<30322DB1E8C2F9BCAE2DBFF8C0FA2DBFCF2E687770>
|
|
- 우리 엄
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Original Article J Korean Geriatr Soc 2009;13(2):69-78 노인에서인지능평가를위한전산화캠브리지신경인지검사법의유용성 : 예비연구 1 한패밀리병원신경과, 2 경북대학교의과대학신경과학교실, 3 영남대학교의과대학신경과학교실 김찬석 1 이진영 1 하태현 1 최재혁 1 유은미 1 이선주 1 이호원 2 박미영 3 The Usefulness of The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) for Assessing Cognitive Functions in the Elderly: a Pilot Study Chansok Kim, MD 1, Jin Young Lee, MD 1, Tae Hyun Ha, MD 1, Jae Hyuk Choi, MD 1, Eun-Mi Yu, MS 1, Sun Ju Lee, BA 1, Ho Won Lee, MD 2, Mee Young Park, MD 3 1 Department of Neurology, Han Family Hospital, Daegu, Korea 2 Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea 3 Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea Background: We selected a computerized neuropsychological test, the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), along with other conventional neuropsychological tests. The aim of this study was to assess CANTAB's usefulness in diagnosing dementia in the elderly and to compare it with conventional neuropsychological assessment kits. Methods: We recruited 17 dementia patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia for the dementia group and 52 healthy persons who met our criteria for the control group. We administered four CANTAB subtests to assess their cognitive functions along with the conventional Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery, which includes the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test (RCFT) to assess visual memory. The four CANTAB subtests chosen were big/little circle (BLC), paired associates learning (PAL), spatial recognition memory (SRM), and spatial span (SSP). Results: The dementia group showed impairment on the PAL and SRM tasks. The results of the other two subtests were not different between the two groups. The mean adjusted total errors on the PAL task was higher in the dementia group (130.88) than in the control group (51.38), which was statistically significant (p). The percentage of correct response on the SRM task was lower in the dementia group (58.75%) than in the control group (67.25%), also statistically significant (p=0.03). We also compared the correlations of the CANTAB subtests with the RCFT parameters (immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition). Again, the results showed that the PAL task correlated well with these three parameters (r=-0.59, -0.60, and -0.56, respectively). Conclusion: The CANTAB was useful for assessing cognition in the elderly. In particular, the PAL task, which correlated well with the RCFT parameters, can be used to assess visual memory. It showed to be a valuable tool in diagnosing dementia. Key Words: Computer-assisted instruction, Neuropsychological tests, Dementia Received: Dec 15, 2008 Revised: Jun 15, 2009 Accepted: June 18, 2009 Address for correspondence: Mee Young Park, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 317-1, Daemyeong-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu , Korea Tel: , Fax: , mypark@med.yu.ac.kr * 이연구는 2007 년도대한노인병학회연구비지원에의해수행되었음. J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June
2 김찬석외 : 노인에서인지능평가를위한전산화캠브리지신경인지검사법의유용성 : 예비연구 서 론 대상및방법 Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) 는전산화된신경심리검사집으로노인인구에서치매를진단하기위해개발되었다 1). 가장최근의검사집은 22개의세부검사로구성되며, 컴퓨터와연결된부속기기와터치스크린을이용하여검사를수행한다. 각세부검사는 1) 선별검사 (screening tests), 2) 시각적기억력검사 (visual memory tests), 3) 수행기능, 작업기억및계획력검사 (executive function, working memory and planning tests), 4) 주의집중력검사 (attention tests), 5) 의미 / 언어적기억력검사 (semantic/verbal memory tests), 6) 의지결정및반응제어력검사 (decision-making and response control tests) 로구성되어있다 2). 이중의미 / 언어적기억력검사를제외한대부분의세부검사에사용되는자극은비언어적이며, 화면에나타나는사물의모양과위치에대한판단에근거하여검사자의세부인지능력을평가하는검사이다. 외국의여러연구에서 CANTAB의신경퇴행성질환에서의유용성을보여주는연구 3-8) 가이루어져있으며, 내재된데이터가문화및언어의차이에서수행의차이가없음 9) 이알려져있고, 소아에서도유용함을보여주는연구 10) 가있다. 치매는나이가많아짐에따라발병률이높아지는질환으로 65세이상의노인에서연령이 5세증가할때마다치매의유병률은 2배씩증가한다 11) 고알려져있다. 우리나라에서는아직정부의료기관의검증을거친정확한치매의유병률이제시되지않고있어정확한치매노인의숫자는파악할수없으나, 65세이상노인 1백명중 8.3명정도가치매노인으로추정 12) 되고있으며, 2000년에는 27만 7천여명, 2005년 36만 7천여명, 2020년에는 70만 3천여명으로증가할것으로예상되고있다 13). 이와같이노인인구는지속적으로증가할것이며, 치매등노인성질환자수또한기하급수적으로증가할것으로예상되어이로인한노인의료비의증가는사회에큰부담을주게될것이다. 본연구에서는한국인에서치매를진단함에있어 CANTAB 을통한전산화인지기능검사의유용성을알아보고자하며, 기존의신경심리검사와 CANTAB 세부검사간의상관관계를알아보고자한다. 1. 대상 2007년 5월부터 2008년 8월까지대구수성구지역 65세이상주민을대상으로한치매조기검진사업을통해모집된사람중자발적으로대구에위치한 1개병원에서시행된연구에협조적으로참여한피검자를연구의대상으로하였다. 선별검진에는 Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) 과 Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire (KDSQ) 가이용되었으며, K-MMSE의점수가교육과연령을보정한정상치에서 -1 표준편차보다낮거나 K-DSQ의점수가 5점을초과하는피검자는신경심리검사를위해병원으로의뢰되었다. 병원으로의뢰된피검자는총 130명이었으며, 신경심리검사를완벽히수행하지못하거나, 거부한피검자는 10명이었고, CANTAB을거부한피검자는 10명, CANTAB을수행하였더라도완료하지못한피검자가 20명이었다. 이와같이신경과에내원한후병력청취, 신경학적검사및신경심리검사와 CANTAB을모두수행한 90명중아래의기준에부합하는 17명의치매군과 52명의정상군을선별하여총 69명 ( 남자 23명, 여자 46명 ) 을연구의대상으로하였다. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-Ⅳ) 진단기준 14) 을사용하여치매의여부를판단하였고, 알츠하이머병은 National Institute of Neurologic, Communicative Disorders and Stroke- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS- ADRDA) 의진단기준 15) 을사용하였으며, 혈관성치매는 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke- Association Internationale pour la Recherche et al. Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) 의진단기준 16) 을사용하였다. 검진을통해총 19예의치매가발견되었으나, 1예의파킨슨병치매와 1예의전두측두엽치매는치매환자군의분류에서제외하였으며, 따라서, 전체치매군은 17명이었다. 치매가없는것으로나타난검사자 71명중에서 52명의정상군을추출하였으며, 이들의선정기준은신경학적검사에서특이소견이없고, 과거의뇌졸중및두부외상의병력이없으며, 정신병력이없고, 인지기능의감퇴와연관 70 J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June 2009
3 Chansok Kim, et al: Computer-assisted Instruction, Neuropsychological Tests, Dementia 될수있는약물복용력이없으며, 인지기능에영향을미칠수있는질환이없는사람들중 K-MMSE 검사에서평균에서표준편차를뺀값을기준으로점수가그이상인사람들을대상으로하였다. 2. 인지기능검사의뢰된모든피검자들은한명의임상심리사가 K-MMSE, digit span, Korean version of Boston Naming Test (K-BNT), Seoul Verbal Learning Test (SVLT; 즉각회상, 지연회상, 재인검사 ), Rey Osterreith Complex Figure Test (RCFT; 즉각회상, 지연회상, 재인검사 ), word fluency, Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), calculation, Stroop test, apraxia test 등으로구성된 Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) 17) 를시행하였고, 추가적으로, Clock Drawing Test, Geriatric Depression Scale, Bathel index와 Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR) 을시행하였다. 같은날잠깐의휴식시간을가진후다른검사자가 CANTAB 중 Big/Little Circle (BLC), Intra/Extradimensional Set Shift (IED), Stocking of Cambridge (SOC), Paired Associates Learning (PAL), Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM), Spatial Span (SSP) 을검사하였다. 하루에두가지인지기능검사를모두시행하였으며, 모든피검자가먼저 SNSB를시행한후최대 30분의휴식시간을가진다음에 CANTAB을시행하였다. 본연구에서는이중 BLC, PAL, SRM과 SSP를분석에이용하였다. 1) BLC IED 검사를위한일차적인선별및훈련검사이며, 검사의규칙을충분히이해하여학습하고또변환할수있는지를평가할수있다. 화면중앙의두곳에색깔이있는원이나타나면피검자는첫 20회동안은그중작은것을, 다음 20회동안은그중큰것을지적하는검사이다. 정반응의잠시 (correct latency) 를기록하여피검자가화면에나타나는자극에대해반응을보이는속도를측정하였고, 정반응의백분율 (percent correct) 을통해전체반응중정반응의백분율을측정하였다. 정반응의백분율이 BLC 검사의전반적인수행능력을평가하는지표로이용되며, 본연구에 서도이를변수로사용하였다. 2) PAL 화면에원형으로배열된 6개또는 8개의흰색사각형이배열되어있는상태에서무작위로하나씩사각형이열리며, 그중한가지이상의사각형내부에는추상적인무늬가나타난다. 이후화면의중앙에이전에나타났던무늬가나타나면피검자는그무늬가있었던흰색사각형의위치를짚어내는검사이다. 난이도별로여덟단계로구성되어있으며, 이는두번의한무늬단계, 두번의두무늬단계, 또두번의세무늬단계와, 각한번의여섯무늬단계와여덟무늬단계로이루어진다. 기억에실패한경우에는다시화면을반복하고, 각단계에서최대 10회의기회가주어진다. 열번의반복에도피검자가모두실패한경우는다음단계로진행되지않고검사가종료된다. 결과는다양하게나타날수있는데, 먼저전체오류횟수 (total errors) 는검사도중나타난오류의합을의미하며, 만약검사도중어느단계에서건검사가중단되면검사를완료한사람보다오류를측정할수있는기회자체가더적어질수있다. 이를보정하기위해, 즉검사가중단된경우와제 8단계까지종료된후의오류횟수간의오차를수정하기위해조정된전체오류횟수 (total errors, adjusted) 를계산하여이용할수있으며, 통상적으로전체오류횟수보다는조정된전체오류횟수를분석에이용하며, 본연구에서도이를사용하였다. 조정된전체오류횟수를계산하는방법은, 실패로인해수행하지못한단계의무늬의수에서이수를이단계에서제시되는사각형의수로나눈값을뺀수를구한다. 이수에각단계에서허용되는시도의수 (10회) 를곱한값이조정된전체오류횟수가된다. 전체시도횟수 (total trials) 는각단계를통과하는데걸린전체시도의횟수의합을의미하며, 이또한검사도중어느단계에서검사가중단되면검사를완료한사람보다시도할수있는기회자체가더적어질수있다. 이를보정하기위해조정된전체시도횟수 (total trials, adjusted) 를이용할수있는데, 이는실패로인해수행하지못한단계의시도횟수를 10씩더해주는방법으로구해진다. 완료한단계 (stages completed) 란몇번째단계까지성공하였는지를나타내는지표이다. 검사 J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June
4 김찬석외 : 노인에서인지능평가를위한전산화캠브리지신경인지검사법의유용성 : 예비연구 가중단된경우여러지표들이완료된경우와직접비교할수없는값을제시하는경우가많아이를분석할때완료한단계를고려하여평가하는것이중요하다. 첫시도에완료한단계수 (stages completed on first trial) 는전체여덟단계중한번의시도로성공한단계의수를의미한다. 첫시도중기억횟수 (first trial memory score) 란각단계에서첫시도중에정확히기억한무늬의수의합을나타낸다. 최대치는 26이며, 이는각각의단계를단한번씩의시도로성공하여여덟단계를모두통과하였을때얻을수있다. 3) SRM 검은색화면에흰색의테두리가쳐진정사각형이다섯군데에위치에차례로나타난후이를재인하여피검자의인식여부를알아보는검사이다. 재인시에는자극순서와역순으로정사각형이나타나는데혼란을주기위해자극위치와다른한곳에서또하나의정사각형이나타나며, 나타난두개의정사각형중앞서보았던위치에있는것을고르는검사이다. 결과는정반응의잠시 (correct latency) 를통해피검자가화면에나타나는자극에대해반응을보이는속도를측정할수있고, 정반응의백분율을통해전체반응중정반응의백분율을나타낼수있다. 4) SSP 흰색의사각형이화면에여러개표시된상태에서하나씩색이바뀌면피검자는색이바뀌는사각형의순서를기억하여그위치를순서대로화면에짚어가는검사이다. 자극은 2개에서 9개까지진행되며, 각단계별로세번의기회를가질수있다. 피검자가최대로기억한공간적주의폭 (span length) 을변수로이용하였고, 최대치는 9이다. 3. 통계분석통계처리는 SPSS 13.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를이용하여연구대상군의인구학적분석에독립표본 T검정을시행하였고, 치매군과정상군간신경심리검사결과의분석에독립표본 T검정을시행하였다. CANTAB 세부검사와 RCFT 간의상관관계분석을시행하였다. 결 과 1. 조사대상의인구학적특성 전체검사자는 69명이며, 치매군은 17명, 정상군은 52명이었다. 평균연령은치매군 72세, 정상군 71.6세로차이가없었으며, 성별및교육수준도통계학적으로유의한차이는없었다. K-MMSE 를통한인지기능의비교에서치매군이 21.4점으로정상군의 27.2점에비해유의하게낮았다 (Table 1). 2. SNSB Digit span은 forward/backward 모두에서치매군 (4.06/2.82) 이정상군 (5.17/3.44) 보다유의하게낮았다 (p과 p<0.05). K-BNT는축약형검사를시행한경우 60문항의전체검사결과로변환하여분석하였으며, 치매군 (32.47) 이정상군 (43.13) 보다유의미하게낮았다 (p). 시각적기억력을보기위한 RCFT의지연회상에서치매군 (5.13) 은정상군 (11.41) 에비해유의하게낮은점수 (p) 를보였으며, 언어적기억력을보기위한 SVLT의지연회상에서도치매군 (1.65) 은정상군 (5.38) 에비해낮은점수 (p) 를기록하였다. 구성능력을보기위한 RCFT의모방검사에서치매군 (19.22) 이정상군 (26.98) 보다낮은점수를나타내었다 (p< 0.01). COWAT 에서는동물이름, 물건이름, 음소로시작하기모두에서치매군 (9.06, 10.71, 10.79) 에서정상군 (12.12, 14.84, 20.92) 보다낮은점수를보였다 ( 모두 p). Contrasting Table 1. Demographic data of the subjects Demented (n=17) Control (n=52) p-value Age (years) 71.59± ±5.43 NS Sex (M:F) 1:1.65 1:1.67 NS Education (years) 6.38± ±4.81 NS K-MMSE 21.41± ±1.96 Data presented as mean±sd. Statistical significance tested by Student's t-test. K-MMSE, Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination; NS, not significant; M:F, male:female. 72 J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June 2009
5 Chansok Kim, et al: Computer-assisted Instruction, Neuropsychological Tests, Dementia program에서는양군간에차이가없었으나 (p=0.054), Go- No-Go에서는치매군 (12.24) 에서정상군 (18.27) 보다유의한수행저하를보였다 (p). Stroop test의글자읽기에서는치매군과정상군간의유의한차이는나타나지않았으나 (p=0.109), 색깔읽기에서치매군에서 42.71, 정상군에서는 65.06으로유의한차이가있었고 (p), 간섭지수에서도치매군 (1.80) 과정상군 (0.75) 간에유의한차이가있었다 (p <0.05). 다른검사및자료의결과는 Table 2에표시하였다. 3. CANTAB 1) BLC 정반응의잠시 (correct latency) 는치매군 (n=16) 이 ± ms, 정상군 (n=51) 이 ± ms로차이가있었으나유의하지는않았다 (p=0.17). 정반응의백분율도치매군이 98.59±3.16%, 정상군이 99.71±0.81% 로나타나유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.18). Fig. 1. Comparisons of errors in PAL subset of CANTAB between the demented and the control group. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation. PAL, Paired Associates Learning; CANTAB, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. 2) PAL 전체오류횟수 (total errors) 는치매군 (n=17) 41.59±25.81 회, 정상군 (n=52) 38.77±21.30회로유의한차이가없게나타났으나 (p=0.66), 전체오류횟수는검사가중단된경우이후의오류에대한정보가기록되지않아단순히비교할수없으므로 CANTAB에서는조정된전체오류횟수 (total errors, adjusted) 를나타내고있다. 조정된전체오류횟수에서치매군은평균 회의오류를범하였으며, 정상군은평균 51.38회의오류를범하였다. 이는통계학적으로유의하여 (p) PAL 검사에서치매군은정상군보다오류를더많이보였다 (Fig. 1). 전체시도횟수 (total trials) 도치매군 20.00±7.95회, 정상군 18.98±4.59회로유의한차이가없게나타났으나 (p=0.52), 이또한검사가중단된경우이후의시도에대한정보가기록되지않아단순히비교할수없으므로 CANTAB에서는조정된전체시도횟수 (total trials, adjusted) 를출력하고있다. 조정된전체시도횟수는치매군이평균 39.41±17.88회시도하였고, 정상군은평균 20.83± 6.12회시도하여치매군의시도횟수가정상군보다유의하게더많았다 (p). 전체여덟단계중완료한단계의수 Fig. 2. The receiver operating characteristic curve of the Paired Associates Learning (PAL), adjusted total errors. (stages completed) 는치매군이 5.29±2.23단계로정상군의 7.52±0.78단계보다유의하게낮았다 (p). 각단계를첫시도만에완료한횟수와첫시도중기억횟수를분석하였다. 첫시도에완료한단계수 (stages completed on first trial) 는치매군 2.59±1.28, 정상군은 4.69±1.02로치매군이낮게나타났으며 (p), 첫시도중기억횟수 (first trial memory score) 또한치매군이 7.59±4.46개로정상군의 13.46±4.12개보다낮게나타났다 (p). PAL의민감도와특이도를구하기위하여 receiver operating character (ROC) 곡선을구하였다 (Fig. 2). 곡선아래의 J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June
6 김찬석외 : 노인에서인지능평가를위한전산화캠브리지신경인지검사법의유용성 : 예비연구 면적은 89.8% (standard error 0.049) 이었다. 대각선에서가장먼 ROC 곡선위의점인 98.5점을기준으로하여그이상을치매로진단했을때민감도는 88%, 특이도는 87% 였다. 3) SRM 정반응의백분율을분석하였으며, 치매군 (n=16) 은 58.75± 12.58%, 정상군 (n=51) 은 67.25±13.83% 로치매군에서유의하게오반응이더많았다 (p=0.03). 하지만, 정반응의잠시 (correct latency) 를분석하였을때치매군은 ± ms, 정상군은 ± ms로나타나두군간유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.11). 4) SSP 공간적주의폭 (span length) 을분석하였고, 치매군 (n=11) 의평균폭은 4.45±1.04, 정상군 (n=51) 의평균폭은 5.04± 0.92로치매군의폭이더낮았으나, 통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (p=0.07). Table 2. Results of the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery and other tests. Digit Span, forward Digit Span, backward K-BNT, adjusted Calculation RCFT, immediate recall RCFT, delayed recall RCFT, recognition score SVLT, immediate recall SVLT, delayed recall SVLT, recognition score RCFT, copy score RCFT, copy time (sec) COWAT, animal COWAT, supermarket COWAT, phonemic Contrasting program Go-No-Go Stroop, word reading Stroop, color reading Stroop, interference score CDR CDR, sum of boxes Demented (n) Control (n) p-values 4.06±1.52 (17) 2.82±1.13 (17) 32.47±11.04 (17) 9.00±2.89 (17) 5.60±3.64 (15) 5.13±3.81 (15) 17.13±2.47 (16) 12.29±3.92 (17) 1.65±1.37 (17) 16.94±2.01 (17) 19.22±10.16 (16) ±79.56 (16) 9.06±2.95 (17) 10.71±5.13 (17) 10.79±7.89 (14) 15.06±6.54 (17) 12.24±5.56 (17) 88.80±24.57 (15) 42.71±26.72 (14) 1.80±1.45 (14) 0.82±0.39 (17) 4.35±2.14 (17) 5.17±1.23 (52) 3.44±1.00 (52) 43.13±9.67 (52) 10.29±1.97 (52) 11.33±6.25 (51) 11.41±6.15 (51) 19.69±1.89 (51) 17.92±5.25 (52) 5.38±2.44 (52) 20.23±1.89 (52) 26.98±7.04 (52) ±83.14 (52) 12.12±4.04 (52) 14.84±5.37 (51) 20.92±8.25 (50) 18.47±3.65 (51) 18.27±3.67 (51) ±19.88 (52) 65.06±22.24 (52) 0.75±0.42 (52) 0.34±0.24 (52) 0.84±0.94 (52) <0.05 NS NS NS NS <0.05 B-ADL 19.00±3.62 (17) 19.98±0.14 (52) NS KDSQ 7.41±5.87 (17) 5.63±3.57 (52) NS Data are presented as mean±sd. Statistical significance was tested by Student's t-test. K-BNT, Korean version of Boston Naming Test; RCFT, Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test; SVLT, Seoul Verbal Learning Test; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating scale; B-ADL, Bathel Activities of Daily Living index; KDSQ, Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire; NS, not significant. 74 J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June 2009
7 Chansok Kim, et al: Computer-assisted Instruction, Neuropsychological Tests, Dementia Table 3. Results of the CANTAB subtests Demented (n) Control (n) p-value BLC, percent correct 98.59±3.16 (16) 99.71±0.81 (51) NS PAL, total errors, adjusted ±48.81 (17) 51.38±36.14 (52) SRM, percent correct 58.75±12.58 (16) 67.25±13.83 (51) 0.03 SSP, span length 4.45±1.04 (11) 5.04±0.92 (51) NS Data presented as mean±sd. Statistical significance tested by Student's t-test. CANTAB, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; BLC, Big/Little Circle; PAL, Paired Associates Learning; SRM, Spatial Recognition Memory; SSP, Spatial Span; NS, not significant. Table 4. Correlations between subtests of the CANTAB and the RCFT PAL, total errors, adjusted SRM, percent correct SSP, span length BLC, percent correct RCFT, immediate recall * * * RCFT, delayed recall * * * RCFT, recognition score * * * CANTAB, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; RCFT, Rey Osterreith Complex Figure Test; PAL, Paired Associates Learning; SRM, Spatial Recognition Memory; SSP, Spatial Span; BLC, Big/Little Circle. * p. 4. CANTAB 세부검사와 RCFT 의상관관계분석다음으로, 시각적기억력검사간의상관관계를분석하여 Table 4에요약하였다. PAL은 RCFT의즉각회상, 지연회상, 재인점수모두에서각각 r=-0.591, r=-0.597, r= 의상관관계를보였다 ( 모두 p). 또, SSP에도각각의 RCFT 세부항목과 r=0.461, r=0.489, r=0.331의상관관계가나타났고 ( 모두 p), SRM에서도 RCFT의즉각및지연회상점수와각각 r=0.349, r=0.384의상관관계가나타났으나 ( 모두 p) PAL보다는약하였다. BLC는 RCFT의세부항목과상관관계가나타나지않았다. 고찰 신경심리검사가치매의진단, 치매의정도에대한평가, 추적관찰에는매우유용한도구이지만, 검사자에의해실시하고채점하는것은많은시간이소요되는반복된절차이다. Allard 등 18) 은구조화된설문지점수를수기채점 (hand scoring) 하는과정에서발생하는오류에대해연구하 여대상자의 59% 가한가지이상의채점오류를범하며, 19 % 는임상진단을바꿀수있는정도의오류를범할수있다고하였다. Moon 등 19) 은미국심리학회수련과정을이수한대학원생에서도웩슬러성인용지능검사개정판 (Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised) 의실시와채점과정에서 67% 의정확도만을유지한다고하였다. 이러한신경심리검사의실시와채점에서보일수있는문제점으로인해검사반응의점수화과정에서의채점프로그램을이용하거나, 그결과를분석하여해석하는데컴퓨터를활용하는 컴퓨터보조검사 (computer-assisted testing) 에서부터컴퓨터에의해실시되고채점되는검사도구를사용하는 전산화된검사 (computerized testing)' 가생겨났다. 이로인해엄격하게표준화된검사를통해검사과정혹은검사자간의차이로발생할수있는오차를최소화할수있었으며 20), 소요되는검사시간을단축할수있었고 21), 정확한반응시간을수량화할수있게되었다 20). 또한신체장애로인해검사에필요한운동수행이제한된사람에게도반응을기록하여평가에이용할수있게되었다 22). 이러한심리검사의전산화는검사자의편이성뿐아니라, 피검자의평가에도유용한 J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June
8 김찬석외 : 노인에서인지능평가를위한전산화캠브리지신경인지검사법의유용성 : 예비연구 도구가될것으로생각된다. 본연구에서는 CANTAB을사용하였는데, 신경퇴행성질환의연구에많은연구 3-8) 가있을뿐아니라, 문화와언어에구애되지않아다국가간연구가가능하고언어적지침이없이도적용될수있으며 1), 오스트레일리아원주민을대상으로한기존의연구 9) 에서도이들의수행이기존의표준자료 23) 와상이하지않아문화적차이에따른변화가없음이알려진바있어국내에서의치매환자의진단에유용한지를확인하고자했다. Mishkin 24) 은원숭이를이용하여시각적기억력을처리하는과정에서의내측측두엽의중요성을연구한바있다. 연구를위해 delayed non-matching-to-sample task가시행되었으며, 원숭이는한가지사물을먼저본후얼마의시간이경과된뒤에다시제시된두가지사물중에새로운것을지적하는방법이었다. 중요한점은매시도마다제시된사물이바뀌어원숭이는이를단한번만보고기억하여야하는것이었다. 이용된사물은실생활에흔한작은인형이나볼펜뚜껑과같은것들이었는데이것들은원숭이에게는처음접해보는사물로인식되므로, 사람에적용하기위해서는독창적이며, 쉽게인식되어지지않는새로운사물이필요하기에 CANTAB에서는다양한추상적인무늬를적용하였다. 이러한과제는정상노인인구에적용하여표준화가된 CANTAB의일부이며, 이자료에의하면 delayed matching-to-sample task에서는나이에따른수행저하가나타나며, 지연경과시간의증가에따른수행의정확성이떨어지고반응의잠재기가증가함이알려져있다 23). Shagal 등 5) 은 PAL 과제를이용한연구에서알츠하이머병환자군이정상군의수행완료단계에도달하지못함을보이며, 각단계별수행완료를위한시도횟수또한월등히많아알츠하이머병환자들이정상군에비해많은오류를보임을밝혔다. Fowler 등 25) 은 PAL 과제가초기의알츠하이머형치매환자의평가에예민함을보고하였으며, 경도의인지저하만을보이는경우에도추적관찰하였을때 PAL 과제가알츠하이머형치매로의전환을예측하는데유용한검사임을보고하였다 26,27). 본연구에서도 PAL 과제에서치매군의조정오류횟수가 130.9회, 정상군의조정오류횟수가 51.4회로치매의진단에있어 PAL 과제가유용하게이용될수있음 (Fig. 1) 을보 여주는결과가나타났으며, SRM 과제에서도정반응의백분율이치매군에서 58.8%, 정상군에서 67.3% 로차이가있었으나, BLC와 SSP 과제들은두군간차이가나지않았다 (Table 3). BLC 과제는단순한훈련및선별과정이어서치매군과정상군 `간의차이를유발할정도의과제가아니기때문이라생각되며, SSP 과제는 PAL 과제와달리지연경과시간이거의존재하지않아기억력을필요로하는과제이기는하나, 보다짧은시간동안기억을유지하는작업기억력을더요구하는과제이기때문이리라여겨진다. 즉, 이들과제들은주어진자극의위치를잠시기억에유지하고있는작업기억력을필요로하는과제이며, 이때는전전두엽의기능을더요구한다고하겠다. 이와는달리 SRM 과제와 PAL 과제는자극의종류와그자극이있었던위치를함께연상하여야할뿐더러, 길게는 12초가량의지연시간이주어지므로시각적자극의정보가기억으로처리되는내측측두엽의기능을더요구하는과제이기때문이리라생각된다. 이를확인하기위해 SNSB 내에서시각적기억력을검사하기위해존재하는 RCFT와 CANTAB 세부과제들간의상관관계를분석하였으며, 이를통해 PAL 과제는 RCFT의즉각회상, 지연회상, 재인점수등모든변수들과각각유의한상관관계를가지고있으며, SRM 과제또한 RCFT의즉각회상과지연회상점수와상관관계를보였다. 반면, BLC 과제는 RCFT 세부변수들과의상관관계가나타나지않았다 (Table 4). 저자들은알츠하이머병과혈관성치매가합해진치매군의균질성을확인하기위해연구와는별도로알츠하이머병으로진단된 13명을다시분석하여결과를제시하고자한다. PAL 과제의경우알츠하이머병군의조정오류횟수는 122.8회로나타나두군간차이는여전히유의미하였다. 그러나알츠하이머병군의 SRM 과제에서의정반응의백분율은 60.8% 로나타나정상군과차이는있으나유의미하지는않았으며, BLC와 SSP 과제들은여전히두군간차이가나타나지않았다. 본연구는지역에서의치매검진사업의일환으로계획되었으며, 지역사회에서생활하는노인을대상으로하여진행되었으므로치매군이라하더라도보호자등에의해이상증상또는이상행동이관찰되어병원으로내원하는환 76 J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June 2009
9 Chansok Kim, et al: Computer-assisted Instruction, Neuropsychological Tests, Dementia 자들보다초기의치매에해당하리라생각한다. 이는 KDSQ 를통한평가를확인하였을때치매군에서도 7.4점으로나타나정상군과유의한차이가없을뿐아니라, 기존의연구 28) 와비교하여도경도의치매환자들과유사한점수라할것이다. CDR을통한평가에서도치매군의평균 CDR 점수는 0.82로낮게나타났으며, 치매군에포함된 CDR 2 이상의피검자는단 1명임을밝힌다. 여기에서한명의 CDR 2 피검자가결과에미치는영향을배제하기위해이한명을제외한분석을시행하였다. PAL 과제의경우조정오류횟수는 127.8회로여전히유의미하였고, SRM 과제의정반응의백분율은 60.3% 로나타나유의미한차이가없었으며, BLC와 SSP 과제들도유의미하지않았다. 결론적으로 CANTAB은국내에서치매의진단을위한신경심리검사로이용될수있으리라판단되며, 특히 PAL 과제는 RCFT와유사하게시각적기억력을평가할수있을것이며, 초기의치매환자들에서유용한평가도구가될것으로생각한다. 요약 연구배경 : 본연구의목적은국내에서치매의진단에있어 Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) 를이용한전산화신경심리검사의유용성을알아보고, 기존의신경심리검사와의상관관계를알아보고자하였다. 방법 : 2007년 5월부터 2008년 8월까지대구수성구에거주하는 65세이상노인중검사를위해병원에내원한사람들을대상으로하였다. 알츠하이머병과혈관성치매로진단된 17명을치매군으로구성하였고, 정상인지기능을보이는 52명을본연구의선별기준에의거하여정상군으로구성하였다. 모든피검자에게시각적기억력을평가하는 Rey Osterreith Complex Figure Test (RCFT) 가포함된 Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) 등의신경심리검사를시행하였으며, 이어서 CANTAB을시행하였다. 연구에이용된 CANTAB 과제는 Big/Little Circle (BLC), Paired Associates Learning (PAL), Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM), Spatial Span (SSP) 이다. 결과 : PAL 과제에서조정오류횟수는치매군에서 회, 정상군에서 51.38회로통계학적으로유의미한차이가있었고, SRM 과제의정반응의백분율또한치매군에서 58.75% 로, 정상군의 67.25% 보다의미있게낮았다. BLC, SSP 과제들은두군간의미있는차이가나지않았다. 또, 시각적기억력을검사하는기존의신경심리검사법인 RCFT 와비교하였을때 PAL 과제는 RCFT의세부변수 ( 즉각회상, 지연회상, 재인점수 ) 와각각의미있는상관관계를보였다. 결론 : CANTAB은국내에서치매의진단을위한신경심리검사로이용될수있으리라판단되며, 특히 PAL 과제는 RCFT와유사하게시각적기억력을평가할수있을것이며, 초기의치매환자들에서유용한평가도구가될것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 1. Fray PJ, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Neuropsychiatric applications of CANTAB. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1996;11: CANTAB Test descriptions by function [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge Cognition Limited; c2009. Available from: Sahakian BJ, Morris RG, Evenden JL, Heald A, Levy R, Philpot M, et al. A comparative study of visuospatial memory and learning in Alzheimer-type dementia and Parkinson's disease. Brain 1988;111: Sahakian BJ, Downes JJ, Eagger S, Evenden JL, Levy R, Philpot MP, et al. Sparing of attentional relative to mnemotic function in a subgroup of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia 1990;28: Sahgal A, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Wray CJ, Lloyd S, Cook JH, et al. Detection of visual memory and learning deficits in Alzheimer's disease using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Dementia 1991;2: Sahakian BJ, Owen AM. Computerized assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: discussion paper. J R Soc Med 1992;85: Lange KW, Sahakian BJ, Quinn NP, Marsden CD, Robbins TW. Comparison of executive and visuospatial memory function in Huntington's disease and dementia of Alzheimer J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June
10 김찬석외 : 노인에서인지능평가를위한전산화캠브리지신경인지검사법의유용성 : 예비연구 type matched for degree of dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;58: Strohle A, Richert A, Maier M, Gutzman H. Improving the clinical recognition of very mild dementia using multiple levels of assessment. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1995;3: Maruff P, Tyler P, Burt T, Currie B, Burns C, Currie J. Cognitive deficits in Machado-Joseph disease. Ann Neurol 1996;40: Hughes C, Russell J, Robbins TW. Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism. Neuropsychologia 1994;32: Park KW, Kim HS, Kim JW, Kim SY, Kim EG, Kim TY, et al. Multicenter investigation on clinical characteristics, cognitive impairments, behavioral and psychological symptoms of demented elderly in Busan-Gyeongnam province. J Korean Geriatr Soc 2007;11: Byeon YC, Han YJ, Lee SH, Park JH. Chimaegwanli Mapping gaebal yeongu. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs; Ministry of Health and Welfare. Chimae no-in su chugye. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare; American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34: Román GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report on the NINDS- AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993;43: Kang YW. Samsung Neuropsychological Screening Battery. In: Kang YW, editor. Current research in dementia. Seoul: The Korean Dementia Association; p Allard G, Butler J, Faust D, Shea MT. Errors in hand sco- ring objective personality tests: the case of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised (PDQ-R). Prof Psychol Res Pr 1995;26: Moon GW, Blakey WA, Gorsuch RL, Fantuzzo JW. Frequent WAIS-R administration errors: an ignored sources of inaccurate measurement. Prof Psychol Res Pr 1991;22: Kane RL, Kay GG. Computerized assessment in neuropsychology: a review of tests and test batteries. Neuropsychol Rev 1992;3: Beaumont HG, French CC. A clinical field study of eight automated psychometric procedures: the Leicester/DHS Project. Int J Man Mach Stud 1987;26: Wilson SL, Thompson JA, Wyile G. Automated psychological testing for the severely physically handicapped. Int J Man Mach Stud 1982;17: Robbins TW, James M, Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, McInnes L, Rabbitt P. Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): a factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers. Dementia 1994;5: Mishkin M. A memory system in the monkey. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1982;298: Fowler KS, Saling MM, Conway EL, Semple JM, Louis WJ. Computerized delayed matching to sample and paired associate performance in the early detection of dementia. Appl Neuropsychol 1995;2: Fowler KS, Saling MM, Conway EL, Semple JM, Louis WJ. Computerized neuropsychological test in the elderly detection of dementia: prospective findings. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1997;3: Fowler KS, Saling MM, Conway EL, Semple JM, Louis WJ. Paired associate performance in the early detection of DAT. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2002;8: Yang DW, Cho BL, Chey JY, Kim SY, Kim BS. The development and validation of Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire (KDSQ). J Korean Neurol Assoc 2002;20: J Korean Geriatr Soc 13(2) June 2009
J Korean Neurol Assoc / Volume 21 / August, 2003 The Validity and Reliability of the Korean Modified Mini-Mental State (K-3MS) Examination Eun-Hee Soh
J Korean Neurol Assoc / Volume 21 / August, 2003 The Validity and Reliability of the Korean Modified Mini-Mental State (K-3MS) Examination Eun-Hee Sohn, Ae-Young Lee, Hyun-Ju Park* Department of Neurology
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information노인정신의학회보14-1호
제14권 1호 통권 제23호 www.kagp.or.kr 발행인 : 정인과 / 편집인 : 이동우 / 발행처 : 정인과 (152-703) 서울특별시 구로구 구로동 80번지 고려대학교 구로병원 정신과 / TEL : 02-818-6608 / FAX : 02-852-1937 발행일 : 2008년 4월 30일 / 제 작 : (주)엠엘커뮤니케이션 140-846 서울특별시
More informationDementia2
Today s Topics Memory Impairment & Dementia Age Associated Memory Impairment Dementia Definition of dementia Depression Schizophrenia Mental retardation Delirium : Not final diagnosis term, but symptomatologic
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More informationAnalysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ
Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]
More information자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr
Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae
More informationA Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More informationA 617
Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
More information歯14.양돈규.hwp
: The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net
More information황지웅
Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More information<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>
주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율
More informationJkcs022(89-113).hwp
대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo
More informationOriginal Article Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2018;22(2):41-46 ISSN Copyright 2018 Korean Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 지역사
Original Article Journal of Korean Geriatric Psychiatry 2018;22(2):41-46 ISSN 1226-6329 Copyright 2018 Korean Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 지역사회기억상실형경도인지장애조기발견프로그램개발 : 예비연구 조선대학교의과대학정신건강의학교실, 1
More information<5BBEF0BEEE33332D335D20312EB1E8B4EBC0CD2E687770>
언어장애의 몇 가지 유형에서 관찰되는 어휘빈도와 음운변화 효과 * 김충명 남기춘 ** (광주대학교 고려대학교) Kim, Choong-Myung and Nam, Kichun. 2008. The Effects of Korean Word Frequency and Phonological Change in Several Types of Language Disorder.
More information,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;
,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).
More information386-390.hwp
386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon
More information03-서연옥.hwp
농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( :
27 2, 17-31, 2009. -, * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** (: dminkim@cau.ac.kr) 18 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. Ⅰ. (,,, 2004). (,, 2006).,,, (Myrick,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: * Strenghening the Cap
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.27-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.27 * Strenghening the Capacity of Cultural Arts Required in Special Education
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More informationDementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2010; 9: 8-12 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 치매선별검사로서 K-MMSE 의타당도연구 : 종합적인신경심리학적평가와의비교 오은아 * 강연욱 *, 신준현 연병길 강동성심병원치매예방센터, 한림대학
Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2010; 9: 8-12 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 치매선별검사로서 K-MMSE 의타당도연구 : 종합적인신경심리학적평가와의비교 오은아 * 강연욱 *, 신준현 연병길 강동성심병원치매예방센터, 한림대학교심리학과 * 한림대학교성심병원신경과 강동성심병원신경과, 정신과 Received : January
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: : * Research Subject
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.91-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.91 : * Research Subject Trend Analysis on Educational Innovation with Network
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although
More information치매선별용설문지 SIRQD 개발 D.Y. Lee, et al - 연구방법 대상자및정보제공자의선정 연구대상자 정보제공자 210
KISEP Original Article J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc Vol 43, No 2 치매선별용정보제공자보고형설문지 Seoul Informant Report Questionnaire for Dementia (SIRQD) 의개발 서울대학교의과대학정신과학교실, 1 분당서울대학교병원신경정신과, 2 경기도립노인전문병원신경정신과, 3
More information878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu
한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim
More information09È«¼®¿µ5~152s
Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.2, 2007, pp.45~52 Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System Suk-Young Hong*, Jin-Young Hong**,
More information,......
The Impact of Personal Traits, Family Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle Aged Men from the Baby Boomer Generation Working in Large Corporations Department of
More information???춍??숏
Suseong gu Council Daegu Metropolitan City www.suseongcouncil.daegu.kr Contents SUSEONG GU COUNCIL DAEGU METROPOLITAN CITY 10 www.suseongcouncil.daegu.kr 11 SUSEONG GU COUNCIL DAEGU METROPOLITAN CITY
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More information지난 2009년 11월 애플의 아이폰 출시로 대중화에 접어든 국내 스마트폰의 역사는 4년 만에 ‘1인 1스마트폰 시대’를 눈앞에 두면서 모바일 최강국의 꿈을 실현해 가고 있다
: * 30~40.,, 30~40 646.,..,.,.,,,.. * (2014) 30~40. :,, (120-728) 34 Tel : 02-300-0899, E-mail : hyhong@mju.ac.kr 2009 11 4 1 1, (2014) 2014 8 4,000. (, 2012).. (2013) 77.4%, 53.9%. 61.6%, 11.5%, 1% (,
More informationRheu-suppl hwp
Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally
More informationEffects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More informationKbcs002.hwp
Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More information(
317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,
More information09구자용(489~500)
The Study on the Grid Size Regarding Spatial Interpolation for Local Climate Maps* Cha Yong Ku** Young Ho Shin*** Jae-Won Lee**** Hee-Soo Kim*****.,...,,,, Abstract : Recent global warming and abnormal
More information歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF
********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder
More information(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re
EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern
More informationCan032.hwp
Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory
More informationECG & EP CASES Young-Keun On, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Cardiac & Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea A case of
More information±èÇ¥³â
533 Fig. 1. Dead zone. Nine echoes are positioned 2-10 mm below the scan surface with 1 mm distance. All nine echoes are clearly visualized. 534 Fig. 2. Vertical and horizontal measurement. 10 cm distance
More information상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: /
,,. 164 -. SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 1 11 404 / Tel: 02-880-7636 / E-mail: dikimedu@snu.ac.kr ...,,, (, 2012),, (,,, 2012a, 2012b;,, 2011;, 2011;,, 2010). (, 2013;, 2012;, ;
More information03이경미(237~248)ok
The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social
More informationhttp://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between
More informationÆ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š
Cho, Mun Jin (E-mail: mjcho@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding
More information433대지05박창용
Recent Changes in Summer Precipitation Characteristics over South Korea Changyong Park* JaYeon Moon** Eun-Jeong Cha*** Won-Tae Yun**** Youngeun Choi***** 1958 2007 6 9 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 Abstract This
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: A study on Characte
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.381-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.381 A study on Characteristics of Action Learning by Analyzing Learners Experiences
More information???? 1
The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial
More information<313120B9DABFB5B1B82E687770>
한국민족문화 40, 2011. 7, 347~388쪽 1)중화학공업화선언과 1973년 공업교육제도 변화* 2)박 영 구** 1. 머리말 2. 1973년, 중화학공업화선언과 과학기술인력의 부족 3. 1973년 전반기의 교육제도 개편과 정비 1) 계획과 개편 2) 기술교육 개선안과 인력개발 시책 4. 1973년 후반기의 개편과 정비 5. 정비된 정규교육제도의 특징
More information<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>
기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를
More information( )Kju225.hwp
비임균성비뇨생식기감염에서 의진단적효용성 Usefulness of the Mycofast Test (MYCOFAST Evolution 2) for the Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Genitourinary Infections Hang Ro Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Ho Jae Lee, Jea Sang Oh, Hyoung Jin
More information:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )
:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency
More informationV V V α Azam, M. Z. M. & Park, Dong-Ho (2012). The relationship between Digit Ratio(2D:4D) and Physical Fitness in Children. Journal of Korean Society of Living Environmental System, 19(1), 101-110.
More information결론 중심단어 서론 HDS-R 번안 방법 527
KISEP Original Articles 41 3 2002 J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc Vol 41, No 3 치매선별을위한한국어판하세가와치매척도의신뢰도와타당도 * 김기웅 1) 이동영 1) 안소연 1) 주진형 2) 길영남 1) Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of Hasegawa
More information김범수
Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis
More informationEun Ye Lim, et al: Effects of Cognitive Therapy in Local Dementia Center 448만 명(10.2%)으로 10배 이상 증가할 것으로 예상된다 1). 치매의 유병률은 나이가 많아질수록 증가하므로, 한국 사회에 서 치매
Original Article J Korean Geriatr Soc 2015;19(2):71-79 http://dx.doi.org/10.4235/jkgs.2015.19.2.71 Print ISSN 1229-2397 On-line ISSN 2288-1239 경도인지장애 환자의 집단 작업치료 및 음악치료의 효과 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 서울성모병원 신경과 1, 마포구
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.149-171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.149 * A Study on Teachers and Parents Perceptions on the Introduction of Innovational
More informationAbstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
More information°í¼®ÁÖ Ãâ·Â
Performance Optimization of SCTP in Wireless Internet Environments The existing works on Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) was focused on the fixed network environment. However, the number of
More informationAnalysis of teacher s perception and organization on physical education elective courses Chang-Wan Yu* Korea Institute of curriculum and evaluation [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusions] Key words:
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More information975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호
Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: An Exploratory Stud
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.423-441 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.423 An Exploratory Study on the Improvement of Democratic Consultative Culture
More information16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm
w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University
More information230 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 I. 서 론 청소년의 언어가 거칠어지고 있다. 개ㅅㄲ, ㅆㅂ놈(년), 미친ㅆㄲ, 닥쳐, 엠창, 뒤져 등과 같은 말은 주위에서 쉽게 들을 수 있다. 말과 글이 점차 된소리나 거센소리로 바뀌고, 외 국어 남용과 사이버 문화의 익명성 등
청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이 229 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 The Korea Educational Review 2014. 10. Vol.20. No.3. pp.229-251. 1) 청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이* 강기수 조규판(동아대학교) [요 약] 본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 개인변인인
More information- KEY WORDS 서론
KISEP Original Article 생물정신의학 Vol. 11, No. 2, November 2004 만성정신분열병환자들의인지기능과정서인식능력의관련성 * 황혜리 ** 황태연 ** 이우경 ** 한은선 ** The Relationship between Neurocognitive Functioning and Emotional Recognition in Chronic
More information歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF
The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty
More information#Ȳ¿ë¼®
http://www.kbc.go.kr/ A B yk u δ = 2u k 1 = yk u = 0. 659 2nu k = 1 k k 1 n yk k Abstract Web Repertoire and Concentration Rate : Analysing Web Traffic Data Yong - Suk Hwang (Research
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster
More informationApparel Purchase Behaviors and Image Preferences of Preteen Girls and Their Mothers: Considering Preteen Girls BMI and Body Image Department of Home Economics Education, Pai Chai University Assistant Professor
More information04조남훈
Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
한국소음진동공학회 2015추계학술대회논문집년 Study of Noise Pattern and Psycho-acoustics Characteristic of Household Refrigerator * * ** ** Kyung-Soo Kong, Dae-Sik Shin, Weui-Bong Jeong, Tae-Hoon Kim and Se-Jin Ahn Key Words
More informationDementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2013; 12: ORIGINAL ARTICLE 치매환자가족부양자의부양부담에영향을미치는요인 권오대 * 김태
Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2013; 12: 107-113 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 치매환자가족부양자의부양부담에영향을미치는요인 권오대 * 김태완 박미영 이상도 이현아 이호원 대구경북치매연구회 대구가톨릭대학교의과대학신경과학교실 * 대구파티마병원신경과 영남대학교의과대학신경과학교실 이상도신경과의원 계명대학교의과대학신경과학교실
More information( )Kju269.hwp
만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
More informationTreatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy
Treatment and Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy Chung-Ang University Hospital Chee Jeong Kim 7.2 5.3 6.4 5.6 7.3 5.5 1 1 2 3 4 10 11 7 34 49 122 123 1.0 - - 10. 2001 1998 1998 Improvement of postmenopausal
More information기관고유연구사업결과보고
기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106
More information<31372DB9DABAB4C8A32E687770>
김경환 박병호 충북대학교 도시공학과 (2010. 5. 27. 접수 / 2011. 11. 23. 채택) Developing the Traffic Severity by Type Kyung-Hwan Kim Byung Ho Park Department of Urban Engineering, Chungbuk National University (Received May
More information54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3
27 2, 53-70, 2009. (Nursing Home) * ** (Nursing Home). 5 50 5 2 1,,,,, SPSS t.,,,,,,,. :,, : 2009/08/27 : 2009/09/24 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: hjkim@daelim.ac.kr) 54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. I. 1.,,,,,,, (,
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More information(5차 편집).hwp
(215), 54(1), 17-3 211 STEAM,.. STEAM, STEAM, 5~6 11.,., 5~6...,. (, 21)., 29. (,, 212). 211 STEAM * :, E-mail: njkwon@hanmail.net http://dx.doi.org/1.15812/ter.54.1.2153.17 (215), 54(1), 17-3,. (Arts)
More information-07-......
A Depth Interview on Qualification, Role, and Professionalism of Infant/Toddler Teachers Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University Associate Professor : Ahn, Sun Hee Department of Early
More information歯1.PDF
200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)
More information27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :
27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,
More information139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ
2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,
More information<352EC7E3C5C2BFB55FB1B3C5EBB5A5C0CCC5CD5FC0DABFACB0FAC7D0B4EBC7D02E687770>
자연과학연구 제27권 Bulletin of the Natural Sciences Vol. 27. 2013.12.(33-44) 교통DB를 이용한 교통정책 발굴을 위한 통계분석 시스템 설계 및 활용 Statistical analytic system design and utilization for transport policy excavation by transport
More informationuntitled
원저 J Korean Neurol Assoc / Volume 24 / October, 2006 김해한솔요양병원, 경성대학교사회복지학과 a, 인제대학교부산백병원 b, 동아대학교의료원 c, 부산의료원 d, 신라대학교가족학과 e, 고신대학교복음병원 f, 성균관대학교마산삼성병원 g, 마산태봉병원 h, 동의의료원 i, 성균관대학교의과대학사회의학교실 j, 메리놀병원 k
More information( )Kjhps043.hwp
Difference of Fistula Maturation Degree and Physical Property by the Types of Tube Material: An Experimental Study Sang Koo Kang, M.D. 1, Hee Chul Yu, M.D. 1,4, Woo Sung Moon, M.D. 2,4, Ju Hyoung Lee,
More information05-08 087ÀÌÁÖÈñ.hwp
산별교섭에 대한 평가 및 만족도의 영향요인 분석(이주희) ꌙ 87 노 동 정 책 연 구 2005. 제5권 제2호 pp. 87118 c 한 국 노 동 연 구 원 산별교섭에 대한 평가 및 만족도의 영향요인 분석: 보건의료노조의 사례 이주희 * 2004,,,.. 1990. : 2005 4 7, :4 7, :6 10 * (jlee@ewha.ac.kr) 88 ꌙ 노동정책연구
More information