, 단순 x-선검사등에서의평가도뚜렷한천골장골관절염이확인되지않으면쉽지않은것이고령에서발생한강직성척추염의특징이다. 젊은연령에비해고령에서발생한강직성척추염의치료는약물대사에대한나이의영향과동반된질환을고려하여시행되어야한다. 척추관절병및강직성척추염에서 NSAIDs는초기치료로시작되고증상완화를위하여사용하고있는데, 고령에서발생한강직성척추염은 NSAIDs에대한반응률이낮으며 (11), 고령에서 NSAIDs는위장관장애, 신부전의합병률및악화율을높인다 (13). 또한말초관절염에대해사용되는 sulfasalazine과 methotrexate는젊은연령에서보다효과가낮은것으로알려져있어 (10) 치료약제의선택과부작용의발생에주의가필요하다. 국내에서한예에서 NSAIDs와부신피질호르몬제로치료한보고가있으며 (1), 국외에서도현재까지고령에서발생한척추관절병및강직성척추염에서 NSAIDs와부신피질호르몬제로치료한증례들이보고되었고 (2,3,5,11), 소수에서말초형관절염에대하여 DMARDs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine) 를사용하였으나 (11,14) 아직까지 TNF 차단제로치료한증례는보고되지않았다. 91

대한류마티스학회지제 17 권제 1 호 2010 TNF 차단제는강직성척추염에서효과적인약물로사용이증가하고있으나고령에서의사용은효과및부작용에대한연구가부족한상태이다. TNF 차단제의사용은결핵, 심부전, 종양및임파종등의위험도를증가시키며 (15), 특히 TNF-α는 Mycobacterium tuberculosis에대한면역반응에서중요한역할을하는사이토카인으로새로운결핵감염및특히잠복결핵의재활성화위험도를높이는것으로알려져있어 (15) 부작용발생에대한주의가필요하며, 또한동반된질환및연령에따른약물대사에서의차이로안전성과효과에대한주의깊은관찰이필요할것이다. 본증례들은 NSAIDs로증상과검사소견이호전되지않아추가로 prednisolone 5 10 mg/ 일을사용하였으나큰효과가없었다. 그후 TNF 차단제를사용하여 1달이내에증상과검사소견의뚜렷한호전을가져왔고현재부작용없이평균 18개월이상치료하였고 ( 표 1), 외래에서추적관찰중이다. 요 고령에서발생한강직성척추염은일반적으로젊은연령에비하여비전형적인증상들과고령에서의퇴행성변화및다른근골격계질환의동반으로진단이어렵다. 본원에서고령에서다양한증상으로발현하여강직성척추염으로진단된 4개의증례들의임상양상및검사소견을이전연구들과비교하였으며, NSAIDs, 부신피질호르몬제, DMARDs로증상과검사소견의호전이없었으나, TNF 차단제를사용후뚜렷한부작용없이호전을보여보고하는바이다. 약 참고문헌 1) Chung JW, Park TJ, Choi GS, Park HJ, Kim HA, Park HS, et al. A case of late onset peripheral spondyloarthropathy. J Korean Rheum Assoc 2007;14:85-90. 2) Dubost JJ, Sauvezie B. Late onset peripheral spondyloarthropathy. J Rheumatol 1989;16:1214-7. 3) Olivieri I, Oranges GS, Sconosciuto F, Padula A, Ruju GP, Pasero G. Late onset peripheral seronegative spondyloarthropathy: report of two additional cases. J Rheumatol 1993;20:390-3. 4) Olivieri I, Padula A, Pierro A, Favaro L, Oranges GS, Ferri S. Late onset undifferentiated seronegative spondyloarthropathy. J Rheumatol 1995;22:899-903. 5)Dubost JJ, Soubrier M, Ristori JM, Guillemot C, Bussiere JL, Sauvezie B. Late-onset spondyloarthropathy mimicking reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Joint Bone Spine 2003;70:226-9. 6) Ponce A, Sanmarti R, Orellana C, Munoz-Gomez J. Spondyloarthropathy presenting as a polymyalgia rheumatica-like syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 1997;16:614-6. 7) Gran JT, Husby G. Ankylosing spondylitis: a comparative study of patients in an epidemiological survey, and those admitted to a department of rheumatology. J Rheumatol 1984;11:788-93. 8) Carbone LD, Cooper C, Michet CJ, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ. 3rd. Ankylosing spondylitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1989. Is the epidemiology changing? Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:1476-82. 9) Amor B, Dougados M, Khan MA. Management of refractory ankylosing spondylits and related spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995; 21:117-28. 10) Dubost JJ, Sauvezie B. Current aspects of inflammatory rheumatic diseases in elderly patients. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1992;59:S37-42. 11) Caplanne DF, Tubach JM. Le Parc, Late onset spondylarthropathy: clinical and biological comparison with early onset patients. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:176-9. 12) Feldtkeller E, Khan MA, van der Heijde D, van der Linden S, Braun J. Age at disease onset and diagnosis delay in HLA-B27 negative vs. positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int 2003;23:61-6. 13) Toussirot E, Wendling D. Late-onset ankylosing spondylitis and related spondylarthropathies: clinical and radiological characteristics and pharmacological treatment options. Drugs Aging 2005;22:451-69. 14) Kay LJ, Walker DJ. Late onset spondyloarthropathy: comparison with early onset patients. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:572. 15) Hochberg MC, Lebwohl MG, Plevy SE, Hobbs KF, Yocum DE. The benefit/risk profile of TNF-blocking agents: findings of a consensus panel. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;34:819-36. 92