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안테나기술 2006. 11 연세대학교전기전자공학과 윤영중

CONTENTS 안테나및전파전파기본이론 방송시스템의종류및발전방향 방송시스템용안테나 방송수신소형단말기용내장형안테나 DIVERSITY & MIMO 결 론 2/ 59

안테나및전파전파 기본이론

WHAT IS AN ANTENNA? Antenna의정의 A usually metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves (Webster Dictionary) A means for radiating or receiving radio waves (IEEE Std 145-1983) E = jωµ H + M H = jωεe + J D = ρ B = 0 Radiating EM waves 4/ 59

TYPES OF ANTENNAS Wire antennas Dipole antenna, Monopole antenna, Loop antenna, Helical antenna Aperture antennas Horn antenna, reflector antenna, slot antenna Planar Antennas Microstrip Antennas, Stripline Antennas Half wave dipole antenna Port Broadband antenna Log-periodic antenna, spiral antenna, traveling wave antenna Array Antennas Meander antenna ETC Yagi-Uda antenna, PIFA, small antenna IFA 5/ 59

DIPOLE ANTENNA 다이폴안테나 (Half wave dipole antenna) 일반적으로가장많이사용되는안테나 전체길이가약반파장 (λ/2) 길이를가짐 Electric field and magnetic field E θ Ioe jη 2πr jkr 편파 : 수직선형편파 입력임피던스 Zin = kl kl cos cosθ cos 2 2, sinθ 73+ j42.5[ Ω] H φ Eθ η 지향성 Do = 1.64 = 2.15 [db] 10% 이상의대역폭을가진다. 안테나의길이가길어질수록빔폭이작아지고 지향성이커진다 Half wave dipole antenna 6/ 59

MONOPOLE ANTENNA Monopole antenna 방사체와 ground로구성된안테나 Image theory에의하여 dipole과같은동작원리를가짐 electric field 및 radiation pattern이 dipole antenna와같다 안테나에입력되는전류의값은일정하지만 radiating power는절반이다 입력임피던스는다이폴의절반 ( 36+ j21.3[ Ω] ) 지향성은다이폴의두배 안테나의크기가다이폴안테나의절반이기때문에파장이매우긴중파 (MF) 송신등에사용됨 Image Ground Dipole antenna Monopole antenna 7/ 59

LOOP ANTENNA Loop antenna Circle, rectangle square, triangle ellipse, etc. Loop의원주길이는약1λ임 Electric field and magnetic field akη I e Eφ 1 sin, = 2 r η jkr 0 Eφ j J ( ka θ ) Hθ 편파 : 수평선형편파 지향성 : ( 0. 584 ) 2ka C D0 4π = 0. 682 2π λ 2 Small loop인경우 dipole antenna와같은방사패턴을가지지만 loop의크기가커지면 bidirectional pattern을가진다. Small loop에서방사저항을증가시키기위하여 turn 수를증가시켜사용함 R r π = η 6 2 2 2 2 2 2π ks 2 ( k a ) N = η N 3 λ Loop antenna 8/ 59

FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA Folded dipole antenna Dipole antenna를구부린형태 크기는 halfwave dipole antenna와비슷함 Field와 pattern은 dipole antenna와같음 방사되는파워가네배가되기때문에안테나의입력임피던스는 4배가됨 P I f f 1 2 1 I f Z f = Pd = I 2 d = 2 0.5I d 2 Z 주로안테나의임피던스를증가시키기위한방법으로사용됨 f Z d 4Z d Folded dipole antenna I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 2I 0 2I 0 Folded dipole antenna 9/ 59

ARRAY ANTENNA Array antenna 일반적으로하나의안테나로는높은이득을얻을수없다 안테나의이득을증가시키기위해선안테나의크기가커져야한다 하지만이때제작상의어려움이발생한다 따라서여러개의안테나를이용하여 array를구성함으로써안테나의이득을높일수있다. 각 element에입력되는신호의크기와위상을조절하여 main beam의모양이나방향을 조절할수있다 smart antenna z r 1 Array factor array antenna pattern = single element pattern ⅹ array factor Normalized array factor (N-elements) d d 2 2 θ 1 θ 2 θ r r 2 y AF n = 1 N sin( Nψ / 2) ψ 2 sin( / ) sin( Nψ / 2) ψ 2 N / for all small ψ Two elements array 10 / 59

YAGI-UDA ANTENNA Yagi-Uda antenna 1926년일본에서Uda가처음으로개발 매우간단한구조와상대적으로높은이득 Driver : 신호가입력되는소자. 일반적으로 dipole antenna를사용함 Director : driver보다약간길이가짧음간격은약0.2 ~ 0.35λ 빔을모아주어이득을높임 Reflector : driver보다약간길다간격은약 0.15 ~ 0.25λ 각 elements의길이와간격을잘조절해 15dBi 이상의높은이득을얻을수있다. TV 수신용안테나로많이사용됨 Yagi-Uda antenna 11 / 59

LOG-PERIODIC ANTENNA Log-periodic antenna 간단한구조로매우넓은대역폭을얻을수있다 임피던스및방사특성이주파수의대수로서주기적으로반복하는구조적형태를가진안테나 안테나특성이중심주파수에따라크게변하지않아주파수독립안테나로간주된다 안테나의길이와간격이 log scale로증가함 VHF대역및 UHF대역을동시에수신할수있도록 log-periodic antenna가수신안테나로사용됨 Log-periodic antenna 12 / 59

SUPERTURNSTILE ANTENNA Superturnstile antenna 2개의 batwing antenna를직각으로교차시킨것 90 의위상차로급전함 수평방향의복사전력을크게한무지향성안테나, 광대역특성 세계각국에서사용되는대표적인 VHF TV 송신안테나 Batwing antenna는수평다이폴과같은방사패턴을가짐 따라서수평방향으로 omni-directional 하기위하여 superturnstile로변형시킴 Superturnstile antenna 13 / 59

REFLECTOR ANTENNA Reflector antenna 반사판을이용하여높은이득을얻을수있음 Radio astronomy, satellite tracking, microwave communication Types of reflector antenna Plane, corner, curved (spherical, especially paraboloid) Cassegrain, Gregorian reflector antenna Offset reflector antenna 포물면반사판안테나의구조 포물면의초점에급전 반사파는평면파로진행 반사판의곡률과반사판테두리까지의관계 f 1 = d θ 4 tan 0 2 d 값의증가 안테나이득의증가 f/d 값의증가 교차편파감소, 좁은급전패턴 14 / 59

IMAGE THEORY Image theory 지표면이 infinite ground 역할을하기때문에 image source에의해안테나 pattern이변함 Antenna가수평편파인지수직편파인지에의하여안테나의 radiation pattern이변함 기지국을세울때 Image source에의한영향을고려해야한다 Vertical electrical dipole Horizontal electrical dipole 15 / 59

전파전파 (wave propagation) 전파 : 직진, 반사, 투과, 굴절, 회절, 산란 Surface Waves ( 지표파 ) 지구표면을따라전파, 거리에따라급격히감소 수백 mile이내에서 2~3 MHz 이하사용 Space Waves ( 공간파 ) line of sight 경로상의장애물, 지표면등에의해반사, 굴절, 산란현상 direct wave, reflected wave, diffracted wave, scattered wave 등발생 FM, TV, Mobile Comm., Microwave Comm. Sky Waves 전리층 (Ionosphere) 에의해반사또는굴절됨 기후에따라전리층특성변화 (D, E, F1, F2층 ) 불특정다수를상대로수십 MHz 이내사용. Satellite Waves 전리층통과, high frequency high path-loss due to long path and rain attenuation 16 / 59

전파전파 (wave propagation) F2 region HF waves at night F2층에서반사약 250 ~ 300 km F1 region HF waves at day F1 층에서반사약 200 km E1 region MF waves E1 층에서반사약 100 km D region LF waves D 층에서반사 Dir 60 km 17 / 59

전파전파 (wave propagation) 전파전파 안테나와안테나사이에존재하는전파매체 ( 일반적으로대기 ) 의특성을연구하고이를통해통신성능향상을연구하는분야 전파는대기, 지면, 해면에영향을받고주파수에따라영향력이다름 최적의송신단설계및음영지역을제거하기위해서필수적인학문 과거의전파전파 장거리통신을위해대기및지면, 해면등의환경고려 장거리통신 : 대륙간통신, 항공기항법및통신, 위성과지상간통신 최근의전파전파 단거리통신을위해대기, 건물, 지형, 이동체등의환경고려 단거리통신 : 개인이동통신, 실내무선랜 VHF, UHF, SHF 의전파전파 TV나FM 방송망설계및서비스개선을위하여전파의특성분석필요 지형에따른영향, 지물에따른영향, 기상에따른영향이지배적인요소 18 / 59

전파전파 (wave propagation) 채널모델 Ground Wave = direct wave + reflected wave + surface wave 주변환경, 기후등에따라변화 정확한예측불가능 많은실측치를기초로한통계적처리에의한예측 다양한환경에적합한통계적예측모델개발필요. 경험적모델 (stochastic model) 장 : 모델이생성된환경과비슷한환경이면바로사용가능 단 : 수많은측정자료가요구됨, 추측통계적이므로어느정도오차는생김 예 : Walfish-Ikagami model 이론적모델 (analytic model) 장 : 물리적, 전자기적특성을고려한정확한계산에의해얻어짐 단 : 계산시사용된환경과실제환경이다를경우신뢰도가떨어짐환경이복잡하고환경변수가많을수록계산속도가느려짐 예 : ray-tracing 에의한실내환경채널모델 19 / 59