기능성생명공학 (Functional Biotechnology) 제5장. 미생물공학 (Microbial Biotechnology) 1. 미생물균체생산 2. 생물전환 3. 농업미생물공학 4. 발효미생물공학 5. 환경미생물공학 6. 천연자원의채취 7. 결론
Biotechnology ( 생명공학, 생물공학 ) 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 2 생명공학의정의 : 생명현상의산업적이용연구 생명현상개량 생명현상이해 생명현상모방 생명현상이용 생명과학 (life sciences) 생명공학 (Biotechnology) 생명공학의기술 1. 유전공학 (Genetic engineering) : 생명공학의기초기술 1) 유전자공학 (Recombinant DNA technology) 2) 세포공학 (Cell technology) 2. 생화학공학 (Biochemical engineering) : 생명공학의응용기술 1) 발효공학 (Fermentation technology) 2) 효소공학 (Enzyme technology) 3) 배양공학 (Culture technology)
생명공학의분야 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 3 DNA 해석 S/W 단백질기능해석 S/W 정보 - 바이오인포메틱스 아미노산세제용효소시약제한효소 화학 / 효소 - 바이오케미칼 전자 - 바이오일렉트로닉스 바이오칩바이오컴퓨터바이오센서 인슐린인터페론 stem cell 의료 - 바이오의약 - 유전자치료 농업 / 식품 - 기능성식품 - 고기능작물 생명공학 환경 - 바이오레미디에이션 기계 - 바이오메카트로닉스 DNA 해석장치마이크로액튜에이터 GMOs 토마토, 콩등복제동물등 다이옥신분해트리클로로에틸렌분해
Microbial Biotechnology 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 4
미생물공학과발효공학 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 5 미생물공학 ( 미생물생명공학, 미생물생물공학 ) : 미생물생명현상의산업적이용연구미생물의유전, 대사, 효소, 성분, 기능등 - 발효공학과유사하나 biotechnology 개념을강조 발효공학 : 미생물발효의산업적이용연구 Fermentation Technology : 기술적측면강조 - Fermentation Biotechnology 발전 -Microbial Biotechnology 유사 Fermentation Engineering : 기계공학및화학공학적측면강조 발효공학의분야 1) 미생물대사산물의이용 : 발효식품, 주정및주류, 유기산, 아미노산, 당류관련물질, 핵산관련물질, 생리활성물질, 항생물질 2) 미생물효소의이용 : 효소의생산및이용 3) 미생물균체의이용 : 균체제조 ( 빵효모, 식사료용효모, 젖산균 ) 4) 미생물기능의이용 : 환경정화, 광석정제, 원유탈황 - 응용미생물학, 산업미생물학, 발효미생물학, 발효공학등유사
PUBLIC CONCERNS 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 6 Risk assessment 1. Gene transfer to microorganisms in the natural environments * Transfer of genetic material between bacteria - transformation, conjugation, transduction 2. Creation of new pests 3. Enhancement of competitiveness of existing pests 4. Harm to non-target species * Insect virus : infection of beneficial insects as well 5. Disruptive effects on biotic communities Microcosms-Model ecosystems 1. Survival in a given environment : Viability of the cells 2. Stability of the novel gene(s) and consequences of lateral transfer 3. Ability to function in a natural environment * Inducible enzyme : may not induced under low level of inducer 4. Negative effects on the ecosystem * Introduction of cells may affect the nutrient cycling, ph and oxygen level Economics 1. Novel microbial foods: generally hard to be succeded 2. Improvement of process, cost-down
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 7 1. 미생물균체생산 1-1. 미생물균체의성분 : 75-85% 가수분, 탄수화물, 단백질, 핵산, 지질, 회분 - 미생물종류, 배지조성, 배양조건, 생육시기등에따라변화 1) 균체단백 : 건조무게당최대 80% 가단백질, 비타민, 무기질함유 : 단세포단백질 2) 기타이용 : 핵산 (IMP, GMP), 지질 ( 미생물기름 - 소규모이용 ) 1-2. 미생물균체의생산 가. 아황산펄프폐액의이용 (sulfite waste liquor): 펄프제조폐액 - 펄프 1 톤제조시 7 톤폐액생성 - 흑갈색점성액체 : 3% 발효성당함유 -- 효모의생산및폐액처리 1) 원료에아황산, lignin 분해물, fufural 함유 -- 효모의생육저해 - 증기폭기 (steam stripping) 후에석회석조통과 : 아황산제거 - 동시에 lignin 등도함께침전 2) 다량의 pentose 함유 : Candida utilis 사용 -hexose, pentose 이용 : 목재당화액또는아황산펄프폐액사용에유리 - 세포가작아서회수시불편 : C. utilis 변이주사용 3) lignin 함유 : 거품많이발생 --Waldhof 배양조사용 ( 거품의기계적처리 )
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 8 나. 탄화수소의이용 1) n-paraffin(alkane) 이용 가 ) 액체상 (C 5 이상-석유주성분 ): C 10 -C 18 잘분해 -주로등유, 경유 - 물에불용성 : 미세한에멀젼을위한교반장치요구 - 효모경우당질에비해 3배량의산소요구, 세대시간 4-7시간, 발효열두배-냉각필요 -사용균주효모 : Candida tropicalis, Yarrowia lipolytica 세균 : Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium sp. 나 ) 가스상 (C 4 이하 -- 천연가스의주성분 ): 특히 methane 잘이용 - 세균 : Methanomonas, Methylomonas, Methylococcus, Methylovibrio sp. -gas 의손실방지 ( 밀폐된장치필요 ), 산소요구량이많고폭발의위험
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 9 2) 단세포녹조류의균체생산 : 녹조류는광합성활발 - 공기중의 CO2 를탄소원으로이용 * 대표적 : Chlorella- C. ellipsoidea, C. pyrenoidesa, C. vulgaris -태양에너지이용, 공기중 CO2 이용, 무기염동화가능 -사람에의한소화율매우저 -배양후 methanol 처리하여소화율증대 * 광합성미생물의장점 - 생육에물, 질소원, 태양광선, 무기질 ( 대부분의경우물에함유 ) 등만을필요 - 야외의호수에서배양이가능하여별도의시설비가들지않음 - 광합성진핵조류 (eukaryotic algae) : 건조제품또는정제 (tablet) 형태로생산 - 원료로부터유래하거나또는균체에함유되어있을수있는독성물질의문제 - 식량문제해결에크게기대
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 10 2. 생물전환 2-1. 생물전환 (bioconversion) 의의의 : 생물체를이용하여특정물질을구조적으로유사한다른물질로변화시키는것 - 화학합성이고가이면서공정에부적합한경우 ( 불가능한경우도있음 ) 에적용 - 특정목적산물을생산하기위하여화학합성과생물전환을병행 - 대부분이미생물균체를이용 * 미생물전환 (microbial bioconversion, microbial transformation) 과동일한의미 2-2. 미생물전환에의한스테로이드호르몬의전환 1) 수산화반응 (hydroxylation): OH 기부가반응 -progestrone 으로부터 cortisone 의제조 ( 류마티스관절염의치료약 ) : deoxycholic acid 로부터 37 개공정으로제조 - 그중 10 공정이 hydroxylation - 균체의증식 --- 메탄올에녹인 steroid 첨가 --- 배양계속 2) 기타 : 수소화반응 (hydrogenation) 에폭시화반응 (epoxidation) 측쇄및핵의분해
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 11 2-3. 미생물전환에의한비타민의생산 가. 비타민 C의생산 H 2, Ni D-Glc D-sorbitol L-sorbose L-ascorbic acid 화학반응곤란 : racemi체의생산 수율 50% 미생물이용 : 수율 90% 이상 - Acetobacter suboxydans, Gluconobacter roseus 나. 이소비타민 C의생산 : 산화방지제 D-Glc 2-ketogluconate 2-KGA methyl ester isovitamin C 미생물의이용 : Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens
3. 농업미생물공학 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 12 3-1. Ice-minus bacteria * Pseudomonas syringae : 0~2 의범위에서얼음결정형성에관여하는단백질을생산 - 이균주에서얼음형성유전자를결손 (deletion) 시킨변이주가개발 - 토마토에시험적으로살포 : 야생주와마찬가지로식물체표면에콜로니를형성 : 식물체는저온에대하여내성을가짐 -2종의P. syringae와 1종의P. fluorescens를 Frostan B 상품명으로등록 A B
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 13 3-2. 미생물농약 (microbiological pesticide) * 화학농약 - 1940 년대이후널리사용 : 병원균, 해충의농약내성 : 병원균이나해충에대한천적생물체들이농약에대해민감 - 병해충에특이적으로작용하면서도생분해가가능한농약의자원으로서미생물 가. Bacillus thuringiensis : 생물농약 (biological pesticide) 으로사용 1) 미생물포자의이용 : 포자형성후식물에살포 - 영양이불충분하거나불량환경하에서포자낭내에내생포자 (endospore) 형성 - 동시에결정형의전구체단백질이응집된단백질봉입체 (inclusion) 형성 - 해충의유충에서발아되어해충을죽임
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 14 2) Transgenic plant Useful genes Clone into A. tumefaciens Introduction into plants Originating from different plant species, animal cells, or microorganisms * 미생물 BT 유전자를식물체에발현후해충에대한효과조사 Bt toxin: Bacillus thringiensis cryiac products A B
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 15 Other useful features of transgenic plants 1. Herbicide tolerance : resistance to broad-spectrum herbicides 2. Resistance to insect pests : Introduction of BT endotoxin genes 3. Resistance to viral diseases : Introduction of coat protein (capsid) genes of TMV 4. Control of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and parasitic nematodes : Application of bacteria producing chitin degrading enzymes 5. Decreasing the expression of selected normal gene(s) : Antisense RNA technique 6. Nitrogen fixation : Introduction of nif gene 7. Ability to grow in harsh environments : Tolerance to cold, heat, and drought, ability to withstand high moisture or high salt concentrations, resistance to iron deficiency
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 16 나. Baculovirus : 무척추동물에특이적으로질병을일으키는 DNA 바이러스 : 숙주특이성강 - 다른생물체에는영향을미치지않음 * 작용대상해충 이용가능성이제한적 : Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera 의유충질병 * 작용기작 - 해충의유충이바이러스가감염된식물체를섭취함으로써감염 - 바이러스입자가장으로방출 - 유충의소화효소에의해바이러스의단백질이분해되어 DNA가용출 * 동물의소화효소는바이러스의단백질을분해하지못함 - 용출된 DNA는해충의세포내핵으로이동 - 바이러스 DNA 복제및바이러스단백질합성을거쳐증식 - 바이러스입자가세포를파괴하고용출 - 다시다른세포또는조직에동일한과정을거쳐해충의세포와조직을파괴
4. 환경미생물공학 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 17 4-1. Types of pollutants found in wastewater 1) Organic residues that can be used as nutrients by microorganisms - Domestic sewage, wastewater from food-processing industries, Effluent from manure heaps and cattle yards, Slaughterhouse waste waters, waste water from laundries, waste water and residues from paper mills. 2) Inorganic residues some of which can be used by microorganisms - Ammonia, nitrates, other nitrogen compounds primarily from domestic sewage and fertilizers - Orthophosphate, other phosphate compounds primarily from domestic sewage and fertilizers -Sulfates - Sulfides, sulfites and ferrous salts from certain industries - Silica
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 18 3) Toxic substances (largely from industrial wastewater) -Strong acids and alkalis -Heavy metals -Oil -Other toxic organic compounds 4) Inert suspensions of particles -Finely divided particles from mining, quarrying, and washing processes 5) Bacterial contaminations -Domestic sewage, food-processing industry, manure heaps and cattle yards
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 19 4-2. Some common organic pollutants CHEMICAL Anthracene Benzene Benzopyrene Naphthalene Pentachlorophenol Phenanthrene Phenol Polychlorinated biphenyls Toluene Trichloroethylene Xylenes MAJOR SOURCE(S) Chemical industry Chemical industry (petrochemical used as an intermidiate in the manufacture of styrene, phenol, and cyclohexane Coal tar hydrocarbon Chemical industry (Coal tar hydrocarbon used for the manufacture of resins, other chemicals, and mothballs) Wood preservative Coal tar hydrocarbon Chemical industry (starting material for synthesis of numerous important industrial chemicals) Transformer oil, softener in paints and plastics Chemical industry (starting material for synthesis of numerous important industrial chemicals) Dry cleaning solvent, metal degreasing Chemical industry (starting material for synthesis of numerous important industrial chemicals)
5. 발효미생물공학 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 20 Major products dependent on microbial biotechnology PRODUCT Fermented juices/ distilled liquors Cheese Antibiotics Industrial alcohol High-fructose syrup Amino acids Baker s yeast Steroids Vitamins Citric acid Enzymes Vaccines Polysaccharide gums MAJOR USE Beverages Food Drugs Fuel additives (gasohol) Sweeteners Feed additives, food enrichment and flavoring agents, artificial sweetener (aspartme) Food additive, enrichment agent Therapeutic agent, animal growth promotion Food and feed enrichment additives Food additive Food processing, laundry detergents Disease prevention Food emulsifier, thickeners and stabilizers, enhanced oil recovery USA MARKET (Million dollar) 36,800 ( 약 30조원 ) 23,800 7,900 3,625 1,360 1,275 920 850 560 360 340 255 100
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 21 5-1. 대사산물 * 발효에의해생산되는대사산물의예 1 차대사산물 2 차대사산물 아미노산비타민누클레오타이드다당류에탄올아세톤 항생물질색소독소알칼로이드의약적으로활성인물질 (cyclosporin, dopastin etc.) 부탄올 유산
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 22 5-2. 효소 * 산업적으로중요한미생물효소의종류와용도 효소명 용도 a-amylase Protease Lipase Lactase Pectinase Tissue plasminogen activator(tpa) 고과당옥수수시럽제조세제첨가제, 맥주청징화치즈제조시풍미증가저유당유제품제조펙틴의가용화혈액응고방지
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 23 5-3. 항생물질 가. 항생물질 (antibiotics) 의정의 : 미생물과기타세포의증식을저해하는물질 anti( 항 ) + bios( 생명체 ) 로부터유래 : 1942년 Waksman이처음사용 -최초의항생물질 : A. Fleming 1929년 Pen 발견 : Pen. notatum이포도상구균의증식억제 -현재수만종의항생물질발견 * 항생제생산미생물 : 방선균 (50%), 곰팡이 (15%), 세균 (10%), 기타 (25%) 가생산 - 특히방선균이생산하는항생물질 ---~mycin * Antimicrobial substance ( 항미생물성물질 ) : 식품재료, 동식물연구 - 식물체, 거머리, 지렁이 * Probiotics : 인체에유익한기능을가지는미생물 - 젖산균, 초산균, S. boulardii
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 24 나. 항생물질의용도 1) 의약용 : 항세균, 항바이러스, 항암 -- 병원성미생물, 암세포의증식억제 2) 농약용 : 도열병등에 Blasticidin S, Kasugamycin 3) 식품의저장 : 얼음에 chlorotetracycline 1-5ppm 첨가, nicin(clostridium sp. 에효과 ) 4) 동물생육촉진 : 동물사료에 tetracycline 5-30ppm 첨가 : 장내미생물의분포변화로생육촉진 5) 생화학, 분자생물학의연구에사용 다. 항생물질의작용기작 1) 세균세포벽합성저해---Penicillin. Cephalosporin C 2) 단백질합성저해-------Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Tc, Cr 3) RNA 합성저해---------Actinomycin, Rifamycin 4) DNA 합성저해---------Mitomycin C 5) 기타 : 세포막장해 (pentamycin) 에너지대사장해 (antimycin) 조효소생합성저해 (Actithiazic acid)
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 25 라. 항생물질의분류 A. 작용대상생물에따라 - 항균성, 항암성, 항진균성, 항바이러스성, 항리케치아성, 항원충성항생물질 B. 이화학적성질에따라 1) β-lactam 계 : Penicillin. Ampicillin. Cephalosporin 2) Aminoglycoside 계 : Streptomycin, Kanamycin 3) Tetracycline 계 4) Chloramphenicol 계 5) Peptide 계 (Polypeptide 계 ) 6) Macrolide 계 7) 기타
마. 산업적으로중요한항생물질의종류및생산균주 항생물질생산균주분류 방선균 Cycloheximide Streptomyces griseus Pathogenic yeast Cycloserine Erythromycin Kanamycin Streptomyces orchidaceus Streptomyces erythreus Streptomyces kanamyceticus Broad-spectrum Mostly Gram-positive bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Lincomycin Streptomyces lincolnensis Gram-positive bacteria Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae Broad-spectrum Nystatin Streptomyces noursei Fungi Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Gram-negative bacteria Tetracycline Streptomyces rimosus Broad-spectrum 그람양성포자형성세균 Bacitracin Bacillus subtilis Gram-positive bacteria Polymixin B Bacillus polymyxa Gram-negative bacteria 진균류 Cephalosporin Cephalosporium acremonium Broad-spectrum Penicillin Penicillium chrusogenum Gram-positive bacteria 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 26
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 27 5-4. 대체연료 (alternative fuels) * 석유원료 : 지구상에존재하는양이제한적 사용후재생불가 생성에장기간소요 1) 혐기성세균에의해생산되는메탄가스 - 생활하수및농업폐기물을이용가능 : 저가로배양이가능 2) 수소가스 : Clostridium sp. 의세균과 Chlorella sp. 의진핵조류생산가능가 ) 장점 : 연소시열과물만을생성 : 환경친화적나 ) 단점 : 폭발성 - 저장안전성해결이선행 : 추출단가가고가 3) biodiesel : lipase 이용한지방산생산과 methylation 4) ethanol : cellulase, amylase 에의한당분해 -> 효모에의한 ethanol 생산
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 28 5-5. New polymers 가. Amber waves of plastics : biodegradable plastics * PHB (poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid) -produced by Alcaligenes eutrophus : 80% of the dry weight -mp : 170 C -well suited for the manufacture of soft-drink bottles -give rise to a vision of plastic corn and plastic potatoes 나. Spider s silk -polypeptides arranged as anti-parallel beta-sheets -different kinds of silks ; adhesiveness, flexibility, strength, etc. -enable tight packing and strong hydrophobic interactions -succeeded to produce the silk in E. coli
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 29 5-6. 발효식품 : 미생물발효에의해가공한식품 : 식품의가공및저장수단으로미생물이용 * 식품발효중의변화 : 미생물의세포외효소및대사계에의해원료중의성분이변화 1) 맛성분, 향기성분이생산 기호성증가 2) 발효과정중에천연적인방부력생성 : 저장성및위생성증가 * 주요발효식품의원료와제품 : 주류 ( 곡류, 과일 ), 장류 ( 두류 ), 김치류 ( 엽채류 ), 발효유제품 ( 우유 ), 육류발효 제품, 어패류발효제품등
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 30 1. 발효유제품 (fermented dairy product) : 우유의성분을발효시켜만든식품-대부분이젖산발효 -젖산균 starter사용 (lactose, casein, 유지방 ) 1) 치즈 : 젖산발효와응유효소로우유의단백질을응고 (curd) 시켜가염숙성한것 * cheddaring : 커드를수회뒤집어유청을제거하고탄력성부여 2) 버터 : 우유의유지방을집합하여숙성한것 * 우유원심분리침전물 ( 제거하면탈지유 ) 3) 젖산발효유 (fermented milk) : 우유또는탈지유에젖산발효를시켜산미를갖게한것 - 요구르트 (yoghurt), 젖산균음료, Acidophilus milk, Bifidus milk 4) 알코올발효유 ( 유주, milk wine, milk champagne) : 우유에젖산및알코올발효를시킨것 --알코올 1-3%, 젖산, CO2--저장성증가 - 동구코카스서지방의 Kefir와몽고의 Koumis
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 31 2. 발효육제품 * 발효소시지 : 마쇄육류와부재료첨가하여성형하고발효후훈연또는건조 ( 마쇄지방, 식염, 당류, 향신료등 ) 3. 발효빵 : 밀가루를부재료와반죽하고효모로발효시킨후성형하여구워제조 ( 식염, 설탕, 계란, 탈지분유등 ) * 효모발효 : 반죽에함유된당을발효시켜알코올 ( 향기 ) 과 CO2( 조직연화 ) 를생산 4. 알코올음료 * 주류 ( 술 ) 정의 : 에탄올을 1% 이상함유한기호성음료를총칭 -1%(v/v) = 1 도 = 2proof - 우리나라주세법제 1 장, 제 2 조 : 주정 ( 희석하여음료로할수있는것을말한다 ) 과알코올분 1 도이상의음료 - 단약사법의규정에의한의약품으로서알코올분 6 도미만의음료를제외
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 32 5. 식초 * 식초의유래 : 불어 vinaigre = vin(wine) + aigre(sour)--신포도주성분 : 초산 4%, 유기산, 당, 알코올, ester--독특한신맛, 약간의단맛, 방향 - 최근의 2배식초 : 초산 12-13%, 감식초등의전통식품 : 초산 2.5%-4% * 초산발효의기작 : 에탄올의산화 ADH aldehyde dehydrogenase CH3CH2OH CH3CHO CH3COOH MW 46 MW 60 NAD+ NADH2 NADP+ NADPH2 H2O * 종류 1) 양조초 : 곡류, 알코올성음료, 과실류등을발효하여만든식초 2) 증류초 : 양조초를증류한것 3) 합성초 : 화학합성으로제조한빙초산을원료로만든식초 - 희석빙초산에감미료, 향미료첨가하여제조 4) 가공초 : 양조초에향신료 ( 양파, 마늘등 ) 를첨가하여제조한식초
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 33 6. 발효채소 : 채소의젖산발효가주, 일부에탄올발효 : 김치, 깍두기, 동치미, 장아찌, 오이지, 식해 - 200 여종, 김치만 100 여종 1) 김치 (Kimchi) : 채소의소금절임후유산균에의한발효 * 소금절임 : 10-15% 식염수사용, 세척후 2.5-3% 식염이적당 * 발효 : 호기성세균 - 초기내염성젖산균 - 내산성젖산균, 효모 - 호기성미생물 가 ) 젖산균 : 잡균의증식억제와유기산의생성 * 젖산균의 bacteriocin : 세균의증식억제 * 초기유산균 산생성약, 부산물 ( 에탄올, CO2)- 향미관여 * 중, 후기젖산균 산생성강 - 어떤균은젖산과초산생성 나 ) 효모 : 알코올의생성으로유기산과 ester 생성 - 김치의향미성분형성에관여 - S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus, C. cacaoi, Rhodotorula glutinus 등 다 ) 호기성미생물 : 김치의산패및연부현상 - B. subtilis, S. fragilis, Asp., Pen. - pectin 분해효소 - 특히 polygalacturonase 가주
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 34 * 김치항암성 : aflatoxin B1 의작용저해 - 고추가루, 마늘도항암성유 : 김치젖산균역할 : 부패세균억제, 면역증강, 항암작용 - 당단백, 다당류등 2) 사우어크라우트 (Sauerkraut) : 신양배추의미 - 양배추를잘게썰어담금하여주로젖산발효에의해만들어진식품 - 우리나라김치와매우유사 3) 피클 (Pickle) : 주로오이를원료로젖산발효에의해제조 - 발효, 약간발효, 무발효등매우다양하게제조 - 발효후저장성을위하여 74 o C 에서 15 분정도살균
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 35 7. 발효두류제품 * 장류 : 대두를발효시켜만든조미식품 -간장, 된장, 고추장, 청국장등 - 단백질과아미노산의중요급원, 독특한풍미 1) 원료단백질, 전분질가수분해 - 아미노산 ( 구수한맛 ), 당 ( 단맛 ) 2) 일부를효모와세균이발효하여발효산물의생성 3) 가수분해물과발효산물의반응산물 원료의단백질과전분질 메주나코오지효소 가수분해물 ( 아미노산, 당 ) 소금 발효미생물 ( 효모, 세균 ) 미생물의발효산물 가수분해물과발효산물의반응산물생성 독특한풍미 : 구수한맛, 약간의단맛, 소금의짠맛저장성증가 : 소금과발효산물에의한방부효과소화율증가 : 원료콩의 trypsin inhibitor 실활기능성증가 : ACE 저해, 항암성등각종의기능성
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 36 5-7. 외래단백질의생산 * 1982 Recombinant insulin produced in E. coli was approved for clinical use : Pre- (through 1981) and Post-recombinant DNA era (from 1982 onward) PROTEIN α-1 Antitrypsin Calcitonin CSF EGF Erythropoietin Factor VIII and IX GH releasing factor FUNCTION(S) Protease inhibitor Influences Ca +2 /phosphate metabolism Stimulates hematopoiesis Epithelial cell growth, tooth erruption Stimulates hematopoiesis Blood-clotting factor Stimulates secretion of growth hormone THERAPEUTIC USE(S) Treatment of emphysema Treatment of osteomalasia Antitumor Wound healing Treatment of anemia Preventing of bleeding Growth promotion
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 37 PROTEIN FUNCTION(S) THERAPEUTIC USE(S) Interferon (α,β,γ) Interlukin 1,2,3 Lymphotoxin IGF-I Serum albumin SOD TNF Urogastrone Urokinase Resistance to a wide variety of viruses Stimulates cell immune system A bone-resorbing factor Sulfate uptake by cartilage Major protein constituent of plasma Decompose superoxide free radicals in the blood Cytotoxic to certain tumor cell line Control of gastrointestinal secretion Plasminogen activator Antiviral, antitumor (?), antiinflammatory (?) Antitumor, treatment of immune disorders Antitumor Growth promotion Plasma supplement Application in cardiac treatment /organ transplantation Antitumor Antiulcerative Anticoagulant
6. 천연자원의채취 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 38 6-1. 원유의채취 (Oil recovery) * MEOR (microbe-enhanced oil recovery) : 미생물을이용한석유의효율적인채취방법 가. 방법 1) 세균을증식과정착에필요한영양성분과함께유전에투입 2) 영양분을공급하여유전내에존재하는미생물의증식과대사촉진 3) 미생물성세포외다당류또는계면활성제투입 나. 작용기작 : 세균또는산물을투입하여이들이유전내원유와접촉 - 원유의이동도증가 - 바위표면, 균열, 공극으로부터원유의용출증가 * 아세톤, 알코올류등용매 : 계면과표면장력감소시켜원유이동도증가 미생물가스 : 특정화합물침전야기 - 원유의이동도증가
2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 39 6-2. 미생물정련 (Bacterial leaching) 가. 주요사용미생물 1) 유기화합물을탄소원으로이용하는종속영양미생물 2) 최적생육온도가 20-40 인 Thiobacillus 와 Leptospirillum spp. 의중온미생물 3) 최적생육온도가 40-55 의범위인 Sulfobacillus sp. 의통성고온균 4) 55 이상의온도에서생육이가능한 Sulfolobus, Acidanus, Sulforococcus, Metallosphaera spp. 인편성고온미생물. 나. 기타의사용가능미생물 : 화학합성독립영양세균 - 무기물의산화에너지를이용하며탄소원으로서 CO 2 만을생육에요구 - 무기물의산화능을금속의용출에이용할수있음 1) 황세균 2) 철세균 3) 수소세균 4) 질화균
SUMMARY 2006-10-09 AgroBiotechnology Education Center 40 Role of microorganisms in biotechnology Release of genetically engineered microorganisms Cost considerations * Laws of Applied Microorganisms - David Perlman (1980), Developments in industrial microbiology 1. The microorganism is always right/your friend/a sensitive partner. 2. There are no stupid microorganisms. 3. Microorganisms can/will do anything. 4. Microorganisms are smarter/wiser/more energetic than chemists, engineers, etc. 5. If you take care of your microbial friends, they will take care of your future and you will live happily ever after.