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Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 (2012): 175-205. * 2009.

2011 10 20 (ETA, ).... 19 (fueros). (Jáuregui 1986, 587). (PNV, )... 1959 8.... 10., -.,... 1970. 1970

. 10... (Jáuregui 1981) (Garmendia 1995), (Sullivan 1988). (Clark 1990) (Mees 2003), (Benegas 2000). (Morán 1997). (Zulaika 1988) (Aretxaga 1999). (Mata López 1993).. 1960,, - (Clark 1979, 45).,...... (1959-1964 ) (1965-1966 ), (1967-1970 ).,,,. Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 176 177

1979 1981 18 (ETA 1979-1981).. 1952. 20....,... 1) (Richards 1998).... (Jáuregui 1986, 589).,. 1945 2. 1). 10 15.,,,,, (Gurrutxaga 1996, 102).

. 1950. 2)...,. 1937 6. 3).... (Landáburu 1956, 115-116). 1951... 4) 19.. Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 178 179 2) 1953 2 2 6 5.. 3) 1979. 4).

(Ibarzábal 1978). 5) 1956 (Congreso Mundial Vasco) (EG) (EGI). 6).. (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 1, 25-32).. (CIA) (Ibarzábal 1979). 1958 (Clark 1984, 25)... 1959 7 31. 7) 5) 1970 (Yrizar 1973) 20. 6) 2. 7)

.. (1988, 42). (cuadrilla). (1986, 592).. 1961... (Zutik).. 1961 7 18.. 25.. 100 100 (Clark 1984, 35).. Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 180 181 3.. (1988, 47-48) 1961 7.. 1958 1959..

. 1962.. - - (Arteaga 1971, 215).. 4.,, ( ).. 1962 5 1 (ETA 1979-1981 Vol.1, 532-533; Beltza 1977, 96-99). 2.... ( ), 16.,.,..

., -.. 1950. 8). 1890 1950 2 ( 1). 1970 35 (Clark 1984, 10).... 1... Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 182 183 1901-1910 -9,203 6,157-25,957-2,959 1911-1920 -7,239 8,174-12,486 18,997 1921-1930 -5,210 12,729-21,185 18,290 1931-1940 2,650 9,964-2,305-1,344 1941-1950 -3,797 10,568-19,833 18,987 1951-1960 7,703 48,754-20,499 96,399 1961-1970 42,547 64,845 18,127 148,804 Cámara de Comercio, Industria y Navegación de Bilbao 1978, 56 8) 1950 3.5 1960. 1960 (Clark 1984, 17).

.. 1.... (Núñez 1977)....... 1963 4.... 1960. 1963 10

. 27.... 3,. 3 (Sullivan 1988, 52). 1., 3,. 1960 1970.. Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 184 185 9). 1962 (Sarraihl de Ihartza 1962).. (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 3, 114-120). 1 1963 9) 1922.. 1942 1953...

(Madariaga 1963).. 2, (Sarraihl de Ihartza 1962, 296) (lbid., 329-336; 340). 3.. 3 (lbid., 337-340). - -..... (lbid., 339-340).. (Madariaga 1963, 30-32). 1963 3 2 1964 4 5 3 - -. 3. 3.

. 3 1963 10. (Garmendia 1979 Vol. 1, 151-161; ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 3, 507-518)... 1964 10,,,....... Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 186 187 4 1965 8.... 3. 4.

..... 9.. - 3. (Sullivan 1988, 58; Clark 1984, 41-42).. (CCOO) (Sartorius 1975, passim)..,.. (Sullivan 1988, 59).. 3.... 10) 10) 1965 8 32.

.. ( ). ( ). 11)... Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 188 189... (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 4, 422-468)..... Branka. 11) 41 43.

. (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 4, 470-473). (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 4, 422-468). -. 12). (ESBA).... 3. ( ),, 3 (Clark 1984, 42-43). (1965) (1966) 3.. 12) 1962 1.

3.. 43 1966 (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 5, 55-68)....... (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 4, 532-534). 3 (Clark 1984, 43).. 1966 12 7 5. 5. 3.. 3, Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 190 191

. 3. 5. 1 1966 12 2 1967 3. 1. 4... 13) - (Garmendia 1979 Vol. 1, 221).. 4.. -.. 14). 15) 1965 4. - 5. 13) 2 1.. 14) - -. 15) -.

(ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 5, 275-285; Sullivan 1988, 66). - 1969 2... 1969 4 ( ) 1970 (MCE). 16) 5 2 (Clark 1984, 45; Sullivan 1988, 69)... 3. 3.. Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 192 193 3 5 16). 2.,..

. - (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 7, 57-99).... (PTV). 17)..,.. 3... -. (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 7, 136-140).. 17) 1967 1 44.

. (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 7, 90-93).,.. 5,,, 4. 18) 1. (BT). (Clark 1984, 46). 5 2 1967 4,, (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 7, 101). 5 -... ( ), ( )... 1967 1968 2, 3.. Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 194 195 18) 1968. 3.

. (Clark 1984, 48-49; Sullivan 1988, 86-87). 1968 6 7 19).......... - -. 8. 20). 8 6. 1... 1968 5., 19). 20).

.... 1969 3 51.. 51 1970. ( ). 1970 4 ( - ). 3 4 ( ). (A todos los makos) (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 9, 367-375)....... ( ). Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 196 197

... -. - (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 12, 109-115).. (Sullivan 1988, 105). 1970 8 6.,. 33 11. 1969 ( ).. (Clark 1984, 52-53)..... (milis).

5. -...,,.. 6... ( ) (Sullivan 1988, 106)..... (FNV).. (Clark 1984, 53-54; Sullivan 1988, 106-107).,. - (españolista). 6. 5 (BT) (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 9, 465-474). 21) Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 198 199

. (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 9, 451-452)...... - (ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 9, 465-474). 1970 12. 16. -. 22) - 1972 ( ) ( ) (LCR). -. -. 21) 5 - -. 5 6. 22). (Muro 2008, 106).

(ETA 1979-1981 Vol. 12, 18-24)... -. 23) Revista Iberoamericana 23.2. 1960. 1960..... - -. 1960. ( ).. ( ) 200 201 23) - -.

..., 3...,. 1950 1960. ( ). 1960. Anderson, Benedict(1991), Immagined Communities, 2nd ed., London: Verso. Aretxaga, Begoña(1999), A Hall of Mirrors: On the Spectral Character of Basque Violence, William A. Douglass, et al.(eds.), Basque Politics and Nationalism on the Eve of the Millenium, Reno: Center for Basque Studies, pp. 115-126. Arteaga, Federico de(1971), ETA y el proceso de Burgos, Madrid: E. Aguado. Beltza, López Adán E.(1977), El nacionalismo vasco en el exilio, 1937-1960, San Sebastián: Editorial Txertoa. Benegas, Txiki(2000), Una propuesta de paz, Madrid: Espasa Calpe, S.A Cámara de Comercio, Industria y Navegación de Bilbao(1978), Dinámica de

la población y del empleo en el País Vasco, Bilbao: La Cámara D. L. Clark, Robert P.(1979), The Basques: the Franco years and beyond, Reno: University of Nevada Press. (1984), The Basque Insurgents: ETA, 1952-1980, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. (1990), Negotiating with ETA: Obstacles to Peace in the Basque Country, 1975-1988, Reno: University of Nevada Press. ETA(1979-1981), Documentos Y, San Sebastián: Lur. Garmendia, José María(1979), Historia de ETA, 2 Vols, San Sebastián: Haranburu. Geertz, Clifford(1963), The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics, Clifford Geertz(ed.), Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, London: Free Press of Glencoe, pp. 105-157. Gellner, Ernest(1983), Nations and Nationalism, London: Blackwell. Gurrutxaga Abad, Ander(1996), Del PNV a ETA. La transformación del nacionalismo vasco, San Sebastián: R & B Ediciones. Hastings, Adrian(1997), The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hobsbawm, Eric(1992), Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ibarzábal, Eugenio(ed.)(1978), 50 años de nacionalismo vasco, San Sebastián: Ediciones Vascas. (1979), Así nació ETA, Muga, No. 1, Jun., pp. 76-89. Isaacs, Harold(1989), Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Jáuregui, Gurutz(1981), Ideología y estrategia politica de ETA: Análisis de su evolución entre 1959 y 1968, Madrid: Siglo XXI. (1986), National identity and political violence in the Basque country, European Journal of Political Research, 14., pp. 587-605. Landáburu, Javier de(1956), La Causa del pueblo vasco, Paris. Madariaga, Julen(1963), La insurrección en Euskadi, Bayona. Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 202 203

Mata López, José Manuel(1993), El nacionalismo vasco radical: Discurso, organización y expresiones, Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco. Mees, Ludger(2003), Nationalism, Violence, and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Morán, Sagrario(1997), ETA entre España y Francia, Madrid: Editorial Complutense. Muro, Diego(2008), Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism, New York & London: Routledge. Núñez, Luis C.(1977), Clases sociales en Euskadi, San Sebastián: Txertoa. Richards, Michael(1998), A Time of Silence, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. Sarrailh de Ihartza, Fernando(Federico Krutwig)(1962), Vasconia, Buenos Aires: Norbait. Sartorius, Nicolás(1975), El resurgir del movimiento obrero, Barcelona: Laia. Smith, Anthony D.(1998), Nationalism and Modernism, London: Routledge. Sullivan, John(1988), El nacionalismo vasco radical 1959-1986, Madrid: Alianza Editorial. Yrizar, Pedro de(1973), Los dialectos y variedades de la lengua vasca: Estudio linguístico/demográfico, Separata del Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vascongada de los Amigos del País, Vol. 29, No. 1-3. Zulaika, Joseba(1988), Basque Violence: Metaphor and Sacrament, Reno: University of Nevada Press.

Analysis of the Ideological Struggle of ETA in the 1960s: Nation versus Class Yeong-Jo Hwangbo Kyungpook National University Revista Iberoamericana 23.2 Hwangbo, Yeong-Jo (2012), Analysis of the Ideological Struggle of ETA in the 1960s: Nation versus Class. Abstract We are apt to think that ETA is consistent in its strategy and policies, but it really is not. There was multiple ideological struggles within ETA in the 1960s. In this period three large ideologist groups engaged in a heated rivalry: cultural nationalists; revolutionary nationalists, and marx-leninists. Some scholars have already dealt with this ideological struggle of ETA in the 1960s. However, in most cases they have examined it from the point of political violence, as if it is the core issue of the struggle. But, in reality, the more important issue was nation versus class. The purpose of this paper is analyzing the struggle focused on this issue. I examine this dividing the 1960s into three small periods for convenience sake. The members of ETA put their ideas on the pamphlets, books, articles, addresses, etc. Fortunately, from 1979 to 1981 these documents were published in the 18 volumes. They have very useful resources for this study. 204 205 Key words ETA, Ekin, Basque, Nationalism, Basque National Front