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w z wz 16(2) : 253~264, 2011 Korean J Community Nutr 16(2) : 253~264, 2011 DOI:10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.253 편의점을통한결식아동급식사업 : 서울시의현황및판매식사류의영양적질 w 1) Á«1) Á x 1,2) 1) w t w, 2) w y w Government-Funded Meal Support Program for Low-Income Children through Convenience Stores : Current Status and Nutritional Quality of Available Meal Items in Seoul )BFMJN$IPJ 4PPZPVO,XPO +JIZVO:PPO 1) Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 2) Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea "CTUSBDU The objectives of this study were to investigate the current status of the Korean government-funded meal support program for low-income children through convenience stores and to evaluate the nutritional quality of the meal items available under the program. The POS data of three convenient stores where children had used their electronic meal cards most often in Seoul during January 2010 and the kinds and amounts of ingredients of the meal items available to the children were obtained from the headquarter of the convenient stores. A total of 5,081 transactions by 693 children included in the POS data was analyzed. In addition, nutritional contents of meal items, which were meal boxes (11 kinds), kimbab (13 kinds), rice balls (27 kinds), inari sushi (1 kind), and sandwiches (26 kinds), were analyzed with Can Pro 3.0. The results showed that children had purchased flavored-milk products most often. Children tended to purchase meal items together with drinks (60.9% of transactions), but some purchased drinks (27.6%) or meal items only (11.5%). Except for meal boxes, none of the meal items satisfied 1/3 of Estimated Energy Requirements of the 9-11 year-old boys per day. The average energy contents of different kinds of meal boxes, kimbabs, rice balls, and sandwiches were 619, 357, 200, and 380 kcal, respectively, and the energy content of a package of Inari sushi was 457 kcal. Vitamin C amount was found to be deficient in all the meal items, compared to 1/3 of Recommended Intake of the 9-11 year-old boys per day. The results of this study could be useful to develop nutritionally appropriate meal items for the convenient stores participating in the government-funded meal support program for children from lowincome families. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(2) : 253~264, 2011) KEYWORDS : low-income childrenáconvenience storeánutritional qualityámeal support program 서 k Ë~ #e~r# qp# #e #eq r p=#5343 #:o#9p#r rp=#5344 #5o#4p# r }ˆp=#5344 #7o#4p#}ˆ *This research was supported by grants from Korea Food and Drug Administration (10062 Sikpuman 035) Corresponding author: Jihyun Yoon, Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea Tel: (02) 880-8750, Fax: (02) 884-0305 E-mail: hoonyoon@snu.ac.kr 론 ~tp#v # #e~ p# p# v 1# #e ~r# q # #pv # # #rer# p#p lv #e p #rr #mk p#tn 1#p#e l#mk p# # qp#vl # p# /# l #k #p #v l# #d +Frrshu# #4<<8>#Qhxpdqq #533:>#Vkdleoh#)#Ndxipdqq#533:,1# #k #m k # #k p#pv # d p# lv /# # l # rrp#m p# +Dodlpr# 5335>#Vljixvgrwwlu# #5339>#Qhxpdqq# #533:,1# p #k Ë~ # #mk #l # # #tn #e pl # #n #r r#k p#mk # tp# p# p # #p 1#r r 253

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256Ár mw 결 과 f j Ò lm lm rq e #533< #6o#p}#p vlp#eqp p l 1#533< #:ol # ne#r#vll# p lp # o# +533< #45o,/# # # # +5343 #7 o,p# ~#5343 #8ol # #p vll # p l 1#rq e #pnk p# # l#j# #p # kp# #6/833op #}r l #p# n/#5343 #4o# # #vo # kp#43;/833op #p# o# l # #4 l#:/333o v# np# # p #s l 1# rq e #pnk p# #v q ~ #vr #te v/# ev/# ev# # prl #pep# # #pl 1 perp# nl # # # l#r p#lp # p rl # e /# /#t /#o /# o /# #n o/# o/# o/# /# p #p p##43 # p # # # l#r p#pl 1# Ò lm +4,# ek e l#vo# #k p#p r# vll# t # evo# #k p#k#77( # p # q# k /# +6316(,/#t +5816(, p# pl 1# vlp# evo# #k #t# +<81:(,p#p perp# #e r p# #k /#v#r q e #pn #k pl +Wdeoh#4,1# # +5,#rq e #pnk p# pr#pn# # rq e #pnk p# # # k# prp# #k#p # # mp /#43 #p # #k p#526p +:516(,pl 1# #k p# prp#4 # # # # kp #}r #6/833op# n # p#k /# rp #k# # l# # k+k#9/933o,p# n pl 1# # p# rp #v l# # r # kp#:/333o#p p# n #k # +6415(,p l +Wdeoh#5,1# pr# # m#4 # #e# n # kp#op # # pv#kk +u @03133;/ s @ 31;5:,1# Table 1. General characteristics of the children having received meal support in the sampled areas Characteristics Classification n % School grade level Location Preschool students 4 0.5 Elementary school students 336 43.8 Middle school students 194 25.3 High school students 232 30.3 Others 1) 1 0.1 Seongbuk-gu Jangwi-1dong 323 42.1 Yeongdeungpo-gu Singil-3dong 311 40.5 Seongbuk-gu Jangwi-3dong 133 17.4 Meal support method Meals through restaurants (including the convenience stores) 734 95.7 Institutional foodservice 33 4.3 Total 767 100.0 1) Children who are not attending school in their school years Table 2. Purchase characteristics of the children having visited the sampled convenience stores Item Classification n % Mean SD Number of purchase per person GGfor a month 1 5 304 43.9 6 10 197 28.4 11 15 138 20.0 16 20 49 7.1 20 5 0.7 3,500 32 4.6 > 3,500 4,000 9 1.3 Average cost per purchase GGper person (won) > 4,000 5,000 > 5,000 6,000 49 110 7.1 15.6 > 6,000 7,000 303 43.7 > 7,000 190 27.4 Total 693 100.0 5557.3 5555.2 6598.6 1833.2

w Á«Á xá257 +6,#rq e #pnk p# pr#e # ek e lnp #Ž # pr#e # # #Ž kp#wdeoh#6l#re m 1#rq e #pnk p# pr#e #t# o # q# p# p m /# +6<13(,m# k+6615(,# # l # q# p# p p# v m 1# #nom# op#ž kp# # l /#k#425+7713(,l# # kp# no # p # # n l 1# /# m# k# tl # # / t # o #e #t# q# # pl 1# Table 3. Sales volume and sales of the meal items purchased by the children having used electronic meal cards in the sampled convenience stores for a month Item Sales volume Sales n % Won % Meal Meal box 1,607 5.2 3,836,500 11.5 Kimbab 1,093 3.5 1,287,100 3.8 Rice ball 7,890 25.4 5,955,400 17.8 Inari sushi 24 0.1 59,800 0.2 Sandwich 2,825 9.1 5,006,100 15.0 Subtotal 13,439 100.0 16,144,900 100.0 Drink Plain milk 1,858 6.0 3,630,300 10.8 Flavored milk 12,127 39.0 11,109,250 33.2 Soybean milk 1,397 4.5 1,569,200 4.7 Bottled water 651 2.1 475,950 1.4 Fruit-flavored drink 1,650 5.3 543,450 1.6 Subtotal 17,683 100.0 17,328,150 100.0 Total 31,122 100.0 33,473,050 100.0 rq e #pnk p# #e p#4 # p # #j # kp#wdeoh#7m# k 1#o /# e /# /# o /# /# p #p p# nl #4 # p#e#k# # r # p # l# /#t /#no/# o/# op# nl #4 # p#e#l # # p #pl 1# #t p n#4 # p#e#k# # l# # p#5/7<5op# n #plp /#no #k# # l# # p#6/797 op# n # p # ˆ 1# +7,#rq e #pnk p# pr#e # Ž e m#p # # p # n+931<(, # q# k /#p # p # n #k#5;(l# 1#e p# p # pp# rp # v#kk 1#e m#p # # p # n#tl #t # o # p # p+4913(,p# q# k 1#p # p # nl o # p # p+751:(,p# q# kp #e p# p # nl #t p# p # p+6917(, p# q# p# p # ˆ +Wdeoh#8,1# Ò f Ò f k ek e lnp # prl #Ž #e p # #t p#wdeoh#9l#re m 1#e #t# e p # p#5/84;op # q# k /# # pp #o +5/833o,/# o +4/:8;o,/# +4/587o,/#t +;:7o,# pl 1# #e p#t p# e p#6;7j Table 4. Sales per purchase per person of the meal items purchased by the children having used electronic meal cards in the sampled convenience stores for a month Item Sales (won) Unit Price Mean SD Mode Min Max (won) Meal Meal box (n = 1,005) 3,817 1,702 2,500 1,500 12,500 2,450 1) Kimbab (n = 654) 1,968 1,230 1,000 1,000 7,500 1,252 1) Rice ball (n = 2,370) 2,492 1,716 1,400 600 13,800 840 1) Inari sushi (n = 24) 2,500 15,41 2,500 2,300 2,500 2,500 1) Sandwich (n = 1,642) 3,049 1,671 1,800 1,400 10,900 1,793 1) Drink Plain milk (n = 1,048) 3,464 2,100 2,300 650 13,800 817 2) Flavored milk (n = 3,401) 3,266 2,715 2,000 700 14,000 968 2) Soybean milk (n = 484) 3,242 1,983 1,000 1,000 7,600 1,100 3) Bottled water (n = 411) 1,158 1,793 750 200 6,000 1,412 1) Fruit-flavored drink (n = 825) 1,659 1,632 350 200 7,000 350 1) 1) Calculated by averaging total price of each food item authorized for the government-funded meal support program for lowincome children 2) Calculated by adding up only 200ml volume of the items 3) Calculated by adding up only 190 210ml volume of the items

258Ár mw Table 5. Purchase patterns of the children having used electronic meal cards in the sampled convenience stores for a month Pattern n % Meal + Drink Rice ball + Flavored milk 496 16.0 Rice ball + Sandwich + Flavored milk 369 12.0 Sandwich + Flavored milk 257 8.3 Others 1) 1,972 63.7 Subtotal 3,094 60.9 Drink Only Flavored milk 598 42.7 Plain milk + Flavored milk 271 19.3 Plain milk 175 12.5 Flavored milk + Soybean milk 134 9.5 Others 2) 224 16.0 Subtotal 1,402 27.6 Meal Only Rice ball 213 36.4 Rice ball + Sandwich 131 22.4 Sandwich 95 16.2 Others 3) 146 25.0 Subtotal 585 11.5 Total 5,081 100.0 1) Others include the following: 'Kimbab + Rice ball + Flavored milk', 'Meal box + Rice ball + Fruit-flavored drink', and 'Kimbab + Fruit-flavored drink' etc 2) Others include the following: 'Soybean milk', 'Plain milk + Flavored milk + Soybean milk', and 'Flavored milk + Fruit-flavored drink' etc 3) Others include the following: 'Kimbab + Rice ball + Sandwich', 'Kimbab + Rice ball', and 'meal box' etc p # q# k /#o +583 j,/# +558 j,/# o +489 j,/#t +459 j,# p # ˆ 1# #e # #t p#ƒv # p# kv # p#pl 1# Ò f h ek e ln# pr#e p#e #r p Wdeoh#: # 1# # v#e #t#e #r p# qe Ž l#re #e # q # p#426p# q se # p# e pl 1# # #r L/# Ë Ë Ë p#r p# seˆ #e # e p#op mp /# p /#no# #or p# e p# # #e l # p#r v#kk 1#} p# nl # p# qe Ž l#re #e # q # p#426p# se 1#ovË # # l# l#t #o p# qe Ž l#re #e # q p#426p# seˆv# # /# e +9518(, # o +:813(, #526# tp#r #pl 1# Ò f j ek e ln# pr#e p#mk # p#wdeoh ;l#re m 1# /# #l v# #mk # p Table 6. General characteristics of the mealg items available at convenience stores under the government-funded meal support program for low-income children Item Classification n % Mean SD 2,000 2 18.2 Price (won) 2,500 5 45.5 2,518 293 2,800 4 36.4 Meal box (n = 11) 300 < 350 1 9.1 Weight (g) 350 < 400 7 63.6 400 < 450 2 18.2 384 546 450 < 500 1 9.1 1,000 5 38.5 Price (won) 1,200 3 23.1 1,500 4 30.8 1,254 254 Kimbab (n = 13) 1,700 1 7.7 150 < 200 7 53.8 Weight (g) 200 < 250 2 15.4 225 552 250 < 300 4 30.8 700 20 74.1 Price (won) 1,200 3 11.1 874 310 Rice ball (n = 27) 1,500 4 14.8 Weight (g) 100 20 74.1 200 7 25.9 126 545 Inari Sushi (n = 1) Price (won) 2,500 1 100 2,500 Weight (g) 250 1 100 250 1,500 1 3.8 1,600 3 11.5 Price (won) 1,700 8 30.8 1,758 121 Sandwich (n=26) 1,800 11 42.3 2,000 3 11.5 120 < 150 11 42.3 Weight (g) 150 < 180 12 46.2 156 518 180 < 210 3 11.5

w Á «Á xá 259 Table 7. Number of servings 1) of the mealgitems available at convenience store under the government-funded meal support program for low-income children Meal box (n = 11) Kimbab (n = 13) Rice ball (n = 27) Inari sushi (n = 1) Sandwich (n = 26) Cereals and graingproducts I 3 1.1 0.1 3) 36.6 4) 0.8 0.2 26.7 0.5 0.2 16.7 0.6 20.0 0.7 0.1 23.3 Cereals and grain products II 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Meat, fish, egg and pulses products 4 1.3 0.5 32.5 0.6 0.3 15.6 0.1 0.1 2.5 0.9 22.5 0.8 0.4 20.0 Vegetables 5 1.4 0.3 28.0 1.8 0.6 36.0 0.6 0.2 12.0 0.4 8.0 0.4 0.2 8.0 Fruits 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Milk and milk products 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 5.0 Oil, nuts and sweets 4 2.8 1.5 70.0 1.3 1.0 32.5 0.6 0.5 15.0 0.5 12.5 3.0 1.9 75.0 1) We calculated number of servings through one portion size according to food groups set by The Korean Nutrition Society (The Korean Nutrition Society 2005a) 2) Recommended food group intakes of 9 11 year-old boys per day 3) Mean SD 4) % of guideline Table 8. Nutritional contents of the mealgitems available at convenience store under the government-funded meal support program for low-income children Meal box (n = 11) Kimbab (n = 13) Rice ball (n = 27) Inari sushi (n = 1) Sandwich (n = 26) Energy(kcal) 634 619.00 97.0 2) 597.6 3) 357.00 92.0 56.3 200 68 31.5 457.0 72.1 380.00 56.0 59.9 ProteinG(% of total energy) 7 20 513.00 52.0 512.00 51.0 9 1 559.0 516.00 55.0 FatG(% of total energy) 15 30 526.00 58.0 517.00 56.0 16 5 525.0 541.00 10.0 CarbohydrateG(% of total energy) 55 70 559.00 57.0 570.00 56.0 72 5 566.0 543.00 57.0 ProteinG(g) 11.7 520.8 5 53.7 177.8 510.50 53.2 89.7 4.6 1.2 39.3 10.5 89.7 514.90 54.6 127.4 Vitamin AG(µg RE) 184 102.00 49 555.4 137.00 80.0 74.5 47 19 25.5 563.0 34.2 546.00 37.0 25.0 ThiaminG(mg) 0.3 550.30 50.1 100.0 550.10 50.0 33.3 0.1 0.0 33.3 550.1 33.3 550.20 50.1 66.7 RiboflavinG(mg) 0.37 550.21 50.05 556.8 550.16 50.05 43.2 0.06 0.02 16.2 550.04 10.8 550.15 50.08 40.5 Vitamin CG(mg) 23.4 512.40 53.1 553.0 557.20 53.4 30.8 1.4 1.1 6.0 550.6 2.6 554.50 52.8 19.2 CalciumG(mg) 267 563.00 10 523.6 551.00 20.0 19.1 16 6 6.0 105.0 39.3 555.00 30.0 20.6 IronG(mg) 4.0 553.20 50.7 580.0 551.90 50.6 47.5 1.0 0.4 25.0 552.4 60.0 551.70 50.7 42.5 1)G 1/3 of Estimated Energy Requirements or Recommended Intake of the 9 11 year-old boys per day. 2) G Mean SD 3) G % of guideline Food Group Guideline 2) Type of mealgitems Nutrients Guideline 1) Type of mealgitems

260Ár mw Fig. 1. Percentage of nutritional contents of the mealgitems with milk available at convenience store under the government-funded meal support program for low-income children compared with the guideline 1) 1) 1/3 of Estimated Energy Requirements or Recommended Intake of the 9 11 year-old boys per day. < 44 p# kl# # n r # # q p # l# #e p#mk # l m#no # # # np# l #Ilj1#4l# ˆ l 1 e p#l v+<:19(,# # v# +4::1;(,/#Ž k # t+43313(,p# se p # ˆ #D+8817(,/# ˆ #F+8613(,/# d+5619(,# # v# mk p# tp# seˆv# 1# o # v# +45:17(, p# se p# #l v+8<1<(, # # v# mk p# p# seˆv# 1# #t /#o p#l v# # #mk # l #r~rp #mk tl# # k 1# e p#mk # l#no# # p#mk # p# l# # /# s # v/# # # dp p# # #e # l #mk tp# se 1# # ˆ #D/#Žk /# ˆ #F# #~ p#lr # s m 1# 고 #l l # prp# # ek e lp# p #o #rq e #pnk p# q# p# ne # r /# #t#5343 #4o# k#rq e #pnk p# q# p# m # # #r p#srv#q # m 1# # #r # q #vll # ep#vo #k p# #761;(/#t #5816(/# #6316(p l 1#p #5343 #4o# ne#r~p# ek e l#v o#k p#ëtë # # # v#kp# p 찰 /#k p#e # # # #Ž l# # p# vll# eˆ# n #l # p #l v 1#er / ne# e#vok p# #771<(/#t #631:(/ #5613(m +Vhrxo#Phwursrolwdq#Jryhuqphqw 5343,1# #l p# p # r # prp# m #r q e #pnk p# prp# # # #k#p # # mp /# rp #k# # l# # kp#9/933 op# l# n m 1# vlp#rq e #p nk p# vll# # pr/#v# p # r pr p# # r #rq e #pnk p# 5343 # 4o# tp # r # 64 # vo# kp 43;/833o#t#k#75(l# # kp# prl # n # p # # #p 1#5343 #4o# tp # v ll # ek e ll# l #perp# ##45 m /#p#t# prp# # # #58( # v p# # /#k p# #p perl# # prp#p n # p# # 1# # p#rq e #pnk p# # q# k #r m #p # vll# #k p# pr# # k # p#k # vll # evop# #k p# # k # p 1#pl#rq e #pnk p# pr#pn p# #p l# # l# #lp# p # 1 p # ek e ll# l # nvlp#r~#per p# #t# prp# v # p+6;(,p# vlp pr# p+58(, # p# p# # # # #vl l #k p# pr#pn p# #l p# #vl

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w Á«Á xá263 p#l v# # #mk # n r # # q l # k 1#e l#no # l# # /# s # v/# # # dp# p# # #e l # l 1# # ˆ #D/#Žk /# ˆ #F #~ p#lr # s m 1# l # /#rq e #pnk p# pr#pn p# p # q#ž #p # pr#e p#mkr#vp# k# # n p# p# p # ˆ 1# #e #no m# # mp# #e p#mkr#vp#pr# # p# #nom# #e # p #k p#v # p#tn # p # 1# k # #l p#mk r# # ˆp # pr#e p# # /# s #mk # # #p #e p# p /#p #Š k l #mkrp # q #e p#s p#re # p# n 1# prp# # ek e lp# v # # # v# ek e l#t# p perp# #e r l# # p#nl # r #p 1# prp # l # lp # #perlp # #te vë ev# # # p perp# #e r p # # p#r}p# # l# p#t# #p 1# # ek e l#t# p perp# #e r p#v o #kl# prp# #e r p# v# # l# # per# # prp# #e r # p #nl # # p# n 1# #l # prp# # ek e lp# #e #~# w#l p /# ek e ln# pr#e p mk r# l# # #r m # l#pp #p 1# ek e ll# prp# p # # p# /# #l # ek e ll# l # prl # ek e l#n#e # p# q # #k r l # ek e ll# #mk#r}p# tn # q # n # #p 1# k Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA (2002): Family food insufficiency, but not low family income, is positively associated with dysthymia and suicide symptoms in adolescents. J Nutr 132: 719-725 Asano K, Yoon J, Yoon B (2009): Appropriate size and dish combination of nutritional-balanced lunch boxes delivered to children under the government-funded meal service program in Korea. Korean J Community Nutr 14(5): 565-575 Bae EJ, Kwon JH, Yoon HJ, Lee SK (2001): Nutritional status of school lunch supported students in an elementary school. Korean J Diet Assoc 7(4): 349-360 Black RE, Williams SM, Jones IE, Goulding A (2004): Children who avoid drinking cow milk are at increased risk for prepubertal bone fractures. J Am Diet Assoc 104: 250-253 Cooper C, Cawley M, Bhalla A, Egger P, Ring F, Morton L, Barker D (1995): Childhood growth, physical activity, and peak bone mass in women. J Bone Miner Res 10(6): 940-947 Hankookilbo (2009): Government changes meal coupon into electronic card. Available from http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/ society/200904/h200904020300 4784110.htm [cited 2010 June 20] Hankookilbo (2010): Chungnam introduced the electronic card for the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families. Available from http://news.hankooki.com/ lpage/society/201004/h201 0042015312774990.htm [cited 2010 September 22] Kim ES (2007a): A study on improving the efficiency of the free feeding system for poorly-fed children in Gangwon province, Gangwon Development Research Institute, Gangwon, pp.87-111 Kim MS (2007b): Survey of current status on foodservice program for children from low-income families, National Human Rights Commission of Korea, Seoul, pp.100-224 Kyonggidominilbo (2009): To introduce the purumi welfare card. Available from http://www.kgdomin.com/news/122675 [cited 2010 June 20] Ministry for Health and Welfare [MHW] (2009a): 2009 Winter statistics about child foodservice program. Unpublished raw data Ministry for Health and Welfare [MHW] (2009b): Eat absentmindedly? No! Healthy food is a privilege for children. Available from http://www.mw.go.kr /front/al/sal0301ls.jsp?par_ MENU_ID=04&MENU_ID=0403 [cited 2010 June 22] Ministry for Health and Welfare [MHW] (2010): 2010 The child welfare program guide, Seoul p.144 Neumann CG, Murphy SP, Gewa C, Grillenberger M, Bwibo NO (2007): Meat supplementation improves growth, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes in Kenyan children. J Nutr 137: 1119-1123 Park ND (2008): Analysis of the status of foodservice program for children from low-income families in Daejeon and improvement plan for the support system, Daejeon Development Institute, Daejeon, pp.39-107 Segyeilbo (2009): Government changes meal coupon into electronic card for the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families. Available from http:// www.segye.com/articles/news/wholecou NTRY/Article.asp? aid=20090401005564&subctg1=01&subctg2=[cited 2010 June 10] Segyeilbo (2010): GS25 launched the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families. Available from http ://www. segye.com/articles/news/economy/ Article.asp?aid=20100728000722&sub ctg1=&subctg2=[cited 2010 June 15] Seoul Metropolitan Government (2010): 2010 Statistics about Child Foodservice Program. Unpublished raw data Shaible UE, Kaufmann SHE (2007): Malnutrition and infection: Complex mechanisms and global impacts. Plos Med 4(5): 806-812 Shim JE, Yoon J, Lee K, Kwon S (2009): Evaluation of dietary

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