공간환경모니터링 - 위성과기후 - 한경수
Prologue-1 (Greenhouse Earth-Tomorrow s disaster today 중 ) 최근만년동안, 지구의기후는인류에게상당히이로운것이었음. 현재인류는다우림을파괴시키고오염물질을대기나물속으로방출 이오염물질중몇몇 : 극단적으로강한독성과발암성 오존층을파괴 생태계와지구의열균형을점점더나쁜방향으로변화 화석연료에대한욕망을억제하지않고산림의파괴를중지하지않는다면 지구의평균온도는지난한세기동안 0.56C 가증가 이산화탄소와기타온실가스들이계속해서대기중에서증가된다면, 다음세기중반에는지구온도가 2.8 도에서 5.6 도가량높아질수도있다. 이러한위험은북반구고위도에서가장높다. 이는겨울동안가장큰폭의온도상승을수반 대부분의지역에서는 38 도이상의뜨거운여름을경험하게될것임 온도에있어새로운기록들이매년갱신될것이다.
Prologue-2 (Greenhouse Earth-Tomorrow s disaster today 중 ) 추가적온난화 대기요란들은더욱강력한폭풍과더많은인명피해를생산해낼것이다. 북반구일부지역들은완전히말라버릴것이고 늘어난번개의발생으로대규모의산림화재가발생할것이다. 자연적, 인위적인산림화재 상당한양의이산화탄소를대기중으로쏟아낼것임. 지구온난화에의해발생된온도변화와강수 산림의구성을변화시킬것이다.
Prologue-3 (Greenhouse Earth-Tomorrow s disaster today 중 ) 상승된해양온도속에녹아내린빙산 높아진해수면 인류의절반이살고있는해안지역에지금까지와는다른환경을제공 ( 바다는다음세기중반에 1.8m 정도가상승 거대한해안지역들이사라져버릴수도있다.) 수백만명의사람들을부양하던지대가낮고비옥한삼각주들은모습을감춰버릴것이다. 수많은종의바다생물들이그들의알을부화하던갯벌은바다로메워질것이다. 지금의해안도시들은좀더내륙으로옮겨지던가, 극단적이고위험한태풍으로인해해양이확장되는것을막기위한보호벽을건설해야될것이다.
Prologue-4 (Greenhouse Earth-Tomorrow s disaster today 중 ) 증발율역시증가할것이고대기순환의패턴은변화될것이다. 어떤영역에서의감소된강수량은다른영역에서의강수량증가를초래할것 일부지역에서는하천의유량이감소하거나완전히말라버릴것이며 다른지역에서는갑작스런집중호우를경험하게될것이다. 홍수 가끔씩가뭄을경험하던대륙의중부는영구히말라버린황무지가될지도모르고 이전에비옥했던경작지들의거대한영역은표토를잃어버리거나인공사막이될수도있다.
Prologue-5 (Greenhouse Earth-Tomorrow s disaster today 중 ) 산림과다른야생생물들은빠르게변하는기후에적응할충분한시간을가지지못할수도있다. 온난화 모든생태계를재배열 많은종을멸종 잡초와해충이전지역에들끓을수도있다.
[ 7 ] Prologue-5 (Greenhouse Earth-Tomorrow s disaster today 중 ) 생명체가기후를지배한이후로, 감소된생물권이지구상에어떤장기적영향을미칠지는불확실하다. 그러나인간이지구의자원을계속해서탕진하는동안, 기후는더이상인류에게유익하지않은쪽으로변화하고있다는것은좀더분명해지고있다.
지구온난화? [ 8 ] 이산화탄소를포함한온실가스의증가가원인? 자연의장기적 CYCLE 의한부분?
Computer models
Increasing CO2
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report 요약 대기하층과지표의온난화 (2.5C 증가 ) 대기상층의냉각 강수량증가, 증발산증가 중위도의겨울이길어짐 해빙과적설이감소 해수면상승.
Could the warming be natural?
Is it real?
Documentary 시청 [ 15 ] The Great Global Warming Swindle'
기후모니터링에있어위성의역할
Satellites supporting Climate Applications : 과거 17 과거전지구기후관련분야에서위성의역할 모델링, in-situ 관측, 위성관측을병행하여기초자료제공
WMO - 배경 Satellites supporting Climate Applications : 현재 18 현재전지구기후관련분야에서위성의역할이확대됨
[ 19 ] 위성기반기후변수산출조건 위성발사전센서의엄격한 Cal./Val. 보장 위성간의자료품질일관성확보 위성과현장네트워크의연속성개선 위성관측에대해보완적. 기본적현장관측 : 적절한활동과협력유지 고품질전지구데이터생산및접근성향상 국가및국제적인프라강화 SCOPE-CM Sustained, Coordinated Processing of Environmental Satellite Data for Climate Monitoring Multi-agency 위성자료로부터 CDR (Climate Data Records) 생산 WMO가주도하는환경위성시스템운영기관의네트워크 초기참여기관 : EUMETSAT, NOAA, CMA, JMA
SCOPE-CM, GCOS, ECVs [ 20 ] GCOS - Global Climate Observing System - Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) WMO Satellite-based ECVs EUMETSAT SCOPE-CM - Sustained, Coordinated Processing of Environmental Satellite Data for Climate Monitoring -
EUMETSAT 에서정의한위성기반 ECVs 위성기반의 GCOS ECVs : EUMETSAT 21 Satellite-based Essential Climate Variables Precipitation Earth radiation budget Water vapour Atmospheric ECVs Oceanic ECVs Wind speed and direction Upper-air temperature Cloud properties Carbon dioxide Ozone Other long-lived greenhouse gases Aerosol properties Sea surface temperature Ocean salinity Sea level Sea state Sea ice Ocean Colour Lakes Snow cover Glaciers and ice caps Albedo Terrestrial ECVs Land cover Leaf area index (LAI) Biomass Soil Moisture Fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radation (fapar) Fire distribance
SCOPE-CM 전략 22 (ECV) GSICS (Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System) - 서로다른위성시스템 / 세대간사이의보정은국제적인협력을필요 FCDRs (Fundamental Climate Data Records) TCDRs (Thematical Climate Data Records) SCOPE-CM 은 FCDRs 로부터 TCDRs 를생성 전지구규모의고품질 ECVs 생산
Introduction - 배경 Implementation Plan Focus 23
Introduction - 배경 Satellites supporting Climate Applications 24
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Satellite Application Facilities (SAF)
Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) EUMETSAT Application Ground Segment 27 높은수준의 product 위성자료의변환은 EUMETSAT Application Ground Segment, Darmstadt에있는 EUMETSAT 본사의협력. EUMETSAT 회원국가의위성응용시설 (satellite application facilities) EUMETSAT 네트워크수행.
Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) Satellite Application Facilities (SAFs) SAF on Climate Monitoring - 균일한 data sets 과지속적인공간적, 시간적통합위성정보의생성 Ocean and Sea Ice SAF - 기후모니터링과높은연관성을가지는 product 의생성 - SSM/I (1987-2007) 로부터얻어진 global sea ice 의재처리 GRAS SAF - 장기간균일한 water vapour 의생성 (with CM- and O3M SAF) - 초기 NRT products 로부터얻어진 Climate data (maps) Land Surface Analysis (LSA SAF) - ECV 의 NRT product 생성 : surface radiation, snow and vegetation parameters
Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) Satellite Application Facilities (SAFs) 29 Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M SAF) - GOME-2 로부터얻어진대기화학과관련된 ECV 의 NRT product 생성 - 재처리를통한 Total ozone data set 생성 - 균일한장기간 water vapour data set (with CM and GRAS SAF) Hydrology SAF (H-SAF) - 강수량, 토양수분, 눈 parameters 의영역으로 ECV 타켓 NWP and Nowcasting and Very Short Range Forecasting (NWP SAF) - Software 개발 ( 검색, 시뮬레이션, 동화 ) 과유지보수는기후목적을위한도구로서제공
Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) Ocean & Sea Ice 30 Parameter Domain Wind SST Radiative Fluxes Sea Ice Product Presentation Product Status SeaWinds 100km Wind (archived data only) Discontinued 23 NOV 2009 SeaWinds 25km Wind (archived data only) Operational ASCAT 25km Wind Operational ASCAT 12.5km Wind Operational NAR SST (North Atlantic Regional Sea Surface Temperature) Operational LML SST (Low and Mid Latitude Sea Surface Temperature) Operational MAP SST (Merged Atlantic Product Sea Surface Temperature) Operational GLB SST (Global oceans Sea Surface Temperature) Operational MGR SST (Metagranules Sea Surface Temperature) Operational LML SSI (Low and Mid Latitude Surface Solar Irradiance) Operational MAP SSI (Merged Atlantic Product Surface Solar Irradiance) Operational LML DLI (Low and Mid Latitude Surface Downward longwave Irradiance) Operational MAP DLI (Merged Atlantic Product Downward longwave Irradiance) Operational Global Sea Ice Concentration Operational Global Sea Ice Edge Operational Global Sea Ice Type Operational Low Resolution Sea Ice Drift Operational
Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) Climate Monitoring 31 Parameter Domain Product Presentation Resolution Cloud parameters Humidity products Surface radiation Top-ofatmospher e radiation Cloud Fractional Cover Cloud Type Cloud Top Pressure Cloud Top Height Cloud Top Temperature Cloud Phase Cloud Optical Thickness Cloud Water Path Total(HTW) and layered(hlw) precipitable water Mean Temperature and relative humidity for 5 layers as wll as specific humidity and temperature at the six layer boundaries(hsh). Incoming short-wave-radiation Surface Albedo Net shortwave radiation Net longwave radiation Downward long-wave radiation Outgoing long-wave radiation Surface radiation budget Incoming solar radiative flux Reflected solar radiative flux Emitted thermal radiative flux 15Km 2 90Km 2 15Km 2 45Km 2
Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) Land Surface Analysis 32 Wild Fires Vegetation Parameters MSG/SEVIRI Fire Radiative Power - PIXEL Fire Radiative Power - GRID Fire Risk Map Fire Detection and Monitoring Fraction of Vegetation Cover Leaf Area Index Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetic Active Radiation MetOp/AVHRR Land Surface Temperature EPS - Land Surface Temperature Down-welling Surface Fluxes Down-welling Surface Long-wave Radiation Flux Snow Cover Snow Cover (daily) Snow Cover (15 mins) Other Bi-Directional Reflectance Factor Land Surface Emissivity Albedo Surface Albedo Land Surface Temperature Land Surface Temperature (15 mins) Down-welling Surface Short-wave Radiation Flux Down-welling Surface Fluxes Down-welling Surface Long-wave Radiation Flux Daily Downward Surface Shortwave Flux Daily Downward Surface Longwave Flux Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration (30 mins) Daily Evapotranspiration
Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) OZONE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MONITORING 33 Product ID Product Acronym Status Available from O3M-01 Near real-time Total Ozone NTO/O3 Operational EUMETCast, GTS 1 O3M-02 Near real-time Total Nitrogen Dioxide NTO/NO2 Operational EUMETCast, GTS 1 O3M-03 Near real-time Ozone Profile NOP Operational EUMETCast, GTS 2 O3M-04 Near real-time clear-sky UV index NUV/CLEAR Operational DMI website, Google Earth O3M-36 Near real-time Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide NTO/NO2Tropo Operational EUMETCast, GTS 1
Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) GRAS Meteorology 34 Products List Description of product Products List Description of product NRT Products Offline Products Refractivity profile (GRM-01) The refractive index of the atmosphere as fun ction of height at tangent point Bending angle (GRM-08) Bending angle as function of impact paramet er Temperature profile (GRM-02) Temperature as function of height at tangent point Refractivity profile (GRM-09) The refractive index of the atmosphere as fu nction of height at tangent point Specific humidity profile (GRM-3) Specific humidity as function of height at tan gent point Temperature profile (GRM-10) Temperature as function of height at tangent point Pressure profile (GRM-04) Pressure as function of height at tangent poi nt Specific humidity profile (GRM-11) Specific humidity as function of height at tan gent point Surface pressure (GRM-05) Pressure at surface level Pressure profile (GRM-12) Pressure as function of height at tangent poi nt Error covariance matrix (GRM-07) Error covariance matrix as average for all prof iles Surface pressure (GRM-13) Pressure at surface level Error covariance matrix (GRM-15) Error covariance matrix as average for all pro files Climate Products Software Products Bending angle (GRM-17) Global grid based on monthly averages of be nding angles ROPP package (GRM-16) Software module containing 1D, 3D, and 4D- Var assimilation routines Refractivity (GRM-18) Global grid based on monthly averages of ref ractivity profiles Temperature (GRM-19) Global grid based on monthly averages of te mperature profiles Specific humidity (GRM-20) Global grid based on monthly averages of sp ecific humidity profiles Geopotential height (GRM-21) Global grid based on monthly averages of ge opotential height profiles
Satellite Application Facilities (SAF) Hydrology and Water Management 35 Parameter Domain Product ID Product Precipitation PR-OBS-1 Precipitation rate at ground by MW conical scanners (with indication of phase) PR-OBS-2 Precipitation rate at ground by MW cross-track scanners (with indication of phase) PR-OBS-3 PR-OBS-4 Precipitation rate at ground by GEO/IR supported by LEO/MW Precipitation rate at ground by LEO/MW supported by GEO/IR (with flag for phase) PR-OBS-5 PR-AAS-1 Accumulated precipitation at ground by blended MW and IR Instantaneous and accumulated precipitation at ground computed by a NWP model Soil Moisture SM-OBS-1 Large scale surface soil moisture by radar scatterometer SM-OBS-2 SM-ASS-1 Small scale surface soil moisture by radar scatterometer Volumetric soil moisture (roots region) by scatterometer assimilation in NWP model Snow SN-OBS-1 Snow detection (snow mask) by VIS/IR radiometry SN-OBS-2 SN-OBS-3 SN-OBS-4 Snow detection (snow mask) by VIS/IR radiometry Effective snow cover by VIS/IR radiometry Effective snow cover by VIS/IR radiometry