한수지 50(2), 46-52, 207 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 50(2),46-52,207 잉어 (Cyprinus carpio) 사료내돈분뇨유래 Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate (MgHPO 4 ) 의적정첨가수준및인요구량 윤태현 원승건 이동훈 2 정관식 3 최정우 라창식 김정대 * 강원대학교동물자원과학대학, 대구대학교동물자원학과, 2 경기도해양자원연구소, 3 전남대학교수산해양대학 Phosphorus Requirement and Optimum Level of Dietary Supplementation with Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate (MgHPO 4 ) Recovered from Swine Manure for Juvenile Carp Cyprinus carpio Tae-Hyun Yoon, Seung-Gun Won, Dong-Hoon Lee 2, Gwan-Sik Jeong 3, Jung-Woo Choi, Chang-Six Ra and Jeong-Dae Kim* College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 2434, Korea Department of Animal Resources, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea 2 Gyenoggi Province Maritime and Fisheries Research Institute, Yangpyeong 253, Korea 3 College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59784, Korea A growth trial was conducted to determine the optimal supplement of dietary magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP, MgHPO 4 ) which was manufactured from swine manure and phosphorus (P) requirements of juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio. Graded MHP of 0.5,.0,.5 and 2.0%, each was added to the basal diet (control) in lieu of cellulose to become the range of available P from 0.4 to 0.7%. The lowest weight gain (WG) and highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found in the control group (P<0.05). The group fed a diet supplemented with 2.0% MHP showed the highest WG, which was not significantly different from those of fish groups that received.0% and.5% MHP (P>0.05). The lowest FCR was observed in fish groups fed.5% and 2.0% MHP. Plasma inorganic P was significantly higher (P<0.05) in all fish groups fed MHP-supplemented diets than in control group. A second-order regression analysis on WG revealed that the optimum dietary MHP level and the available P (AP) requirement were found to be.85 and 0.66%, respectively. Expressed in terms of g AP intake per kg BW 0.8 per day, the AP requirement was found to be approximately 0.032 g/kg BW 0.8 /d. Key words: Cyprinus carpio, Magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP), Weight gain, Feed conversion ratio, Available P requirement 서론 (P),.,,,,, (Lall, 99)., 0.02-0.6 mg/l (Lall, 99)., (Auer et al., 986). (total phosphorus).. NRC (20) 0.3 0.9% http://dx.doi.org/0.5657/kfas.207.046 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 50(2) 46-52, April 207 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 5 December 206; Revised 2 March 207; Accepted 23 March 207 *Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 33. 250. 8634 Fax: +82. 33. 259. 5570 E-mail address: menzang@gmail.com Copyright 207 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 46 pissn:0374-8, eissn:2287-885
잉어사료내 Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate 의적정첨가수준 47. (0.6-0.7%) Ogino and Takeda (976), (available phosphorus: AP) 0.5-0.7% (Schaefer et al., 995; Kim et al., 998; Sugiura et al., 2000; Nwanna et al., 200; Xie et al., 20). (monocalcium phosphate, MCP), (dicalcium phosphate, DCP) (tricalcium phosphate, TCP). (Shu et al., 2006).,.., (Liu et al., 20).,. Yoon et al. (204, 205) magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP, MgHPO 4 ) MCP. MHP 2.0% MCP (Yoon et al., 206). MHP AP.. 재료및방법 인산공급제의제조. MHP. 400 L Pilot 3. ph 8-9, CO 2 ph., (molar ratio) (struvite). MgCl 2 Mg P.2:. X-ray (Rigaku, Model D/Max-2500V, Japan) struvite. Struvite (MHP) 550 30. 실험사료의제조 20%, 40%, 5%, 27.8%, 2%, 2% 2% 00%, MHP MHP 0.5,.0,.5 2% 0.45-0.7% (Table ). 42.5% 6.5%. 00 mesh V- (Hangjin Co., Korea) 500 kg. twin extruder (model ATX-2, Fesco Precision Co., Korea).5 mm 2.5 mm. 0 kg.0%. 20% 60 2-20. 성장실험및소화율평가 5 g (Cyprinus carpio) 5,000 3. 24 ( 6.6 g) 3 5 5 (0.4 0.6 0.36 cm, 66 L) 30. 9, (08:30, 7:30) 4% 6., 3 26.2, 22.2 and 8.5 o C. 5.5-6.4 mg O 2 / L, 5 L. 9 6.5 mm, 3 2.5 mm. 3. (weight gain, WG), (daily feed intake, DFI), (feed conversion ratio, FCR), (specific growth rate, SGR), (protein efficiency ratio, PER) (survival rate, SR). 60 3 (30 L)
48 윤태현ㆍ원승건ㆍ이동훈ㆍ정관식ㆍ최정우ㆍ라창식ㆍ김정대 7. (08:30, 6:30),. 7, (-20 ). Maynard and Loosli (969) AP, MHP AP (98%) Yoon et al. (206). 시료채집및성분분석 24, AQUI-S (New Zealand Ltd., Lower Hutt, NZ). 2 AQUI-S,., AOAC (995) 05 dry oven 24, (N 6.25) Kjeldahl, Soxhlet (ether ),.25% H 2 SO 4.25% NaOH 550 4. Cr Bolin et al. (952) 440 nm spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-20-2). ( 5 ) (USEPA, 996), (ICP-MS) (Perkin-Elmer, NexION 300D, Waltham, MA, U.S.A.). (whole blood) (PCV, %) microhematocrit method (Brown, 980), (Hb, g/dl) Drabkin s cyan-methemoglobin (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Missouri; total hemoglobin procedure No. 525). (blood plasma) (3,500 g, 5 min, 4 ) (-80 ). (Inorganic phosphorous, Pi) kit (Clinimate IP, Sekisui medical co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) (HITACHI 7600-20, Hitachi High- Technologies co. Ltd., Japan). 통계처리 (,,,,,,, ), SPSS Version 0 (SPSS, 999) (one-way ANOVA). (homogeneity of variance) Cochran s test (Sokal and Rohlf, 994)., Duncan s multiple range test (Duncan, 955). MHP 2 5% (P<0.05). 결과 42.5% 6.5%..08%, MHP.6 (MHP0.5).42% (MHP2.0). AP 0.38%, MHP AP 0.45 0.7% (Table ). 9, Table 2. 8.6 g (P<0.05), MHP2.0 22.5 g. 6. ( ) 7.5 g (MHP2.0) MHP (P<0.05), MHP. (DFI).90 2.03% MHP.5 MHP2.0 (P<0.05). (WG) 85 ( ) 237% (MHP2.0) MHP.0% (P>0.05). (FCR) MHP.5 MHP2.0..33 (P<0.05). (PER) MHP.5 MHP2.0 2.2 2.6,.76. (SGR) MHP2.0.93 MHP.0 MHP.5 (P>0.05). 9., 0.37%, MHP2.0 0.45%. PCV 25.8 ( ) 29.5% (MHP.0) (P<0.05), Hb 7.7 ( ) 8.7 g/dl (MHP2.0) (P>0.05). (4. mg/dl) MHP2.0 (7.0 mg/dl) MHP (P>0.05). 2 MHP.85% (Fig. ) AP 0.66% (Fig. 2). 고찰 9 WG, FCR, PER FCR
잉어사료내 Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate 의적정첨가수준 49 Table. Ingredient and chemical composition of the experimental diets Ingredient (%) CON MHP 0.5%.0%.5% 2.0% Fish meal 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 Soybean meal 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 Corn gluten M 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Wheat flour 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.8 Soya oil 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Fish oil 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Vitamin mix. 2 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 Vitamin mix. 3 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Lysine-HCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 DL-methionine 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Choline-HCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Antioxidant 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Cellulose 2.00.50.00 0.50 - MHP (Magnesium hydrogen phosphate) - 0.50.00.50 2.00 Total 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 Composition (%, DM) 4 Crude protein 42.78 42.87 42.80 42.56 42.49 Crude lipid 6.77 6.59 6.53 6.45 6.57 Crude fiber 4.29 3.76 3.0 2.80 2.32 Crude ash 7.45 8.33 8.67 8.97 9.34 Ca.40.45.5.55.59 P.08.6.24.32.42 AP 5 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.6 0.7 MHP, magnesium hydrogen phosphate; DM, dry matter; AP, available P. 2 Vitamin added to supply the following (per kg diet): vitamin A, 4,000 IU; vitamin D 3, 800 IU; vitamin E, 50 IU; vitamin K 3, 20 mg; thiamine HCl, 25 mg; riboflavin, 50 mg; D-Ca pantothenate, 00 mg; biotin, mg; folic acid, 20 mg; vitamin B 2, 0.2 mg; niacin, 200 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 20 mg; ascorbic acid, 500 mg; inositol, 200 mg; BHT, 5 mg; BHA, 5 mg. 3 Mineral added to supply the following (per kg diet): copper sulfate (25.4% Cu), 30.5 mg; zinc sulfate (22.7% Zn), 230 mg; manganous sulfate (32.5% Mn), 00 mg; cobalt chloride (24.8% Co), 20 mg; potassium iodide (76.4% I), 6.5 mg; sodium selenite (45.6% Se), 2.2 mg; sodium fluoride (45.2% F), 8 mg. 4 Values are means of 2 determinations. 5 Available phosphorus calculated based on P availabilities of control diet (35.2%) and MHP (98.0%). MHP. MHP.0% WG SGR, FCR PER MHP.5% 2.0%. MHP.0% (Yoon et al., 205)., (Yoon et al., 206) MHP 2.0% MCP, MHP.5% 2.0%.. Kim et al. (998) (Cyprinus carpio) MCP 0-5% 2%. (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 0.5-.0% MCP (Hernandez et al., 2005)., (Carassius auratus) MCP 2% % (Liu et al., 202). Nwanna et al. (2009)
50 윤태현ㆍ원승건ㆍ이동훈ㆍ정관식ㆍ최정우ㆍ라창식ㆍ김정대 Table 2. Growth performance of carp Cyprinus carpio fed diets with graded levels of magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP) for 9 weeks Parameters Diet CON MHP0.5 MHP.0 MHP.5 MHP2.0 Initial wt (g/fish)) 6.53±0.05 ns 6.6±0.0 6.49±0.04 6.62±0.08 6.68±0.06 Final wt (g/fish) 8.64±0.37 c 20.6±0.2 b 2.0±0.05 b 22.24±0.6 a 22.52±0.37 a Feed intake (g DM/fish) 6.09±0.4 b 7.3±0.07 a 7.34±0.03 a 7.32±0.07 a 7.52±0.4 a DFI 2 2.03±0.03 a 2.02±0.02 a 2.00±0.0 a.90±0.0 b.90±0.0 b WG 3 85.44±8.02 c 2.79±2.95 b 225.8±.98 a 235.98±6.39 a 237.3±7.3 a FCR 4.33±0.05 a.24±0.0 b.9±0.0 b.±0.02 c.±0.02 c PER 5.76±0.06 d.87±0.02 c.97±0.0 b 2.2±0.04 a 2.6±0.05 a SGR 6.66±0.04 c.80±0.0 b.87±0.0 a.92±0.03 a.93±0.03 a SR 7 00.00±0.00 ns 00.00±0.00 00.00±0.00 00.00±0.00 00.00±0.00 P in whole body (%) 0.37±0.02 b 0.39±0.02 b 0.43±0.02 ab 0.44±0.0 a 0.45±0.02 a Values (means±se of triplicates) with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P<0.05); ns=nonsignificant. 2 Daily feed intake (%/av. wt/d)=dry feed intake (g/fish)/[(initial wt+final wt)/2]/experimental days 00. 3 Weight gain (%)=(final weight (g)-initial weight (g)) 00/initial weight (g). 4 Feed conversion ratio=dry feed intake/wet weight gain. 5 Protein efficiency ratio=wet weight gain (g)/ protein intake. 6 Specific growth rate (%)=[Ln final weight (g)-ln initial weight (g)]/experimental days 00. 7 Survival rate (%)=final fish number/initial fish number 00. Table 3. Hematocrit (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and plasma inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels of juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio fed the experimental diets for 9 weeks Parameters Diet CON MHP0.5 MHP.0 MHP.5 MHP2.0 PCV (%) 25.8±.47 b 27.7±2.58 ab 29.5±.87 a 27.0±2.37 ab 28.0±2.37 ab Hb (g/dl) 7.7±0.66 ns 8.4±0.92 8.2±0.54 8.2±0.84 8.7±0.46 Pi (mg/dl) 2 4.±0.93 b 5.9±.7 a 5.5±0.54 a 6.9±0.78 a 7.0±.83 a Values (means±se of triplicates, n=6) with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P<0.05); ns=nonsignificant. MHP, magnesium hydrogen phosphate. (Clarias gariepinus) DCP 3-4%. MCP AP (Ogino et al., 979),.. MHP.85% (Fig. ),.62% (Yoon et al., 205).. MHP, AP (Table 3). Na 2 HPO 4 KH 2 PO 4, WG,,, Weight gain (%) 240 220 200 y = -5.037x 2 + 55.66x + 86.04 y' =237.5 r² = 0.997.85 80 0 0.5.5 2 MHP level (%) Fig.. Polynomial regression analysis on weight gain (WG, %) of juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio to dietary magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP) levels. (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al., 203).
잉어사료내 Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate 의적정첨가수준 5 Weight gain (%) 240 220 200 80 y = -638.04x2 + 847.67x - 43.289 y' = 238.24 r² = 0.9933 60 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 AP level (%) 0.66 Fig. 2. Polynomial regression analysis on weight gain (WG, %) of juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio to dietary available phosphorus (AP) levels.. (Yoon et al., 206) MHP AP. AP. MHP cellulose. AP 0.38 ( ) 0.7% (MHP2.0) MHP0.5 MHP.0 (P>0.05). AP. 9 WG SGR AP 0.53%, WG AP 0.66% (Fig. 2)., (Yoon et al., 206) WG 278% (237%) 4%,. 25%, 20%. (Gatlin et al., 2007). AP, (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al., 203). WG (Salmo sala) 0.6% (Ketola, 975), 0.9% (Asgard and Shearer, 997). WG 0.37 0.54% (Ketola and Richmond, 994; Rodehutscord, 996; Sugiura et al., 2007). (Schaefer et al., 995; Kim et al., 998; Nwanna et al., 200; Xie et al., 20) WG 0.5-0.7%. Sugiura et al. (2000) 203 400 g 0.66 0.55%. (Kim et al., 998), Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Roy and Lall, 2003) (Yoon et al., 205). Antony Jesu Prabhu et al. (203) AP (g AP intake per kg BW 0.8 per day) WG 0.062 g/ kg BW 0.8 /d. (Yoon et al., 205) 0.045 g 0.032 g/kg BW 0.8 /d. 사사 206 ( :36024-3). References Antony Jesu Prabhu P, Schrama JW and Kaushik SJ. 203. Quantifying dietary phosphorus requirement of fish- A meta-analytic approach. Aquac Nutr 9, 233-249. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 995. Official Methods of Analysis. 6 th ed. Arlington, VA, U.S.A., 298. Asgard T and Shearer KD. 997. Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo sala L. Aquac Nutr 3, 7-23. Auer MT, Kiesser MS and Canale RP. 986. Identification of critical nutrient levels through field verification of models for phosphorus and phytoplankton growth. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 43, 379-388. Bolin DW, King RP and Klosrerman EW. 952. A simplified method for the determination of chromic oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) when used as an inert substance. Science 6, 634-635. Duncan DB. 955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, -42. Gatlin DM, Barrows FT, Brown P, Dabrowski K, Gibson T,
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