1
1.1 4 1.2? 1.3, 1.4 1 20 05 8 24 75 1 8 25 9 8 28 175 5 8 29 1 200 800 1 W 1 http://www brookings edu/fp/projects/homeland/katrina-timeline pdf CNN Hurricane Katrina http:// www cnn com/specials/2005/katrina/ 3
4 Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA 2 FEMA 1 8,200 60% 1 600 FEMA 1 Shane and Lipton 2005 623 1965 3 2 Roig Franzia and Hsu 2005 3
5 4 10 20 5 9 6????? 4 Glaeser 2006 5 Glaeser 2005 6 Rivlin 2006, Sangar and Andrews 2005 Schwartz 2006
6 1.1 public finance four questions of public finance???? 2?
7 market failures 5 17 2004 4 580 18% 15 7 TV 4 580? 7 Employee Benefit Research Institute 2005
8 negative externality 5 6 5 6 1960 300 400 500 1963 8 Wood and Brunell 1995
9 1980 3 000 1989 1991 50 000 123? 1/3 1990 70% 1995 90% 1995 300 redistribution pie 2 1 1 2004 3/4
10 efficiency losses equity-efficiency trade-off 1 2 1994
11 1/4 2003? evaluation 3 (direct effects) 4 580 2 000 920 5 500 4%
12 9 (indirect effects) 8,800 2 000 2 680 10% 1 270 CBO CBO 1975 10 CBO 9 Office of Management and Budget 2006a, 3 1 10 CBO http://www cbo gov/policies cfm
13 CBO CBO CBO CBO 1994 CBO 11 3 CBO The New Yorker Collection 1996 Peter Steiner from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved.?? normative positive 11 1995 2000 600 CBO 1994 700
14 9 political economy government failure????? 1.2 1 1 20 1930
15 % 50% 40 30 20 10 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1930 2005 3% 20% 1941 1945 2 Office of Management and Budget 2006a, 1.2. GDP 3% 1979 20% 1 2 % 70% 60 50 40 OECD 30 20 10 2001, 6.5. 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
16 35.9% GDP 11.3% 64.1% GDP 20.1% 10% 1/3 Office of Management and Budget 2006a, 15.3. 1960 OECD 1960 OECD 12 OECD 50% 20% 1960 1960 1990 GDP 2/3 GDP 20? centralization 1 3 1/3 GDP 10% 100%?,, 12 GDP 1 1 1 2
17 % (a) 50% 40 30 20 10 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 % 10% 0 (b) 10 20 30 40 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 % (c) 120% 100 80 60 40 20 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2 1970 35% Office of Management and Budget 2006a, 1.2 7.1 1930 1939.
18 cash flow surplus cash flow deficit debt 1 1 1 4 3 a b 2 1941 1945 1960 1970 1990 GDP 5% 1990 1990 21 1970 1 4 c 2 1980 1990 GDP 35% 1 5? 1 6?
19 % 100% 80 60 40 20 0 2003, 34. % 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 0 Office of Management and Budget 2006a, 15.1 15.3.
20 1 7 1960 2004 a 1960 public goods 7 1/5 18% 25% social insurance programs?? 1 7 b 40% 10%
21 a % 9 7 12 0 1960 49 5 2 9 9 3 12 1 2004 24 2 8 7 13 4 6 4 17 6 20 5 3 9 9 9 b % 1960 2004 21 1 8 2 10 2 5 6 20 2 20 0 11 7 13 0 38 8 7 1 34 2 10 0 a b Bureau of Economic Analysis, NIPA 3.16.?
22 1 8 1960 2005 2 a 2 corporate tax 25% 14% excise tax payroll tax 1/6 1/3? 1 8 b sales taxes grants in aid property taxes 40? 13 Food and Drug Administration FDA 0 1% 25% 1 13 http://www fda gov, http://www osha gov, http://www fcc gov, http:// www epa gov, http://www uspto gov
23 (2.9%) 1960 a (3.2%) 2004 (2.8%) (12.8%) (13.7%) (22.8%) (44.5%) (42.0%) (17.0%) (38.2%) 1960 b (5.9%) 2004 (17.7%) (38.2%) (28.8%) (9.4%) (20.2%) (20.6%) (14.8%) (21.2%) (23.2%) a) b : Bureau of Economic Analysis, NIPA 3.2 3.3. FDA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA
24 720 1 1 500 2004 1 100 3900 87 000 8 500 TV interstate Federal Communications CommissionFCC FCC Environmental Protection Agency EPA 1.3, 3 13 1946 1964 7 500
25 1950 8 1 2050 3 1 14 40? 15?? 18% 4 580 10 10% 16 GDP 14 U S Bureau of the Census, 2006a, 12 1950 18 64 15 Social Security Trustees, 2006 16 Kaiser Family Foundation 2006, 3 3
26?? 46 2003 15 9 17 17 2004a, 2004b
27 voucher??? The New Yorker Collection 1998 Mike Twohy from cartoonbank.com.all Rights Reserved. 1.4?
28 01.? 02. 40?? 03.?? 04.?? 05. 4? 06.? 07.?? 08. 5 09. 50 0% 20 25% 16 40% 8 20
29 6 25% 40%?? $1000 $800 $400 0 $200 $160 $1000 $600 $240 $120 $120 $120 0 $200 $160 $120 $320 $280 10. 1 12? 11.? 12.? 13.??