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Lab-11 Yagi Antenna I. 이론 1. Yagi Antenna Fundamentals ㅇ야기안테나기초 - 1926년동경제국대학의 Shintaro Uda 교수에의해발명되고 Yagi에의해영문으로발표됨. - 반파장다이폴뒤에반사기 (reflector), 앞에다수의도파기 (director) 를설치하여이득증가 - 급전된반파장다이폴주변에급전되지않은반파장다이폴을기생소자 (parasitic elements) 를설치하여이득을증가 - 기생소자 : 직접급전되지않고입사된전자파 ( 급전된다이폴에의한 ) 에의해기생소자전류가유기되며이전류가방사ㅇ야기안테나구조 - 반사기 (reflector) + 급전기 (feeder, exciter, driver) + 지향기 (director) 그림 : 야기안테나구조 - 반사기 : 1개도선 ( 길이약 0.48파장 ) 또는코너반사기 (wire 길이 0.6파장 ) 형태 - 급전기 : 반파장다이폴길이약 0.46 파장, folded dipole ( 종이클립형다이폴 ), bowtie 안테나사용. 반사기와지향기의영향으로혼자동작할때에비해공진저항이감소한다. - 지향기 : 갯수에따라이득증가. 갯수가증가함에따라이득포화, 길이약 0.40 파장 - 반사기와급전기간격 : 약 0.20 파장 - 급전기와지향기간격 : 0.075-0.40 파장 ( 설계에따라다름 ). 균일간격또는비균일간격적용 - 지지대 (boom) 의영향 : 내구성을위해금속사용, 지지대사용여부에따라소자길이조정, 지지대가있을때반사기와지향기크기증가 - 소자와지지대의절연 : 비절연, 절연모두가능 - 소자직경 : 기계적강도를고려하여설정. 소자직경에따라소자길이가약간달라진다. ㅇ기생소자 1

- 지향기와반사기처럼직접급전되지않고급전기와의상호결합 (mutual coupling) 에의해전류가유도되는소자를기생소자 (parasitic element) 라한다. - 기생소자의용도 이득증대 : 야기안테나의경우처럼소자간격과소자길이를조정하여급전소자의전류와기생소자의전류의방사가합해져서이득증대 대역폭증대 : 급전소자가까이기생소자를배치하여급전소자의동작대역폭증대. 보통 1-3 개또는 2개의기생소자사용하며기생소자가급전소자와는다른주파수에공진하게대역폭을증가시킨다. [1] V. Iyer et al., "Increasing the impedance bandwidth of dipole with monopole antennas with parasitic elements," EuCAP, 2016. 2. 동작원리 1) 급전기 + 지향기구조 Figure: 16-element Yagi antenna with 15.5-dBi gain [Cisco] 급전기전류 : I 1 1e j0 지향기전류 : I1 0.5e jkd - 앞쪽으로는동일위상으로이득증가 jkd jkd jkd E(0) 1e 0.5e 1.5 e, E(0) 1.5 - 뒤쪽으로는역위상으로이득감소 2

j2kd E( ) 1 0.5e 1 0.5 0.5 if 2kd d 4 - 임의각도에서전기장 : jkd jkd cos E( ) 1 0.5 e e 그림 : 급전기와지향기에의한패턴형성 그림 : 급전기와지향기에의한방사패턴. 급전기길이 0.47λ, 지향기길이 0.42λ, 급전기 - 지향기 간격 0.20λ, 도선직경 0.0085λ. 다이폴단독지향도 2.15dBi 가 5.5dBi 로증가된다. - 아래그림과같이지향기와급전기와의간격과지향기의길이를적절히하면지향기전류의위상을필요한값이되게할수있다. - 위에서설명한이론에의하면급전기와지향기사이의간격을 1/4 파장으로하고지향기전류위상이급전기전류위상보다 90º 작게하면된다. - 아래그림에서급전기와지향기간격이 0.2λ 일때지향기길이기 0.40λ 이면지향기의위상이급전기의위상보다약 60 도작게된다. 3

그림 : 급전다이폴과평행한기생다이폴의길이와간격에따른기생다이폴전류위상 2) 반사기 + 급전기구조 반사기전류 : I1 0.5e jkd 급전기전류 : I 1 1e j0 - 앞쪽으로는동일위상으로이득증가 4

jkd jkd E(0) 0.5e e 1 1.5, E(0) 1.5 - 뒤쪽으로는역위상으로이득감소 jkd jkd jkd j2kd jkd E( ) 0.5 e e e (0.5e 1) 0.5 e if 2kd d 4 - 임의각도에서전기장 : jkd jkd cos E( ) 1 0.5 e e 그림 : 급전기와지향기에의한방사패턴. 급전기길이 0.47λ, 반사기길이 0.482λ, 급전기 - 반사기 간격 0.20λ, 도선직경 0.0085λ. 다이폴단독지향도 2.15dBi 가 6.4dBi 로증가된다. ㅇ반사기 + 급전기 + 지향기구조 그림 : 반사기, 급전기, 지향기로구성된야기안테나 반사기전류 : I1 0.5e jkd 급전기전류 : I 1 1e j0 지향기전류 : I1 0.5e jkd 5

- 앞쪽으로는동일위상으로이득증가 jkd jkd jkd jkd E(0) 0.5e e 1 0.5e e 2, E(0) 2 - 뒤쪽으로는역위상으로이득감소 jkd jkd j2kd E( ) 0.5e e 1 0.5e 0 if 2kd d 4 - 임의각도에서전기장 : jkd jkd cos jkd jkd cos E( ) 0.5e e 1 0.5 e e 그림 : 반사기 + 급전기 + 지향기구조의방사패턴. 급전기길이 0.47λ, 반사기길이 0.482λ, 지향기 길이 0.442λ 도선간간격 0.20λ, 도선직경 0.0085λ. 다이폴단독지향도 2.15dBi 가 9.6dBi 로 증가된다. II. 야기안테나설계 1) 야기안테나설계방법ㅇ인터넷온라인설계프로그램사용 : K7MEM: http://www.k7mem.com/electronic_notebook/antennas/yagi_vhf.html ㅇ인터넷에서무료설계프로그램을구해서사용 : Yagi Calculator v.2.6.10 by John Drew (VK5DJ), http://www.vk5dj.com/yagi.html ㅇ문헌상의설계그래프와표사용ㅇ다른사람의설계값사용 : 주파수변경 치수를주파수에반비례하여변경ㅇ최적화설계 : 기본설계 = 기본형, 최적화설계 = 주어진길이의야기안테나에서최적화알고리즘을적용하여소자간격과소자길이를모두다르게조정. 기본형보다이득 1-3dB 증대 6

ㅇ소자수에따른이득 그림 : 도선간격이 0.15λ 로균일할경우야기안테나소자수에따른이득 [Green] ㅇ VK5DJ 야기설계프로그램에의한지향기개수에따른이득 : 반사기 1 개, 급전기 1 개, 지향기가변 Number of elements 3 4 5 6 10 14 18 22 24 32 42 Gain(dBi) 6.9 8.6 9.9 11.0 13.9 15.7 16.9 17.9 18.2 19.4 20.4 E-plane BW(deg) 37 30.5 24 H-plane BW(deg) 41 33 24.5 7

표 : 야기안테나설계치수 [Viezbicke], 금속지지대 (boom) 이없는경우. ㅇ최적화설계사레 - NEC2 와이어안테나해석프로그램과 C++ 로작성한최적화프로그램연동 - 15 소자야기안테나이득최적화결과 : G. Sachdeva, "IRBBO for gain maximization of fiftteenelement Yagi-Uda antenn," Int Jour Comp Appl, 68(9), 2013. 소자직경 : 0.0068 파장, 급전기길이대직경 = 70; 1 번 = 지향기, 2 번 = 급전기, 3 번 -15 번 = 급전기, 파장으로표현한소자길이와소자간격 8

- 설계 1: 이득 18.4dBi Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Length 0.4840 0.4647 0.4458 0.4294 0.4172 0.4126 0.4065 0.4051 0.3995 0.3998 0.4008 0.3963 0.4008 0.4032 0.4127 Spacing - 0.2818 0.1856 0.3512 0.4541 0.4135 0.4611 0.4377 0.4973 0.4573 0.4411 0.4677 0.4693 0.4535 0.4245 - 설계 2: 이득 18.3dBi Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Length 0.4855 0.4557 0.4399 0.4311 0.4259 0.4215 0.4043 0.4054 0.4033 0.4094 0.4028 0.4074 0.3936 0.3955 0.4142 Spacing - 0.2397 0.2810 0.3688 0.3881 0.3873 0.4850 0.4712 0.4845 0.4144 0.4614 0.4580 0.5157 0.4537 0.4317 - 설계 3: 이득 13.8dBi S. Singh, "Yagi-Uda antenna design optimization for maximum gain using different BBO migration variants," Int Jour Comp Appl, 58(5), 2012. Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Length 0.4832 0.4794 0.4410 0.4273 0.4205 0.4294 Spacing - 0.2011 0.2347 0.3741 0.4205 0.3824 9

II. Experiment 1. Driver element design Make a dipole and find its resonant frequency. No PEC ground plane Dipole center at (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0mm) Dipole arm in z direction. Dipole length = one arm's end-to-the other arm's end = L = 142mm Dipole feed gap = g = 2mm Dipole wire cross section: square, W x W = 2 x 2 mm Find the far-field pattern at the resonant frequency. Report: 1) 3D perspective view of the antenna structure 2) Plot R11 and X11 on a same graph. 3) Find the resonant frequency f r. 4) Plot S11 (db) Cartesian. 5) Gabs(realized) 3D perspective view at the resonant frequency. 2. 2-element (reflector + driver) Yagi antenna design Antenna geometry: Dipole arm: z-directed Frequency = f r obtained in 1. Driver element at (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) Reflector wire cross section: square, W x W = 2 x 2 mm Choose the driver-reflector spacing. Adjust the reflector length for a maximum gain. Report: 1) 3D perspective view of the antenna structure. Use 'Array Wizard' in CST Studio to construct the array structure. 2) Plot S11 (db) Cartesian. 3) Gabs(realized) 3D perspective view at the resonant frequency. 3. 2-element (driver + director) Yagi antenna design Antenna geometry: Dipole arm: z-directed Frequency = f r obtained in 1. 10

Driver element at (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) Director wire cross section: square, W x W = 2 x 2 mm Choose the driver-director spacing. Adjust the director length for a maximum gain. Report: 1) 3D perspective view of the antenna structure. Use 'Array Wizard' in CST Studio to construct the array structure. 2) Plot S11 (db) Cartesian. 3) Gabs(realized) 3D perspective view at the resonant frequency. 4. 3-element (reflector + driver + director) Yagi antenna design Combine 3 and 4 to obtain a 3-element Yagi antenna. Report: 1) 3D perspective view of the antenna structure. Use 'Array Wizard' in CST Studio to construct the array structure. 2) Plot S11 (db) Cartesian. 3) Gabs(realized) 3D perspective view at the resonant frequency. 6. 16-element (a reflector + a driver + 14 directors) Add 13 directors to obtain a 16-element Yagi antenna. 1) 3D perspective view of the antenna structure. Use 'Array Wizard' in CST Studio to construct the array structure. 2) Plot S11 (db) Cartesian. 3) Gabs(realized) 3D perspective view at the resonant frequency. 11

III. 야기안테나사례 그림 : Astron 220-6 6 소자야기안테나. 215-225MHz 9dBi 그림 : RFI YB815 700-850MHz 15dBi. 급전기로루프안테나사용 그림 : 17 개의지향기, 4 개와이어코너반사기를이용한야기안테나 12

그림 : 광대역급전기와지향기를사용한야기안테나. Xtreme Signal HDB91X, 450-900MHz, 13.5-23dBi, F/B 21-27.5dB, V60º H60º, 51 x 222 x 52cm 그림 : 광대역야기안테나. MaxMost Moxa OnCell 5004 5104 HSPA 800-1900MHz, 18dBi 그림 : 이중대역야기안테나. Cushcraft A270-10S, VHF 144-148MHz, UHF 430-450MHz, 10dBd 13

그림 : HF 대역 3 소자야기안테나 Antenna Amplifiers PA14-3-6, 14-14.35MHz, 7.2dBi (free space), 11.7dBi (20m above ground) 그림 : 다중대역야기 SP7GXP 의 7 중대역야기안테나. 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 24, 28MHz; 14-28MHz 3 소자, 7-10MHz 2 소자, 이득 : 3.9dBd @ 7MHz, 4.1dBd @ 10MHz, 8.0-8.5dBd @ 14-28MHz 14