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1 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 11 號 2006 年 11 月論文 Analysis of Channel Capacity with Respect to Antenna Separation of an MIMO System in an Indoor Channel Environment 김상근 오이석 Sang-Keun Kim Yi-So Oh 요약 본논문에서는 3차원광선추적법을이용하여실내무선 MIMO 채널에서공간적특성들을해석함으로써채널용량을계산하고, 특정실내환경에서최적화된다중안테나의이격거리를알아내는방법을제안한다. 우선, 가시영역과비가시영역을갖는복도환경에서 3차원광선추적법을이용하여전파경로, 전송손실및시간지연확산등의채널공간적특성들을계산하고, 시간지연확산특성을다이폴안테나와네트워크분석기를이용하여측정한후에계산값들과비교하여 3차원광선추적법의정확성을검증한다. 그런다음에그실내환경에다중안테나를갖는송신기와수신기를위치시키고, 수신기위치별로송 수신안테나들의간격에따른전파경로와전송손실을 3차원광선추적법을이용하여계산하며, 이들계산값을이용하여채널용량을계산한다. 이계산을 100개의수신위치에서 4종류의안테나방향조합을갖는조건들에서안테나간격에따른채널용량을계산하고, 이들값들을평균하여이실내환경에서의최적의안테나이격거리를알아내었다. Abstract In this paper, the channel capacity of a specified wireless indoor multiple-input multiple-output(mimo) channel is estimated by analyzing spatial characteristics of this channel using the three-dimensional ray tracing method, and a technique for deriving an optimized separation of multi-antenna elements is proposed. At first, the ray paths, the path losses, and the time-delay profile are computed using the three-dimensional ray tracing method in an indoor corridor environment, which has the line of sight(los) and non-line of sight(nlos) regions. The ray tracing method is verified by a comparison between the computation results and the measurements which are obtained with dipole antennas, an amplifier and a networ analyzer. Then, an MIMO system is positioned in the indoor channel environment and the ray paths and path losses are computed for four antenna-position combinations and various values of the antenna separation to obtain the channel capacity for the MIMO system. An optimum antenna-separation is derived by averaging the channel capacities of 100 receiver positions with four different antenna combinations. Key words : Channel Capacity, MIMO System, Ray Tracing Method, Time Delay Profile Ⅰ. 서론 최근의무선이동통신기술은고품질의멀티미 디어서비스를위해광대역무선채널의용량을증대시키기위한방향으로나아가고있다. 하지만광대역의무선채널의경우, 전파의다중산란에의한 본연구는한국과학재단특정기초연구 (R ) 지원으로수행되었음. 홍익대학교전자정보통신공학과 (Department of Electronic Information & Communication Engineering, Hongi University) 논문번호 : 수정완료일자 : 2006 년 10 월 12 일 1058
2 페이딩현상으로인해채널용량이낮아지므로, 추가적인주파수를사용하지않고채널용량을증가시킬수있는방법인다중송수신 (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output: MIMO) 기법이각광을받고있다. 이러한유용한기법을실제무선통신에보다효과적으로적용하기위해서는 MIMO 채널의정확한모델링이필요하다. 현재까지의 MIMO 채널을모델링하는방법은크게다음과같이네가지로구분해볼수있다. 첫째, 실제산란환경에서측정을통해통계적으로모델링하는방법이다 [1]. 그러나이방법은시간과비용이많이든다는단점이있다. 둘째, 복소가우시안 IID(Independent Identically Distributed) 행렬에송수신단의상관행렬의제곱근을곱한형태로여러번시뮬레이션후평균하는방법 [2] 으로서간단한모델링이가능하지만시뮬레이션시간이길고시공간적인상관특성을정확히반영하기힘들다는단점이있다. 셋째, 산란체와평면입사파의상호관계를통해해석하는산란모델링 [3] 이있으나실제환경의정확한반영이어렵고안테나의특성을정확히반영하기힘들다는단점이있다. 마지막으로, 광선추적알고리즘을이용하여각전송경로를따라전파의반사, 투과, 회절등을주어진전파산란환경에대해해석함으로서모델링하는방법이다. 실내환경에서공간적특성을비교적정확히해석할수있고, 안테나특성을해석에적용하기쉽다는장점이있다 [4]. 따라서본논문에서는 3차원광선추적법을사용하여가시영역과비가시영역을동시에갖는복도환경에서의공간적채널특성들을해석함으로써 MIMO 채널모델링을하였다. 또한, 2 2 다중안테나시스템을가정하여채널응답행렬을구하여안테나간격에따른채널용량을계산하였고, 수신기의위치에따른결과를비교하였다. 또한, 이를통해주어진산란공간안에서최적화된다중안테나의간격을도출하였다. 한편, 이러한모델링에사용된 3차원광선추적알고리즘은시간지연확산값을예측하고, 측정을통해비교함으로써그정확성을검증하였다. Ⅱ. 3차원광선추적알고리즘실내무선통신환경의모델링에서공간적특성 을고려하기위해서는전파경로를정확하게계산하여시간지연확산 (Power Delay Profile: PDP), 수신각도 (Arrival of Angle: AoA), 송신각도 (Angle of Departure: AoD) 등의개념들이해석되어져야한다. 따라서본논문에서는 3차원광선추적법을이용하여결정적인채널모델링에필요한위와같은값들을계산하였다. 광선추적알고리즘은반사파, 투과파, 회절파등을고려하였으며, 모델링한공간이산란체가없고매끈한벽면구조이기때문에산란에의한영향은고려하지않았다. 반사파는영상법을사용하여 12번반사되어수신기에도달하는전계까지고려되었다. 본연구에서고려한복도환경에서는반사파가 13번이상일경우에는경로손실의레벨이 200 db 이하가되어무시해도될정도로미약하였다. 투과파의경우는다중벽면구조를거쳐수신기에도달하기때문에 shooting and bouncing 기법 [5] 을응용하여벽면두께를고려한경로를계산하였다. 회절파는 UTD 모델을사용하여계산하였다 [6]. 또한벽면의구조에따른전기적매질특성들을콘크리트, 유리, 철등으로구분하여복소유전율을고려하였고, 안테나의패턴과편파, 벽면의구조에따른전기적매질특성들을고려하였으며, 그에따른채널임펄스응답은다음과같이표현될수있다. h(t)= M =0 A 1 e jθ δ (t-τ ) (1a) 송신된임펄스신호는 Dirac 함수로표현되었고, 각경로에따른손실 ( A ) 과시간지연 ( τ,) 위상변 1 화 ( θ ) 등을거친복소신호 h(t) 로시간에따른수신신호의표현이가능하다. 이러한변수들은모두광선추적법을이용하여, 결정된송수신기위치에따른값을계산할수가있다. 또한협대역을가정하여, 사용하는반송파에대한주파수응답에해당하는복소채널응답을다음과같이나타낼수있다 [7]. h= M =0 A 1 e jθ e jω τ 0 (1b) 광선추적법을사용하여 SISO 경우의채널응답을구한후, 수신각도와송신각도를 3차원적으로계산하면 MIMO 시스템에서의채널응답행렬을예측할수있다. 다중경로로입사되는파형을국소평 1059
3 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 11 號 2006 年 11 月 면파로가정하고, 안테나간격에비해산란체와안테나사이의거리가충분히크다고하면, 각경로에따른다중안테나간수신전계의차이는감쇄에의한영향은충분히작다고볼수있다. 따라서수신각도와송신각도에따른위상차이를계산하여안테나간수신전계의차이를구할수있다. 식 (2) 는다중안테나의배열위치에따른위상차이를나타내며, 입사각도 ( φ, θ) 에대한함수로표현되어진다. 따라서본논문에서는광선추적시뮬레이션을통해각경로에따라 3차원적으로입사각도를계산함으로써결정된채널에서의송신각도와수신각도를구하였다. 한편, 식 (2) 의좌표에서첨자 siso는광선추적법을실시한지점이고, vir은다중안테나를배열시킨지점을나타낸다 [8]. Δψ = 2 π λ ((x siso-x vir )cosφsinθ +(y siso -y vir )sinφsin θ +(z siso -z vir )cosθ) (2) 그림 1. 측정장치구성 Fig. 1. Measurement equipment. 당 10 db의손실이있기때문에총 30 m 케이블을사용하여측정한경우 31 db 이득을갖는 LNA 증폭기를사용하였고, 결과값에서추가로 1 db를보정하여주었다. GPIB 프로그램을이용하여데이터를획득하였고, 10번의측정결과를평균하여최종결과값을구하였다. 그림 2에서와같이 3가지수신기의위치에대해서측정을실시하여가시영역과비가시영역에서의결과를시뮬레이션결과와비교하였고, 그림 3~5에 h ij = A 1e jψ 1 e - j φ Tx (j-1) - j φ e Rx (i-1) (3) 여기서, A 는광선추적시뮬레이션에의한 SISO 1 채널의 번째경로의감쇄를나타내며, 는그경 1 로의위상변화를나타낸다. Ⅲ. 시간지연확산본절에서는앞절의예측모델에서계산된결과값을검증하기위하여그림 3에보인 3가지수신기위치에따른시간지연확산을측정하였다 [9]. 시간지연확산특성을시간영역에서측정하기위해서벡터회로망분석기를이용하여주파수영역에서측정한후에푸리에변환을통하여시간영역의결과로바꾸는방법을이용하였다. 사용한측정장비의구조는그림 1과같다. 측정에는반파장다이폴안테나가사용되어졌으며, 안테나이득은 2 dbi이다. 벡터회로망분석기를이용하여주파수영역에서측정시 2.2~2.7 GHz의범위에서데이터를얻어 0.5 GHz의주파수범위를푸리에변환함으로써, 시간영역에서 2 ns의단위로시간지연확산을측정하였다. 사용한케이블은 10 m 그림 2. 측정건물내부구조에서의송신기와수신기위치 Fig. 2. Positions of the transmitter and receivers in the measurement site. 그림 3. Rx1(LOS) 에서시간지연확산비교 Fig. 3. Comparison of power delay profile at Rx1(LOS). 1060
4 본절에서는송수신기의위치가정해진결정된 (deterministic) 채널의채널용량을해석하기위해 MIMO 채널용량의최대치를계산한다. 각각 N T, N R 개의송 수신안테나를사용하고, 각송신안테나에서는독립적이며같은세기를갖는신호벡터들을전송한다고가정하면채널용량 C는다음과같이표현된다 [10]. C =log 2 det [ δ ij + ρ (n) r ij] bits/ s / Hz (4) 그림 4. Rx2(NLOS1) 에서시간지연확산비교 Fig. 4. Comparison of power delay profile at Rx2(NL- OS1). 여기서, n은송수신안테나의개수이고, ρ 는신호대잡음비 (SNR), δ ij 는 n n 단위행렬, r ij 는순간적채널상관행렬을나타내며, 식 (3) 의채널응답을이용하여계산할수있다. 이때, 채널의상태가확률적이라고가정했을때의평균채널용량은다음과같이나타낼수있다. < C >= < log 2 det [ δ ij + ρ n r ij]> bit/ s / Hz (5) 그림 5. Rx3(NLOS2) 에서시간지연확산비교 Fig. 5. Comparison of power delay profile at Rx3(NL- OS2). 서보면벽면의구조와전기적매질특성만을고려한시뮬레이션으로도착시간상의평균오차가약 6 db 이하로꽤잘맞는결과를얻을수있다는것을확인할수있다. 수신기위치에따른결과는그림 3 의직접파가있는가시영역의경우에는직접파주변으로높은수신레벨의신호들이시간상에서밀집하여분포하는것을확인할수있고, 그림 4와 5의수신기가비가시영역으로들어갈수록신호의레벨이비슷해지며, 신호가시간상에서퍼지는현상이심해지는것을확인할수가있다. Ⅳ. MIMO 채널용량분석 4-1 MIMO 채널용량의최대치 이러한통계적인표현식을결정적인채널모델에적용하기위해젠센부등식과 log det 함수의 concavity를이용하여식 (6) 과같이채널용량의최대치를추정할수있는식으로유도가되어지고 [7], 이때의채널상관행렬은식 (7) 과같이송수신단의평균상관도로나타낼수있다. 이때, 채널행렬의성분들은 Frobenius' normalization을한다. < C > C = < log 2 det [ δ ij + ρ n r ij]> bit/ s / Hz (6) R r ij = < h i h * T j >, r ij = < h j h * j > (7) 여기서, h ij 는식 (3) 으로부터구한정규화된부채널간의채널응답을나타내고, * 는켤레복소수를의미한다. 이렇게구해진 C T, C R 의최소값을이용하여채널용량과가까운최대치를계산할수가있다. 4-2 결정적 MIMO 채널에서채널용량분석본절에서는그림 2에서보인가시영역과비가시영역을갖는실내복도환경에서의정해진송수신기위치와안테나방향성에따른채널용량을비교분석한다. 우선, 2절에서설명한광선추적법을사용하 1061
5 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 11 號 2006 年 11 月 여 SISO 채널의채널응답을계산하였다. 이때 SISO 의경우송수신안테나의패턴및편파특성이고려되었다. 이렇게얻어진 SISO 채널응답을토대로가상의다중안테나를가정하여, 각경로에따른위상변화를곱해주게되면, MIMO 채널의각부채널응답행렬을식 (3) 을이용하여구성할수가있다. 그리고이로부터식 (7) 을이용해상관행렬을구하고, 식 (6) 을이용하여결정적 MIMO 채널에대한채널용량의최대치를구할수가있다. 이와같은방법을이용하여앞서측정이이루어진세개지점에서의 MIMO 채널용량을추정한다. 그림 6에서는 3개수신기위치에서의다중안테나의이격거리에따른상관계수를비교하였다. 비가시영역으로들어감에따라서채널간의상관도가줄어드는것을확인할수있다. 가시영역의경우, 주변의철문에의한반사파영향으로비가시영역에비해송수신각도의퍼짐현상이커짐에따라공간적채널상관도가매우큰것을확인할수있다. 이러한공간적상관의영향에의한안테나간격에대한채널용량값은그림 7에나타내었다. 이때, 채널용량공식에서 SNR 값은광선추적알고리즘으로부터계산될수있고, 비가시영역으로수신기가이동할수록 SNR 레벨이낮아짐으로인해채널용량이줄어드는현상이나타난다. 하지만가시영역의경우, 안테나간격이 0.5 λ인경우에는공간적 그림 7. 세개의수신기위치에서안테나이격거리에따른채널용량 Fig. 7. Channel capacity with respect to antenna separation at three different receiver positions. 상관의영향으로인해채널용량이매우낮은특성이나타난다. 그림 8과그림 9에서는두지점에서다중화시킨안테나들의방향성에따른채널용량의변화를 4가지송수신기의조합을가정하여비교하였다. 안테나의방향성에따라공간적상관도가달라짐으로써채널용량에도많은차이가생기는것을확인할수있다. 이때, 안테나방향의좌표계는그림 2를참조한다. 그림 6. 세개의수신기위치에서안테나이격거리에따른상관계수 Fig. 6. Correlation coefficient with respect to antenna separation at three different receiver positions. 그림 8. LOS 위치에서송수신기방향조합에따른채널용량비교 Fig. 8. Comparison of channel capacities for four different direction combinations at LOS. 1062
6 그림 9. NLOS1 위치에서송수신기방향조합에따른채널용량비교 Fig. 9. Comparison of channel capacities for four different direction combinations at NLOS 결정적채널환경에서안테나이격거리의최적화 지금까지와같이검증된광선추적알고리즘을이용하여송수신기의위치가정해진결정적인채널에대한채널용량의추정이가능하다는것을보였다. 이러한방법은측정에의한방법이나확률적으로 Monte-Carlo simulation을통해평균채널용량을구하는방식에비하여빠르고, 비교적정확한특성을가진다. 이방법을이용하여, 그림 2와같이송신기가정해져있고수신기가움직이는상황을가정하여수신기위치에따른채널용량의통계를통해그림 2와같은복도환경에서송수신안테나의최적화된안테나간격을추정할수있다. 이때, 수신기의위치는그림 2의좌표계에서 A(9.75, y, 1), B(10.75, y, 1), C(9.75, y, 1.7), D(9.75, y, 1) 와같은네가지경로에서 25개씩 100개의지점을 SNR 비가낮은비가시영역을위주로정하였고, 그림 9 및 10과같이송수신안테나의 4가지방향성을고려하여총 400개의샘플을취하여복도환경에서의평균채널용량을도출하였다. 이때 x좌표는복도보행자가이동할확률이높은경로를선택하였고, z좌표는수신자가서있는경우와앉아있을경우를가정하여 1.7 m와 1 m를고려하였다. 또한 SNR 값에따른채널용량의영향을배재하고, 공간적상관성에따른채널용량의변화를 그림 10. MIMO 시스템의안테나이격거리에대한평균채널용량 Fig. 10. Averaged channel capacity with respect to antenna separation. 보기위해채널용량을평균하는과정에서각샘플들의 SNR 값은 30 db로고정하였다. 이렇게수신기의위치에따라평균된채널용량은그림 10에나타내었다. 안테나에따른패턴영향을비교하기위하여반파장다이폴안테나와 QMSA- PIFA 형태안테나의패턴을고려하여시뮬레이션하였고, 안테나이득차이에따른수신 SNR 차이는고려하지않았다. 그결과두안테나간의약간의차이는있었지만공통적으로 0.34 λ의안테나간격에서채널용량의평균값이최대값을갖는것으로확인되었다. Ⅴ. 결론 본논문에서는 3차원광선추적법을이용하여정해진실내복도환경에서의시간지연확산, 수신각과송신각등의공간적특성을나타내는개념들을분석함으로써 MIMO 채널을모델링하였으며, 실험적측정을통해얻은시간지연확산값을계산값과비교함으로써광선추적법의정확성을검증하였다. 또한몇가지수신기위치에따른공간적상관계수를구하고이로부터채널용량의최대치를계산하여수신기의위치적특성에따른결과를비교하였다. 그결과송수신각도의퍼진정도의차이에따른공간적상관계수의변화와평균수신 SNR에따라서채널용량이큰차이를보이는것을확인하였고, 다 1063
7 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 11 號 2006 年 11 月 중화시킨안테나의방향성에따라서도채널용량은많은차이를보였다. 그리고시간과비용이적게드는광선추적법의장점을살려 400개의수신기위치에따른결과샘플을계산한후에평균채널용량을얻어, 본논문에서해석한실내복도채널모델에서최적화된다중안테나이격거리를얻었다. 이과정에서반파장다이폴안테나와 QMSA-PIFA 안테나의편파및패턴을고려하였다. 이와같은방법은안테나특성을고려하여다양한실내구조에서최적화된다중송수신안테나의이격거리를추정하는데유용하게사용될수있을것이다. 참고문헌 [1] R. Stridh, K. Yu, and P. Karlsson, "MIMO channel capacity and modeling issues on a measured indoor radio channel at 5.8 GHz", IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, vol. 4, no. 3, May [2] D. Chizhi, F. Rashid-Farrohi, J. Ling, and A. Lozano, "Effects of antenna separation on the capacity of BLAST in correlated channels", Commun. Lett., vol. 4, pp , Nov [3] D. Shiu, G. J. Foschini, M. J. Gans, and J. M. Kahn, "Fading correlation and its effect on the capacity of multielement antenna systems", IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 48, no. 3, Mar [4] C. N. Chuah, D. N. C. Tse, J. M. Kahn, and R. Valenzuela, "Capacity scaling in MIMO wireless systems under correlated fading", IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 48, pp , Mar [5] R. A. Kipp, M. C. Miller, "Shooting-and-bouncing ray method for 3D indoor wireless propagation in WLAN applications", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, vol. 2, pp , Jun [6] C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, Wiley, [7] C.-N. Chuah, D. N. C. Tse, "Capacity scaling in MIMO wireless systems under correlated fading", IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 48, no. 3, Mar [8] C. Waldschmidt, T. Fugen, and W. Wiesbec, "Spiral and dipole antennas for indoor MIMO-systems", IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 1, [9] L. H. Christopher, G. C. Michael, "A model for predicting the power delay profile characteristics inside a room", IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, vol. 48, no. 4, Jul [10] S. Loya, A. Koui, "On the use of JENSEN's inequality for MIMO channel capacity estimation", 2001 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 1, pp , May 김상근 2005 년 2 월 : 홍익대학교전자전기공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2005 년 2 월 ~ 현재 : 홍익대학교전자정보통신공학과석사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 안테나, 전파산란, 이동통신 오이석 1982년 2월 : 연세대학교전기공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1988년 12월 : University of Missouri- Rolla, 전기컴퓨터공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1993년 12월 : University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 전기공학컴퓨터과학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1994년~현재 : 홍익대학교전자전기공학부교수 [ 주관심분야 ] 전파산란, 마이크로파원격탐사, 안테나 1064
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