1 1 ( 27 ). 2, 3, 4. - 5. 6,. 7.
2... 17 20...
32 1.? ( ).?? 2.?,? 17 18, (Adam Smith). 40 (David Ricardo).,.,,. 20 (Gottfried Haberler). 2 2. 2 2.,. 6., 7. 1776. 1776,,,., 17 18 (,, ).,.
33 (1571 1641). (England s Treasure by Foreign Trade)., ( )..,.,.,. [ ] [] []. [],.., [].,. []. Thomas Munn, England s Treasure by Foreign Trade (Reprinted, Oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1928)...,. ( ).,. ( 2-1 ),..
34,.,...,,. (, ).,.,,,.,. ( ), ( ).., (EU) EU, ( ) EU, 747 EU,, 2002 30%.,..,., 21. A. Krueger, The Struggle to Convince the Free Trade Skeptics, IMF Survey, July 12, 2004, pp. 204-205; J. N. Bhagwati, Free Trade Today (Princeton,N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002); D. A. Irwin, Free Trade Under Fire (Princeton, N,J: Princeton University Press, 2002); D. Salvatore, ed., Protectionism and World Welfare (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
35. (, ),..,,., ( 9 )., 1815 1914, ( 2-2 )..,.,?,. ( ) ( ),.,.,., ( )....
36,. (, ), ()..,.,.,, ( ) (laissez-faire) (, )..,.,,.,,, ( ). 2. ( ), ( ),.,. 2-1 6, 1. 5 4.
37 (/ ) 6 1 (/ ) 4 5,.,,. 6(6W) 6(6C), ( 6W 4C ) 2C, 1/2(30 ). 6W 6 6. 6 (6 5 ) 30C. ( 1 )6C 6W, 24C 5.. (2.6B, )..,... 1817,.,.,
38 (/ ) 6 1 (/ ) 4 2,. 2.6A., ( ). ( ), ( ). 2-2. 2-2 2-1 5 2.. 1/2 1/6,, (6:1) (4:2),,,., (, ).,,,..
39.., 6W 4C ( ). 6W 4C ( 2-2 ). 6W 4C. 1W 2C, 1W 2C., 6W 6C. 6W 4C, 2C ( 1/2 )., 6W 6. 6 12C, 6W6C. 6C 3.,. ( )....,,.., 100 10, 80. 20 ( 2 ), 100., 6W 6C.. 6W 4C (6W 4C 1 ), 6W 4C
40., (6W 12C 6 ) 6W = 12C. 6W 12C,., 6W 4C, 6W 12C. 4C < 6W < 12C. 12C 4C(, 8C) 6W., 6W 6C, 2C 6C, 8C. ( 2-2 ) 6W = 4C,. ( ) 6W = 12C,., 6W 8C, 4C 8C. 6W 10C, 6C 2C ( 6W ). 2.6B..,..,. 2.6A. ( ).
41., 1W 3W ( 2-2 ),. ( ),. ( ) 6W 4C. 2 6W 4C, 6W 4C..., (,.,,.,,. ( ). ( ), ( ) (),..,, ( ).. 6. 6W ( 2-2 ), 1 P W = 1. 4C (6/4) P C = 1.50. 1 ( ). 1 1W ( 2-2 ) P W = 1. 2C
42 P C = 0.5. 1 = 2, P W = 1 = 2 P C = 0.5 = 1. 2-3 1 = 2,. 2-3 ( )., ( ) ( ).,,. 1/2, 1/3( 6, 1 = 2),.,.. ( ) 1/6 1/2,. 1 = 1 ( 1/6 ), P W = 1c = 1. ( 2-3 ),. P C = 0.5 = 0.50,. (, ). 1 = 3 ( 1/2), P C = 0.5 = 1.50 ( 2-3 )... ( ) 1 1.00 2.00 1 1.50 1.00
43..,.., ( 2-3 ).. (Frederix Bastiat, 1801 1851). 1845.,..,..,,,,,,,,. 0, 0,,??,,? Frederic Bastiat, Economic Sophisms (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1873), pp. 49 53, abridged.
44., (1), (2), (3),, (4), (5), (6), (7). (1) (6) ( ) (7),.,,. (1), (2) (, )..,,., ( ) ( ), 1.,.,,.,., (2.7 ).,, ( ). 1936..,... ( ).
45,, 1 2/3, 2/3 (, 1W = 2/3C). 1W = 2C, ( ) ().,..,... 2-4 ( /) ( /) ( ). 180W 0C, 150W 20C, 120W 40C, 0W 120C. 30W, 20C., ( ) 30W = 20C. 1W = 2/3C( 2-2 )., 60W 0C, 50W 20C, 40W 40C 0W 120C. 10W (W) (C) (W) (C) 180 0 60 0 150 20 50 20 120 40 40 40 90 60 30 60 60 80 20 80 30 100 10 100 0 120 0 120
46 120 120 100 100 80 80 60 A 60 40 40 A' 20 20 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0 20 40 60 2-4.,.. 20C. 1W = 2C. 2-4 2-1.., A 90W 60C, A 40W 40C... 2-1.., 1W,, 2/3C 2C. (1),, (2),.
47,...,.... ( ),. 2-1 ( ) 120/180 = 2/3 =. 120/60 = 2 =.,, (P W ). P W = 2/3 P C /P W = 3/2 = 1.5. P W = 2 P C /P W = 1/2. P W ( 2 2/3). P C /P W ( 3/2 1/2). P W.. ( ).,...
48, A(90W 60C) ( 2-2 ), A (40W 40C). ( ) B(180W 0C), B (0W 120C). 70W 70C, E(110W 70C) E (70W 50C). 20W 10C ( 2-2 E A ), 30W 10C( AE ).,.,, 90W 40W 130W. ( )180W. 60C 40C 100C. ( )120C. 50W 20C,., 120 120 B' 70 60 A E 50 E' 40 A' B 0 90 110 180 0 40 60 70 A A. B, B. 70W 70C E (20W 10C ), E (30W 10C ).
49.. 2-3. 2-3,. 2-3 S W(US + UK),. 0B = 180W P W = 2/3( 2-2 ). BB = 60W ( 2-2 ) P W = 2. 240W P W S W(US + UK) P C /P W 2 2 S C (UK + US) 3/2 1 E 1 E' 2/3 D W(US + UK) 1/2 D C (UK+ US) B B* B' B" 0 180 240 0 120 240 S W(US + UK),. P W = 2/3 180W = 0B P W = 2 BB = 60W. D W(US + UK ). D W(US + UK) S W(US + UK) E, ( )180W P W = 1. D C(US + UK) S C(US + UK ) E ( ) 120C P C /P W = 1.
50. SW (US + UK) 240W. 2-3 D W(US + UK). D W(US + UK) SW (US + UK) E, ( 2-2 ) 180W P W = 1.,.. 2-3 S C(US + UK),. ( 2-2 ) P C /P W = 1/2 120C = 0B, P C /P W = 3/2 120C = B B. 2-3 D C(US + UK). D C(US + UK) S C(US + UK) E 120C ( 2-2 ) P C /P W = P W = 1.,,., ( 2-3 ). 2-3 D W(US + UK) S W(US + UK) 0 B P W = 2/3, P W = 2/3,., ( 10 ).., ( )..,. (MacDougall) 1951 1952, 1937 25.
51 2, 2., 3(, )., 1/2.,. 3. 5%. 2-4. 1 1.,. 3.. ( 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 20. G.D.A.MacDougall, British and American Exports: A Study Suggested by the Theory of Comparative Costs, Economic Journal, December 1951, p. 703
52 ) ( ). 2-4 ( ).,. ( 25 ) 20. 1950 (Balassa) 1950 1959 (Stern). (Golub) ( 2-4 )..,.,,.. (, 2 ) ( 1995, ( 1 ),,,,.,. -. 2-51990 33,. 2-4, 2-5,. 1972 1991 9(,,,,,,, ) 39 (Golub and Hsieh) 2000.
53-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 33.. S. S. Golub, Comparative and Absolute Advantage in the Asia-Pacific Region (San Francisco: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Center for Pacific Basin Monetary and Economic Studies 1995), p. 46; S.S.Golub and C.T.Hsieh, The Classical Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage Revisited, Review of International Economics, May 2000, pp. 221 234 )?.,..,..,,., 3. 6.4A.
54,.,, ( 5 ) -. 1.,,. (a)? (b)? 2..,,. 3., (, ).,,.. 4.. ( ). ( ).,. 5... ( ).
55. 6..... 7. 1951 1952 1937. 3. 1950 1950 1959 1990 1972 1991..,. 3. 4,. 2.
56 11. 2-5.? 2. 2-5? 13. 2-5. 4. 2-5 C 4W 4C. (a)? (b)? (c)? (d) 4W 6C? 15. (, ) 2-5 C. (a)? (b) 6,? (c) 1,? 16. 5. (a) 1 = 3 A B C D (/ ) 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 2 (/ ) 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 1
57,??? (b) 1 = 4? (c) 1 = 1? (d)? 17. 2-5 C. (a). (b) (P W / P C )? (c) (P C /P W )? 18. 7 3W, 3/4C( ) 1/2W, 1C. 1W 1C. ( ),. 19. (a) 2-3 D W(US + UK) 1/3?? (b) (a) 2-3 D C(US + UK)? 10. 2-3 D W(US + UK) S W(US + UK) P W = 2/3 120W?? 11. 2-2 1/2 P W = 2/3 20C 30W 2-2. 12. (a)? (b)? (c)? 13.? www.wiley.com/go/global/ salvatore.
58 2 2.. 2-6 5 ( ).., 1 = 2,. A B C D E 12 8 6 4 2 A B, C, D E. A B C D. C. 1 = 3.. A $ 2 6 B 4 4 C 6 3 D 8 2 E 10 1
59 A B C D E 18 12 9 6 3 A, B C, D E. A, B C D E. 1 = 2 C 1 = 3. 1 = 1, A B C D E 6 4 3 2 1. A B( ). ( ).,. (.) 2-6 A A. 1 > 0.33. E, E. 1 < 10.. 2 5, 2 ( ) 5 (A, B, C, D E). 2-7 P W.
60, P W 1 5., 1 < P W <5. P W = 3, A B D E. C, P W P W. P W = 4 A, B C E, D. P W = 2, A B... 2 2. P W A B C D E P W 1 2 3 4 5 3 3 2 2 1. D. Salvatore, Theory and Problems of International Economics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), chs. 1, 2 (sects.2.1 to 2.3). E. F. Heckscher, Mercantilism, Vols. I and II (London: Allen & Urwin, 1935). P. C. Newman, A. D. Gayer, and M. H. Spencer, Source Readings in Economic Thought (New York: Norton, 1954), pp. 24-53. A. Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: The Modern Library, 1937), Book I, ch. 3; Book IV, chs. 1-3, 6-8.
61 D. Ricardo, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Homewood, III.: Irwin, 1963), ch. 7. G. Haberler, The Theory of International Trade (London: W. Hodge & Co., 1936), chs. 9-10. J. Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937), ch. 7. J. N. Bhagwati, The Pure Theory of International Trade: A Survey, Economic Journal, March 1964, pp. 1-84. J. S. Chipman, A Survey of the Theory of International Trade, Econometrica, July 1965; Part I: pp. 477-519, Part II: pp. 685-760). R. Dornbusch, S. Fischer, and P. Samuelson, Comparative Advantage, Trade and Payments in a Ricardian Model, American Economic Review, December 1977, pp. 823-839). G. D. A. MacDougall, British and American Exports: A Study Suggested by the Theory of Comparative Costs, Economic Journal, December 1951 (Part I: pp. 697-724) and September 1952 (Part II: pp. 487-521). Reprinted in R. E. Caves and H. G. Johnson, Readings in International Economics (Homewood, III.: Irwin, 1968), pp. 553-578. R. M. Stern, British and American Productivity and Comparative Costs in International Trade, Oxford Economic Papers, October 1962, pp. 275-296. B. Balassa, An Empirical Demonstration of Classical Comparative Cost Theory, Review of Economics and Statistics, August 1963, pp. 231-238. S. S. Golub and C. T. Hsieh, The Classical Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage Revisited, Review of International Economics, May 2000. http://www.wto.org (Institute of the International Economics)
62 http://www.iie.com ( ) (Ralph Nader) Public Citizen Global Trade Watch, http://www.citizen.org/trade/index.cfm