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2009 년 4 월전자공학회논문지제 46 권 TC 편제 4 호 95 논문 2009-46TC-4-12 안테나간상관도에강건한 SINR 최대화협력적빔포밍기법 (SINR Maximizing Collaborative Beamforming with Enhanced Robustness Against Antenna Correlation ) 김재원 *, 성원진 ** 1) (Jaewon Kim and Wonjin Sung ) 요 약 본논문에서는기지국간협조적전송을통해다중사용자 MIMO 이동통신시스템에서신호대간섭및잡음비 (Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio; SINR) 를최대화하기위한송수신빔포밍벡터를생성하는방법을제안한다. 다중사용자 MIMO 이동통신시스템의성능에영향을주는간섭신호로는기지국간협조적전송을통해신호를전송하는사용자들간간섭신호성분및협조적신호전송에참여하지않는기지국으로부터의간섭신호성분이있다. 제안하는기법은다중사용자간간섭은블록대각화기법 (Block Diagonalization; BD) 을활용하여제거하고, 협조적신호전송에참여하지않는기지국으로부터의간섭신호는간섭신호의통계적정보를활용한최적결합 (Optimal Combining; OC) 기반의수신빔포밍벡터및송신빔포밍벡터를생성함으로써완화시킨다. 또한컴퓨터시뮬레이션을통해협조적신호전송에참여하지않는기지국간섭신호의통계적정보를송수신단빔포밍벡터를생성하는데활용하는제안방식의평균 SINR 측면에서의성능이득을기존의통계적정보를활용하지않거나수신단에서만활용하는방식들과비교하여검증한다. 성능평가를위해안테나간독립적인채널뿐만아니라상관도가존재하는채널에서도실험을수행하여제안방식이실제채널에서사용될때에발생할수있는성능열화에대한정량적인수치를제시며, 또한제안방식이안테나간상관도가존재하는경우에강건한성능을보임을검증한다. Abstract In this paper, a generation method of transmit and receive beamforming vectors based on base station cooperation is proposed which maximizes the user SINR in mobile cellular multi-user MIMO systems. There are two main sources of interference which deteriorate the performance of the system, i.e. the inter-user interference caused by the usage of the same radio resource for multiple users in the system, and the inter-cluster interference from neighboring base stations which are not participating in cooperative transmission. The proposed scheme cancels out the inter-user interference by using the block diagonalization (BD) method, and mitigate the inter-cluster interference by using optimal transmit and receive beamforming vectors based on optimal combining (OC) with the statistic information of inter-cluster interference. We perform computer simulations to verify the performance of the proposed scheme, and compare the result to the conventional performance obtained from utilizing the receiver side information only or utilizing the information from neither sides. The performance evaluations are conducted not only over the independent MIMO channels, but over correlated MIMO channels to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed scheme over the channels with correlation among antennas. Keywords : Multi-user MIMO, beamforming, SINR maximization, cooperative transmission, antenna correlation. Ⅰ. 서론 다중사용자 MIMO 환경에서는공간다중화기법을 *1) 학생회원, ** 평생회원, 서강대학교전자공학과 (Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University) 접수일자 : 2008년11월12일, 수정완료일 : 2008년4월17일 통해클러스터내부에서동일한자원을사용하는다수의사용자와동시에교신이가능하며이를통해전송률증대이익을볼수있으나, 공간다중화기법을사용한사용자들의채널간직교성이충분히보장되지않을경우사용자간간섭이발생할수있다. 따라서다중사용자들의채널간직교성을얻기위한방법중하나로 (446)

96 안테나간상관도에강건한 SINR 최대화협력적빔포밍기법김재원외 사용자들의채널들을연접한채널행렬의의사역행렬을사용하는방식이있다 [1 2]. 다중사용자들의채널간직교성을얻기위한또다른방법으로는각각의사용자들이프리코더 (precoder) 을구성할때해당사용자의신호가다른사용자들채널의영공간 (null space) 에들어가도록제한하는것을기본원리로하는블록대각화기법 (Block Diagonalization; BD) 이연구되었다 [3]. 이는의사역행렬을통한방식과달리블록단위로대각성분이 0이아닌값을갖는블록 MIMO채널로변형되기때문에다중데이터전송을통한공간부호율증가이득또는전송다이버시티를통한신호대잡음비 (Signalto-Noise Ratio; SNR) 증대이득을얻을수있다. 한편이동통신시스템에서다중사용자 MIMO 전송기법을사용시에는협조적전송에참여하는기지국들로이루어진클러스터내부에서발생하는사용자간간섭뿐만아니라클러스터외부에서발생되는간섭성분에의하여시스템전체의성능이열화될수있으며, 특히사용자가클러스터간경계지역에위치하는경우클러스터외부간섭에의한성능열화가큰문제로작용을한다 [4 5]. 이러한클러스터외부간섭에의한영향을억제하기위한방법으로는단말기의안테나배열을통해수신된신호들을결합하여신호대간섭및잡음비 (Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio; SINR) 를최대화하는최적결합 (Optimum Combining; OC) 방식이연구되어왔다 [6]. 최적결합방식은 MMSE (Minimum Mean-Squared-Error) 방식으로변환이가능하며 [7], 또한간섭신호성분을백색잡음화한후최대비결합 (Maximum Ratio Combining; MRC) 을적용하는방식으로해석이가능함이알려져있다 [8]. 본논문에서는이동통신셀룰라시스템에서의다중사용자 MIMO 전송기법을고려하여클러스터내부의사용자간간섭을 BD 기법을사용하여제거하고클러스터외부로부터의간섭을송신및수신빔포밍을통해억제하는기법을제안한다. 기존의 OC는단말기의수신신호처리만을고려하는데비하여, 제안하는방법은송수신단빔포밍을통해수신신호의 SINR을최대화하는장점이있다. 성능평가에서는안테나간독립적인채널및상관도가존재하는채널에서실험을수행하여제안방식이실제채널에서사용될때에발생할수있는성능열화에대한정량적인수치를제시하며, 또한제안방식이안테나간상관도가존재하는경우에도강건한성능을보임을검증한다. 그림 1. 기지국간협조적신호전송을고려한시스템 Fig. 1. A system for cooperative transmission among BS's. Ⅱ. 신호및시스템모델 N k 개의안테나를갖는단말 MS k 가 M l 개의안테나를갖는 L개의기지국으로부터받은수신신호는 L r k = H x + n l =1 k, l l k (1) 와같이표현되며이때 H k,l 은 l- 번째기지국 BS l 과 MS k 간의무선채널을의미하는 N k M l 행렬이며, x l 은 l-번째기지국에서송신되는전송신호벡터, n k 는 MS k 의수신신호에포함된 E H { nknk } N0I Nk = 1) = N I 2) 0 N k (2) 인 additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) 이다. 그림 1 에서와같이다수개의기지국간협조를통해다수의단말기를위한신호를동시에전송하는경우를고려하며, 이때협조적신호전송에참여하는기지국들의집합을클러스터로명명하고 MSk를위해협조적신호전송에참여하는기지국의인덱스집합을 Ck로정의한다. MSk 가속해있는클러스터내의단말기의개수를 K라고하면식 (1) 의수신신호는 r k = H x + H x + n l C k k, l l k, b b k (3) b C k 1) E{X} 는확률변수 X의 statistical expectation operator 를의미한다. 2) I n 은 n n 단위행렬 (identity matrix) 을나타낸다. (447)

2009 년 4 월전자공학회논문지제 46 권 TC 편제 4 호 101 Average SINR [db] 30 25 20 15 10 Proposed BD-OC BD-EB M l {1,2,3} =2 M l {1,2,3} =4 M l {1,2,3} =6 5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 그림 3. 송신안테나개수의변화에따른제안방식및 BD-OC와 BD-EB의 평균 SINR (L=19, K=3, N k=2) Fig. 3. Average SINR of the proposed scheme, BD-OC, and BD-EB for varying number of transmit antennas. 섭에의한영향이크지않지만, d가 1에근접할수록클러스터내부의교신신호전력대비클러스터외부간섭의전력이커짐으로발생하는현상이다. 따라서클러스터간간섭을완화하기위한최적의송수신빔포밍벡터를사용하는제안방식은 BD-OC 및 BD-EB보다모든 d영역에서우수한성능을보이며, 클러스터간간섭의영향이큰 d가 1에가까운영역에서의성능이득폭이더욱커지는양상을보인다. 또한그림 3에서기지국안테나개수 M l = 2, 4, 6인경우에대한실험결과를살펴보면모든전송방식이기지국안테나개수가증가할수록더욱높은성능을나타내며, 이는기지국안테나의개수가클수록빔포밍에의한다이버시티가증가함에따라발생하는현상이다. 2. 안테나간상관도가존재하는채널 d 송신단또는수신단안테나들간의상관이존재하는경우에는 Hk,l의각성분들이독립적이지않다. 상관도가존재하는 MIMO 채널을구성하는방법으로는수신단안테나상관도행렬 R S 와송신단상관도행렬 RT 를사용하여 H = R H R (33) 1/ 2 1/ 2 k, l S W T 와같이생성할수있으며 [11~12], 이때 H W 는식 (32) 에서활용된 i.i.d. 채널행렬을의미한다. 본절에서는 MIMO 채널의상관도가제안하는방식및기존의방식에미치는영향을평가하기위하여 k, l {1, 2} 에대하여 N k, M l = 2이고, R S 및 R T 가 1 ρ (34) ρ 1 인경우를고려하여실험을수행한다. 그림 4는 ρ = 0.2로가정하여송신안테나간의채널은독립적이고수신안테나간의채널에만상관도가존재하는경우 (Rx correlation only) 1 0.2 R = 0.2 1 S =, RT I 2, 수신안테나및송신안테나간의채널에모두상관도가존재하는경우 (Rx & Tx corrlation) 1 0.2 R S = R T =, 0.2 1 에대하여제안방식과 BD-OC 및 BD-EB방식의성능을평가하였다. 그림 3의결과와비교하여볼때, d = 1 에서 Rx corrlation only의경우제안방식, BD-OC, 및 BD-EB의평균 SINR은송수신안테나간독립적인채널에서의결과대비 0.5 db 미만의성능열화를보였다. 그러나 Rx & Tx correlation의경우는 1.9 db 이상의성능열화를나타낸것으로볼때, 수신안테나보다는송신안테나간채널의상관도가빔포밍전송방식의전체적인성능에큰영향을주는것을확인해볼수있다. 그림 5는 d=1에위치하는단말기를고려할때, 수신및송신안테나간상관도의변화에따른제안방식및 BD-OC와 BD-EB의평균 SINR을도시한그림이다. Rx correlation only의경우제안하는방식은상관도의크기에관계없이항상일정한값을나타내었고, BD-OC 및 BD-EB는 ρ = 0.8 일때독립적인채널대비각각 0.6 db 및 2.4 db의성능열화가발생하였다. 또한 Rx & Tx correlation의경우에는 ρ = 0.8 일때독립적인채널대비제안방식을비롯한모든방식이모두 15 db 이상의성능열화가발생하였다. 한편 Rx correlation only의경우상관도의변화에따른 BD-OC (452)

102 안테나간상관도에강건한 SINR 최대화협력적빔포밍기법김재원외 Average SINR [db] 30 25 20 15 10 5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 d Proposed BD-OC BD-EB Rx correlation only Rx & Tx correlation 그림 4. 수신안테나간상관도, 수신및송신안테나간상관도가존재하는 MIMO 채널에서의평균 SINR Fig. 4. Average SINR for the MIMO channel with receive antenna correlation, and with receive and transmit antenna correlation. 10 Ⅳ. 결론본논문에서는다중사용자 MIMO 이동통신시스템에서 SINR을최대화하기위한송수신빔포밍벡터를생성하는방법을제안하였다. 제안하는빔포밍방식은다중사용자간간섭은 BD기법을활용하여제거하고, 클러스터간간섭신호는간섭신호의통계적정보를활용한 OC기반의수신빔포밍벡터및송신빔포밍벡터를생성함으로써완화시킨다. 이어지는성능평가에서는클러스터간간섭신호의통계적정보의활용여부에따라 BD-OC 및 BD-EB로명명한기존의전송방식들과제안방식의성능을비교하였으며, 이를통하여제안방식의성능이득을검증하였다. 또한안테나간상관도가존재하는채널에서의실험을통해제안방식이실제채널에서사용될때에발생할수있는성능열화에대한정량적인수치를제시하였고, 안테나간상관도가큰경우에도강건한성능을나타냄을검증하였다. 참고문헌 Average SINR [db] 8 6 4 2 0-2 Proposed BD-OC -4 BD-EB Rx correlation only Rx & Tx correlation -6 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 그림 5. 안테나간상관도의변화에따른제안방식및 BD-OC와 BD-EB의평균 SINR Fig. 5. Average SINR for the MIMO channel with receive antenna correlation, and with receive and transmit antenna correlation. 및 BD-EB 대비제안방식의평균 SINR 성능이득은 ρ = 0 일때각각 0.19 db 및 1.31 db이지만, ρ = 0.8 로증가하면성능이득도각각 0.91 db 및 4.27 db로증가한다. Rx-Tx correlation의경우도마찬가지로제안방식은 BD-OC 및 BD-EB 대비 ρ = 0.8 일때각각 0.75dB 및 4.43 db의성능이득을확인할수있다. ρ [1] D. Gerlach and A. J. Paulraj, Adaptive transmitting antenna array with feedback, IEEE Signal Processing Lett., vol. 1, pp. 150-152, Oct. 1994. [2] T. Haustein, C. Helmolt, E. Jorswieck, V. Jungnickel, and V. Pohl, Performance of MIMO systems with channel inversion, in Proc. IEEE VTC 02, vol. 1, pp. 35-39, Vancouver, Canada, Sep. 2002. [3] Q. H. Spencer, A. L. Swindlehurst, and M. Haardt, Zero-forcing methods for downlink spatial multiplexing in multiuser MIMO channels, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 461-471, Feb. 2004. [4] 장재원, 진귀언, 성원진, 셀간협조적공간다중화및빔포밍을이용한하향링크전송효율증대방안, 전자공학회논문지, 제 45 권 TC 편, 제 7 호, 45-52 쪽, 2008 년 7 월. [5] 이규인, 고현수, 안재영, 조용수, OFDM 기반셀룰러시스템에서가상다중안테나를이용한셀간간섭감쇄기법, 전자공학회논문지, 제 43 권 TC 편, 제 3 호, 32-38 쪽, 2006 년 3 월. [6] J. H. Winters, Optimum combining in digital mobile radio with cochannel interference, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 2, pp. 528-539, July 1984. [7] A. Zanella, M. Chiani, and M. Z. Win, MMSE (453)

2009 년 4 월전자공학회논문지제 46 권 TC 편제 4 호 103 reception and successive interference cancellation for MIMO systems with high spectral efficiency, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1244-1253, May 2005. [8] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press. May 2005. [9] K. K. Wong, R. S.-K. Cheng, K. B. Letaief, and R. D. Murch, Adaptive antennas at the mobile and base stations in an OFDM/TDMA system, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 195-206, Jan. 2001. [10] 3GPP TR 25.996 V6.1.0, Spatial channel model for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) simulations, 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, www.3gpp.org, Tech. Rep., 2003. [11] H. Bolcskei, M. Borgmann, and A. J. Paulraj, Impact of the propagation environment on the performance of space-frequency coded MIMO- OFDM, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 427-439, Apr. 2003. [12] D. Shiu, G. Foschini, M. Gans, and J. Kahn, Fading correlation and its effect on the capacity of multi-element antenna systems, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 48, pp. 502-513, Mar. 2000. 저자소개 김재원 ( 학생회원 ) 2007 년서강대학교전자공학과학사 2009 년서강대학교전자공학과석사 2009 년 2 월 현재서강대학교전자공학과박사과정 < 주관심분야 : 기지국간협력통신, MU-MIMO, Codebook design, 통계적신호처리 > 성원진 ( 평생회원 ) 1990 년서울대학교전자공학과학사 1992 년 University of Michigan, EECS 공학석사 1995 년 University of Michigan, EECS 공학박사 1996 년 1 월 2000 년 8 월 Hughes Network Systems 책임연구원 2000 년 9 월 현재서강대학교전자공학과부교수 < 주관심분야 : 이동무선통신, 통계적통신이론, MIMO, 위성모뎀 > (454)