< C0E5BFC1C0E72E666D>

Similar documents
untitled

304.fm

605.fm

69-1(p.1-27).fm

16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm

11(5)-12(09-10)p fm

10(3)-09.fm

15.101~109(174-하천방재).fm

10(3)-12.fm

< DC1A4C3A5B5BFC7E22E666D>

50(1)-09.fm

14.531~539(08-037).fm

10(3)-02.fm

12(3) 10.fm

82-01.fm

32(4B)-04(7455).fm

50(5)-07.fm

<30332DB9E8B0E6BCAE2E666D>

11(1)-15.fm

10(3)-10.fm

07.051~058(345).fm

202.fm

31(3B)-07(7055).fm

8(2)-4(p ).fm

9(3)-4(p ).fm

416.fm

415.fm

17.393~400(11-033).fm

82.fm

26(3D)-17.fm

12(2)-04.fm

16(2)-7(p ).fm

, 66~67dB»e 55dB š 12dBù û»e(65db) w 70~71dB ñ. ù ü»» 35dB(ü), 45dB() r. w» w 1938 œk ³Ø w, 1960 Ø, 1968 ³Ø w. w 1972 ³Ø w w ³ ƒwš, ù y Ø w ³w

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

w w l v e p ƒ ü x mw sƒw. ü w v e p p ƒ w ƒ w š (½kz, 2005; ½xy, 2007). ù w l w gv ¾ y w ww.» w v e p p ƒ(½kz, 2008a; ½kz, 2008b) gv w x w x, w mw gv

51(4)-13.fm

15(2)-07.fm

07.045~051(D04_신상욱).fm

14(4)-14(심고문2).fm

201.fm

12(4) 10.fm

51(2)-09.fm

10(1)-08.fm

<30312DC0CCC7E2B9FC2E666D>

fm

7(4)-07.fm

w wƒ ƒw xù x mw w w w w. x¾ w s³ w» w ƒ z š œ Darcy-Weisbach œ w ù, ù f Reynolds (ε/d) w w» rw rw. w w š w tx x w. h L = f --- l V 2 Darcy Weisbach d

<312D303128C1B6BAB4BFC1292E666D>

14(2) 02.fm

01.01~08(유왕진).fm

fm

38(6)-01.fm

27(5A)-07(5806).fm

3-15(3)-05(이주희).fm

44-4대지.07이영희532~

untitled

fm

433대지05박창용

03-서연옥.hwp

» t d» y w š q, w d» y ƒ ƒ w tree-ring t w d» y ƒ w š w. w tree-ring t mw»z y p q w š w. Tree-ring t mw, 500» ƒ wš p w» ƒ, y»z p wš»»z y. ù tree-ring

232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특

09구자용(489~500)

27(3D)-07.fm

m, w, w w. xœ y t y w en, ùw,, ƒ y (, 1994; w, 2000). ƒ x œ (NGA; National Geospatial-intelligence Agency) t t wù x (VITD; Vector product Interim Terr

11(5)-7(09-37)p fm

04김호걸(39~50)ok

8(3)-15(p ).fm

23(2) 71.fm

untitled

12.077~081(A12_이종국).fm

69-1(p.1-27).fm

보고서(겉표지).PDF

11(4)-13(09-12)p fm

14(4) 09.fm

04-46(1)-06(조현태).fm

untitled

27(5A)-15(5868).fm

49(6)-06.fm

11(4)-03(김태림).fm

8(3)-01.fm

3.fm

fm

02Á¶ÇýÁø

14.091~100(328-하천방재).fm

16(4)-05.fm

#Ȳ¿ë¼®

9(2)-12(p ).fm

(163번 이희수).fm

100(4)-24(90).fm

50(4)-10.fm

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

50(6)-03.fm

06.177~184(10-079).fm

17(2)-00(268).fm

50(6)-04.fm

18211.fm

( )-83.fm

16(2)-10(p ).fm

25(3c)-03.fm

Microsoft Word - KSR2012A038.doc

Transcription:

w wz 9«4y 2009 8 pp. 0 ~ 0 지역회귀분석을이용한홍수피해위험도산정 Flood Risk Estimation Using Regional Regression Analysis 장옥재 * 김영오 ** Jang, Ock-Jae ½ Kim, Young-Oh Abstract Although desire for living without hazardous damages grows these days, threats from natural disasters which we are currently exposed to are quiet different from what we have experienced. To cope with this changing situation, it is necessary to assess the characteristics of the natural disasters. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to suggest a methodology to estimate the potential property loss and assess the flood risk using a regional regression analysis. Since the flood damage mainly consists of loss of lives and property damages, it is reasonable to express the results of a flood risk assessment with the loss of lives and the property damages that are vulnerable to flood. The regional regression analysis has been commonly used to find relationships between regional characteristics of a watershed and parameters of rainfall-runoff models or probability distribution models. In our research, however, this model is applied to estimate the potential flood damage as follows; 1) a nonlinear model between the flood damage and the hourly rainfall is found in gauged regions which have sufficient damage and rainfall data, and 2) a regression model is developed from the relationship between the coefficients of the nonlinear models and socio-economic indicators in the gauged regions. This method enables us to quantitatively analyze the impact of the regional indicators on the flood damage and to estimate the damage through the application of the regional regression model to ungauged regions which do not have sufficient data. Moreover the flood risk map is developed by Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) which is equal to the ratio of the estimated flood damage to the total regional property. Comparing the results of this research with Potential Flood Damage (PFD) reported in the Long-term Korea National Water Resources Plan, the exports' mistaken opinions could affect the weighting procedure of PFD, but the proposed approach based on the regional regression would overcome the drawback of PFD. It was found that FVI is highly correlated with the past damage, while PFD does not reflect the regional vulnerabilities. Key wordsg: regional regression analysis, flood risk map, flood damage estimation ú w x l w š w ƒwš»z y y x ƒ w w l x w. yw y w» w ƒ w p sƒw w w. z w ƒ vw wš, mw ƒ y x sƒw w. y w vw ù vwƒ» y x sƒ y w ù tx w š q. z - x ù y s x p txw» w w( Œª) y vw w. z d ( y vw ƒ w ) y vw k x z w š, z w Á z w txw. w y vw e w w ª d ( ƒ w ) mw p ƒ w y vw w. w y vw Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) w mw p w ü vw wš, y x ùkü.» w z y x sƒ w y vw (Potential Flood Damage; PFD) w PFD ƒ ƒ e ƒ q ù z w w w. w FVI wvw ùkþ PFD w w ùkû. w : z, y x, y vw * w œ w y œw (E-mail: trial10@snu.ac.kr) ** z Á w œ w y œw 1

1. zƒ w w w x l w š w w ƒwš. w wš w»z y»z w» xw w w. w y w z w w w w x wš, œ w w w ùƒ w., w x» (risk-based design) v w (National Research Council, 1995; w NRC) w w w l w w» w x sƒ(risk assessment) x (risk management) ywš (Ikeda, 2006).» x sƒ w (hazard identification), (vulnerability assessment), x ³ (risk characterization) w w w w ³ j» w š, w ù š y ƒ ƒ w w ù wƒ sƒw w w vw j» j. g w w w x wš» ù xk ùkü. x sƒ y x j» w ƒ œwš, ƒ z š w z ü w x (NRC, 1983). y w x w» w w x sƒ w w» ¾ w x sƒ w v w w ƒ mw (export-opinions-based method) l mw (historical-data-based method) ƒ w (Zou, 2009). ƒ w vwƒ ù p w sƒ w. w vw k w (pressure) w (response) š w ew vw ù k(state) w w (indicators) wš, w ƒ e x sƒw. ƒ w ƒ ƒ e w wš, mw wù t mww Munich Re (2003) w s³ w vw (Annual Average Loss, ALL) 80% ƒ e, š ƒ vw(probable Maximum Loss, PML) 20% ƒ e w. w SCEMD (2005) w k w š sƒ ƒ e w yw» ƒ e w š, Schmidt-Thome (2005) ƒ w w ƒ e ƒ e ¾ w delphi method w w. ƒ w tx ù y wvw s ƒ sw k ù ƒ e ƒ e ƒ. w l w w x sƒw l w x sƒw ƒ q k. Disaster Risk Index (UNDP, 2004) ƒ ƒ w x w w w ³ w. w w wš š w ƒ z z w ƒ w w wš mw w x sƒw. w DEFRA (2006) w y e, š w w ƒ y x sƒ w š. l w w x w wz» ƒ» w. ü» w z y x sƒ š y vw (Potential Flood Damage; w PFD) wš, y vw y w y vw x sƒw wš w. w y vw š w Á z, w z w w z w. ƒ w w w vw wš y ùkü. 2. y x sƒ 2.1 y vw ü» w z( m, 2006a) wš PFD ( Œ) zá ¾ s w p e y w ùkü e p q wš n w ù, ³ e w z w» w v. PFD (2001) 150 w 2001» w z( m, 2001) 2 w wz «y

t 1. PFD ( m, 2006a) x, F RI, F PO ƒ w ù (F PD, β 1 = 0.4) ù (F PF, β 2 = 0.3) ù y (F RUB, β 3 =0.2) ù z» (F SOC, β 4 = 0.1) ù y vw (F PD, β 5 = 0.3) ù y (F PD, β 6 = 0.2) ù (F CI, β 7 = 0.3) ù (F DAM, β 8 = 0.1) ù ü (F PUMP, β 9 = 0.1) PFD PFD = = α 1 F PO α 2 FRI α 1 [ ] β 1 F PD + β 2 F PF + β 3 F RUB + β 4 F SOC β 5 F FE + β 6 F PR + β 7 F CI + β 8 F DAM + β 9 F α 2 [ ] PUMP 117 w w. t 1 ùküš. ƒ PFD α 1 α 2 0.5 š, w ƒ β i ƒ q w» w z w w ù ew β i w ƒ w w. š PFD w w ü e ƒ sƒ ƒ w wš, x k l PFD y te w (½ z, 2004). w PFD w y x sƒ wš w. ü tƒ w» y vw w wz vw m te e w sƒ» w. 2.2 y x w y x» 1 w ùký. w y x w w y ƒ ù w ƒ? y ƒ w y ƒ w ƒ w w. w y ü. w y ƒ w ü ù kü vw w w ƒ, Á z» w. w ù rv 1. y x» (DEFRA (2006) w ) š y ƒ w vw x w. p w w y vw w» w 2 ww.» r y vw v w ƒ w d, w d š w. d (1) y vw z w. (y vw ) = f 1 (,,...) (1) z f 1 a, b, c š w d z w. a, b, c = f 2 ( d Á z w ) (2) d z w d w. d w - x p z w š w w w. d p (2) w (1) š mw d z f 1 w. y d y vw z wš, d z mw z w ƒ y vw w. mw ƒ y w q w. 2.3 y vw 2.3.1 y vw w» w w w w. y vw m y ƒ w w»ƒ j w ƒ w z w y w. w w z (http://u-lib.nanet.go.kr) y w v wƒ w ú w œwš. z wy vw x 3

vwd 22 (1985 ~2006 ),,, w vw w w vw 2006» y w. ƒ vwƒ w» ƒ swš d 1) z wš, Thiessen w ƒ e w. e ƒ 1985 z wù e w w» vw 15 d w. 15 yw z w» w ƒ w š w w» q. x w ƒ wvw w k t t w vw w vw wš kt w vw w w q w w w w q. p w ew t w w ù kû kt št 20 m/sec ƒ». Saffir-Simpson tropical cyclones w št 17 m/sec st(tropical storm) š 33 m/sec l hurricane, typhoon (UNDP, 2004). 2003 kt ƒ w 9 11 l 9 12 ¾ 2 ü 100 mm ü w w vw švw w. št 26.1 m/sec w w w w w 2. y x e w w q. w w y x š» št 17 m/sec w 2) w. 2.3.2 w w xk v w. w w y w vw ü w» w w.,, 10 mm, 15 mm, 3, 5 wš vw w. ƒ ùkù» w 15 mm ( 15 mm w w) 5 3. y vw ( p ) 1), ½s, ù,, ù, š, ûw, d ƒ,, d ƒ, y d ƒ d ƒ 2)» št w w» l» w. 1985.10.5 (26.8 m/sec), 1986.8. 28~1986.8.29 (21.7 m/sec), 1987.7.12~1987.7.16 (25.7 m/sec), 1987.8.30~1987.8.31 (43.0 m/sec), 1995.7.22~1995.7.24 (22.5 m/sec), 2000.9.12~2000.9.16 (18.7 m/sec), 2002.8.30~2002.9.1 (17.5 m/sec), 2003.9.11~2003.9.12 (26.1 m/sec) 4 w wz «y

t 2. w vw x z e c a b 1 b 2 R 2 1,787,087 11.6693-0.0411-0.0149 0.996 + 19,016,110 8.0602-0.0197-0.0076 0.998 4,363,684 14.2370 0.0011-0.1304 0.993 19,775,505 12.3773 0.0085-0.0970 0.997 Ÿ + 3,807,285 11.8323-0.0184-0.0609 0.973 p + 8,397,435 8.1583 0.0020-0.0706 0.920 (11 ) 1,581,116 4.9020-0.0108 0.0020 0.969 4,201,446 11.7550-0.0089-0.0900 0.971 8,822,412 8.5768-0.0074-0.0255 0.906 s 2,016,934 5.2676-0.0162 0.0048 0.998 803,309 9.7327-0.0398-0.0041 0.886 1,755,198 4.1358-0.1108 0.1239 0.985 1,479,117 8.0010-0.0586 0.0232 0.994 û + 2,077,606 3.0536-0.0174 0.0145 0.915 Ÿ (7 + 1,121,685 9.2772-0.0681 0.0000 0.983 ) 1,384,116 5.9460-0.0085-0.0249 0.986 237,479 6.0831-0.0072-0.0441 0.917 w 2,723,609 6.8263-0.0039-0.0319 0.970 Ÿ 3,439,035 4.7650 0.0020-0.0677 0.911 Ÿ û + 20,238,554 8.5000-0.0045-0.0310 0.987 ) 1985 z e w + wù e t 3. z t t / ƒ / k m ( /km 2 )» y 15 /65 d ƒ (, w, k ) ƒ s³ k xk ( ƒ,, ) (%) ( ) ( ) m xy (,, ) ( n d, s³ ) m (1985 ~2005 ) (http://www.nso.go.kr/) ƒ m ƒ w yr (http://www.wamis.go.kr/) y (ha), l (HP), (m 2 ) yr (http://www.nema.go.kr/) (» 5 ) ùkü. w r 15 mm en w (excessive rainfall) ùküš, 5 w ƒ j ùkü š w. w w xk growth function w (3) xk ùkü. c y = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1+ exp[ a+ b 1 ( P ) > 15 + b 2 ( P )] peak 5hr» y y vw ( ), P >15 15 mm, P peak 5hr 5 Growth function w 3 w ù exponential w w ùký». w w d (3) z wy vw x 5

w ùký d k» w x w j w. w 3 15 mm 5 ƒ e w y w. ƒ ü w š, y w z w w. ƒ e growth function w» w d» w š, SPSS 12(SPSS INC., 2003) v w. w RMSEƒ ƒ kw x z Levenberg-Marquart (Marquart, 1963) w. x z t 2 4, 20 e w ƒ 0.9 z ƒ w q. 2.4 z w vw x z p w w w w. t 3 vw / k, txw vw ƒ k m y ƒƒ w. k w k w ( m, 2006b;, 2004; m, 2006). w y vw ùkü 22 wù tx» p mww s³ w k w š q. t 3 ùkü m xy k ü m,, w., œ,, sw w sww w. w w. š 65 ù 0~1¾ tx ù, 0~ ¾ t xw» w y w (UNDP, 2004). V i» V i = ----------- 1 V i V i y, V i z ƒ w š w z w. z ƒ 20 xz w w ƒ sww sww 0.1 ƒw sww (stepwise selection method) w. (4) k ƒ f q (Variation Index Factor; VIF)ƒ 10 š w ƒ w. ƒ 0.944 z w (5)~(9) w e wù w. q ƒ 10 z w. w e we z w w p p Leverage, Cook's distance, DFFITS š w. c y vw ew ùkû ƒ y w j» w q. c = 9.520ÁSP+341.309ÁPH 308.465ÁAHA+15,533Á UA+36.15ÁUH+5,607,598 (N = 17, R 2 = 0.965) (5)» SP 65, PH ƒ ( ƒ ), AHA ƒ s³, UA, UH wƒ (5) ƒ t y r 65 ƒ 0.036, ƒ ƒ 0.727, ƒ s³ -0.117, wƒ ƒ 0.185, 0.168 ùküš ƒ ƒ c ƒ w eš ù ƒ ƒeƒ» ƒ s ³ y ƒ q. ew a, b 1, b 2 y vw ƒ j p ùkü p z ƒ y vw k y ƒ š, ƒ k y ƒ. w w α j vw ƒw 3 d w š, b 1 b 2 t 2 ƒ j» ƒ w w q w. a= 0.1 10 4 ÁTP 2.64 10 4 ÁPD 114.484ÁSR+9.592 10 5 ÁTax+2.18 10 4 ÁUH+21.499 (N=16, R 2 =0.906) (6) b 1 =0.807ÁSR+3.793 10 7 ÁTH+2.372 10 6 ÁPH 1.12 10 6 UH 0.010ÁAHA+0.005ÁPump 0.025ÁIA+0.086 (N=17, R 2 =0.863) (7) b 2 =4.225 10 7 ÁTP 9.04 10 6 ÁPP+2.777ÁSR 4.23 10 6 ÁUH 0.195ÁUR+0.015ÁPR 2.228ÁIR 0.003 ÁPump 0.460 (N=17, R 2 =0.912) (8)» TP, PD ( /km 2 ), SR 65 6 w wz «y

s t 4. p ( :» d ) 19~24 hr 25~36 hr 1 30 65 2 23 68 3 27 74 4 15 40 sx GEV Gumbel location parameter 62.571 66.825 scale parameter 32.230 54.744 shape parameter -0.193-100 (mm) 301.3 285.3 15 mm (mm) 181.2 59.5 5 (mm) 143.2 73.6, Tax û ( ), UH wƒ, TH ƒ, PH ƒ, AHA ƒ s³, Pump rv, IA, PP» y, UR, PR, IR (6) t y 65-0.867, ƒ -0.732 ƒw j ƒ j ùkû û t y 0.488 ƒ ƒw t w y w ùk û. ù b 1, b 2 w œm w ƒ ƒ y ƒ j ƒ g y z ùk û. z ùk üš d» d n. ƒ e ƒ 3~4 d w ù d w leave-one-out cross validation w. c 16 l z wš, ù wù l w d w ww. 4ƒ w 0.760~0.850 ù kü d ew š d w q. 2.5 ƒ p w ƒ w y vw w w w w.» š m (2000) Huff sš w. Huff(1967) Illinois ew 400 mi 2¾ w w w y w y» ü s w s x w 1~4 y w. ƒ w y ƒ» y w w. PT i ( ) PR i ( ) Ti ( ) = -------- 100% T 0 Ri ( ) = --------- 100% R 0 (9) (10)» PT(i) T 0 w T(i) (%) PR(i) R 0 w T(i)¾ ƒ R(i) (%) w w w w. 19~24 25~36 ƒ w mw ƒ 100 w. w v w z w w vw w»» p ù p. Huff sš ƒ y 10%~90% 9ƒ xkƒ w w ew y 50% w. 3. z w y v w xz š z k p 25 e w z sƒw. y vw lƒ w d 14 e w 1985 z 3 e wù w y vw xz ƒ vw w. ù 11 d z wy vw x 7

c ( 10 6 ) t 5. ƒ y vw 19~24 ƒ vw FVI ( ) a b 1 b 2 t œ ƒ ( /m 2 ) 25~36 ƒ vw FVI ( ) d 1,787 11.669-0.041-0.015 2,153 197 3.722E-06 0.2 4.095E-09 + 19,016 8.060-0.020-0.008 759 612 1.820E-05 22 6.550E-07 4,363 14.237 0.001-0.130 1,182 4.3 8.780E-05 15 3.211E-07 19,775 12.377 0.009-0.097 1,005 9.8 3.283E-04 37 1.245E-06 Ÿ + 3,807 11.832-0.018-0.061 1,082 2.1 5.763E-05 3 9.047E-08 + 8,397 8.158 0.002-0.071 1,416 7.0 1.486E-04 234 4.993E-06 1,581 4.902-0.011 0.002 1,732 60 1.969E-06 16 5.167E-07 4,201 11.755-0.009-0.090 1,387 3.9 1.159E-04 19 5.444E-07 8,822 8.577-0.007-0.026 3,329 238 3.273E-06 12 1.673E-07 s 2,016 5.268-0.016 0.005 1,079 93 2.928E-06 14 4.508E-07 803 9.733-0.040-0.004 1,952 101 2.174E-06 0.3 6.703E-09 d û 2,784 27.120-0.057 0.000 4,612 0 8.098E-13 0 2.559E-16 1,811 6.030-0.036-0.063 854 1.8 5.984E-05 746 2.466E-05 3,059 7.337-0.003-0.133 2,049 3.1 9.131E-05 2.5 7.573E-05 3,158 6.099 0.007-0.250 2,484 3.2 8.944E-05 3.2 8.943E-05 s 2,712 9.876-0.008 0.012 2,336 0.1 2.125E-09 0.1 1.614E-09 1,746 20.870-0.068 0.020 2,317 0.1 1.845E-10 0 5.792E-14 q 2,689 17.536-0.039-0.010 3,263 0.3 2.748E-09 0 5.545E-12 2,337 9.105-0.022-0.114 1,999 2.3 6.715E-05 814 2.339E-05 s 2,230 11.576-0.035 0.001 2,718 11 1.671E-07 0.1 1.245E-09 1,508 10.970 0.001-0.124 6,039 1.5 2.504E-05 86 1.432E-06 3,080 9.447-0.013-0.049 1,156 1.5 7.188E-05 11 5.107E-07 ) FVI E 10 d z k xz w š, k ƒ vw w. t 5 100 19~24 j vw ƒ w ù + 5 4. y x w w ƒ vw j ù. m w p w w p ƒ y vw w y wƒ d w 8 w wz «y

. y (Flood Vulnerability Index, FVI) w. ƒ y vw ƒ y vw FVI= = (t œ ƒ/m ) ( e 2, m 2 ) (11) FVI ƒ e p w ùküš wz mw t q. 10-6 w 4 safe area ùkü FVI k y ƒ w w ùkü. 4(a) 19~24 s, s, q, û, ƒ y w q ƒ ƒ w. ù 4(b) r w w,,, ƒ y w ùkû.» w z wš PFD w PFD e ƒ 1018 «wù sw PFD w y w. ù w FVI 2001 7 14 l 15 ¾ 24 ü w e ƒ (, 2002) r 0.444 FVI y w ùkù w. w w y x ( m, 2006b) e ƒ 0.011 x ƒ vw ƒ ù ƒ. y w ƒ e y vw w mw w š, wz n w w q. 4.» ƒ w w x s ƒ w w w» w w w w. y vw vwƒ» y w vw wš sƒ ƒ vw ùkü. vw w xz wš, z p z w z w. mw y vw ƒ w p z wš, l vw w. w PFD ƒ q ƒ e w e ƒ w w. p w w v w w z vw w y w w. w p w ƒ e y l w w k q. w p 25 e w 100 ƒ w ƒ e vw y w. ƒ w y vw»» w ùkü ù y w y x mw ƒ y w e w. e ƒ wù «sw x ƒ sƒ PFD { w x w š w. w» w wz z w ƒ? w y vw w wƒ? w ƒ ƒ v w. w FVI t œ ƒ y w š ù ƒe š w» šƒ ù š ƒe w» ƒ. wz Apel (2004) w ù šƒ w x ƒe wì w š w v w. z w w ƒ t û wš, w t j w g ù / w. w w t œw» zá š w w» œw,, ƒ sw m w wz û¼. mw ƒ wš w m» sƒ ww 2008 ( y:07 B04) w œw mw.. š x m (2000) s. 1999» š - 2«Õw ƒ Ö, 2«. m (2001)» w z (2001~2020) š. š. m (2006a)» w z (2006~2020) š. z wy vw x 9

š. m (2006b) y x vw (II).» š. m (2006) y vwp y vw t w. š. ½ z (2004) e w. w, w. (2002) e l. 2002-12-36.,,, ½³y (2001) y vw (PFD) s ƒ. w wz w t z, w wz, pp. 601-606. (2004) q x w w w š. w, w. Apel, H., Thieken, A.H., Merz, B., and Bloschl, G. (2004) Flood risk assessment and associated uncertainty. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, European Geoscience Union, Vol. 4, pp. 295~308. DEFRA (Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) (2006) Flood risks to people: Guidance document. FD2321/ TR2, Environment Agency, London. Huff, F.A. (1967) Time distribution of rainfall in heavy storms. Water Resources Research, AGU, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1007-1019. Ikeda, S. (2006) An integrated risk analysis framework for emerging disaster risks: Toward a better risk management of flood disaster in urban communities. Terrapub, Tokyo. Marquart, D. (1963) An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 11, pp. 431-441. Munich Re (2003) Topics-Annual review: Natural catastrophes 2002. Munich Reinsurance Company, Germany. National Research Council (1983) Risk assessment in the federal government: Managing the process. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. National Research Council (1995) Flood risk management and the American river basin: An evaluation. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. SCEMD (2002) State of South Carolina hazards assessment. South Carolina Emergency Management Division, South Carolina. Schmidt-Thome, P. (Ed.) (2005) The spatial effects and management of natural and technological hazards in general and in relation to climate change. ESPON Project 1.3.1, Geological Survey of Finland, Finland. SPSS INC. (2003) SPSS base 12.0 user guide. Chicago. UNDP (2004) Reducing disaster risk: A challenge for development. United Nations Development Programme, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, New York. Zou, L., and Wei, Y. (2009) Impact assessment using DEA of coastal hazards on social-economy in Southeast Asia. Natural Hazards, Springer, Vol. 48, pp. 167-189. ú : 09 03 24 ú : 09 03 27 ú : 09 07 20 10 w wz «y