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1 J. Korean Soc. Transp. Vol.30, No.2, pp.2-27, April Journal of Korean Society of Transportation ISSN : eissn : 전적색신호시간운영에따른교통사고감소효과 박병호 * 정용일 2 김경환 3 충북대학교도시공학과, 2 도로교통공단충북지부, 3 충북대학교대학원 Traffic Accident Reduction Effects of the All-Red Clearance Interval (ARCI) Operation PARK, Byung Ho * JUNG, Yong Il 2 KIM, Kyung Hwan 3 Department of Urban Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk , Korea 2 Chungbuk Branch, Road Traffic Authority, Chungbuk , Korea 3 Graduate School, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk , Korea Abstract This study deals with the relationships between signal operation and traffic accident of signalized intersections. The objective of this study is to analyze the traffic accident reduction effects on the operation of all-red clearance interval (ARCI). This study gives particular attentions to evaluating the traffic accident reduction effects of ARCI at 37 signalized intersections in Cheongju using before-after evaluation with comparison group. The main results are as follows. First, the number of traffic accidents, fatalities and injuries has changed before operating ARCI and thereafter. Second, the result of before-and-after evaluation with comparison group showed that the number of accidents was reduced by 20.0% and that the number of fatalities and injuries was reduced by 28.0%. Finally, reduction effects from operating ARCI were evaluated to be 6.0~35.0% in the number of accidents and 8.0~37.0% in the number of fatalities and injuries. 이연구는신호교차로의신호운영과교통사고의관계를다루고있다. 연구의목적은전적색신호시간 (ARCI) 운영에따른교통사고감소효과를분석하는데있다. 이를위해이연구는청주시 37개신호교차로를대상으로비교그룹방법을사용하여 ARCI의교통사고감소효과를평가하는데중점을두고있다. 주요결과는다음과같다. 첫째, 교통사고건수와사상자수는 ARCI 도입전 후가다른것으로평가되었다. 둘째, 교통사고감소효과를비교그룹방법으로분석한결과, 사고건수는 20.0%, 그리고사상자수는 28.0% 감소한것으로분석되었다. 마지막으로, 전적색신호시간운영에따른사고건수의감소효과는 6.0~35.0%, 사상자수의감소효과는 8.0~37.0% 로평가되었다. Key Words Traffic Accident, Paired-Sample t-test, Before-After Evaluation with Comparison Group, Accident Reduction, All-red Clearance Interval 교통사고, 대응표본 t 검정, 비교그룹사전 사후평가, 사고감소, 전적색신호시간 * : Corresponding Author bhpark@cbungbuk.ac.kr, Phone: , Fax: 대한교통학회지제 30 권제 2 호, 202 년 4 월 2
2 전적색신호시간운영에따른교통사고감소효과 Ⅰ. 서론 2. 연구의수행과정. 연구의배경및목적 200년전국교통사고발생건수는총 226,878건이며, 사망자는 5,505명, 부상자는 352,458명으로집계되었다 ( 경찰청, 20). 교통사고로인한사회적비용도 2009년기준으로 GDP에.% 규모인 조 8천억원에이르는것으로추정되었다 ( 도로교통공단, 200). 전체교통사고중교차로교통사고는총 0,547 건으로전체교통사고의 44.8% 의높은비율을나타내고있으며, 신호위반에의한교통사고도전체의.4% 로나타나교차로사고감소가중요한이슈로대두되고있다. FHWA(2009) 에서는교차로교통사고감소를위한다양한신호운영방안들을제시하고있으며, 이중전적색신호시간은신호위반 (late exits 포함 ) 방지를위한가장저비용의교통안전제고방안이라소개하고있다. 미국디트로이트시의경우, 지역내 33개신호교차로를대상으로전적색신호시간도입및신호등렌즈크기확대를통해약 33.3% 의사고감소, 45.5% 의인피사고감소효과를도출한것으로보고된다 (FHWA, 2009). 국내의경우교차로가매우넓어현시변경에의한사고의위험이있을때, 교차로를횡단하는보행자를보호하고, 대향방향의차량과교차로를벗어나지못한차량간의충돌을피하기위하여전적색신호를운영할것을권장하고있다. 또한황색신호시간을최대 5초로하고이를넘는경우 ~2 초의신호시간을적용할것을권장하고있다 ( 경찰청, 2005). 하지만, 다양한해외연구결과에비해전적색신호시간도입에따른국내연구사례를찾아보기힘들다. 전적색신호시간도입에따른효과분석은김용석 (200) 에의해수행된연구가유일하며, 김용석의경우도국내관련연구의부재와더불어, 다양한검증방법론에대한아쉬움을표현하고있다. 이에본연구는 2008년 7월, 청주 청원사고잦은지점을대상으로시행된전적색신호시간도입사례를토대로, 사전 -사후분석 ( 비교그룹방법 ) 을통해도입효과를분석하고자한다. 본연구의수행과정은 <Figure > 과같다. 우선기존문헌을통해전적색신호시간관련국내외운영특성, 관련연구및분석방법론을고찰한다. 다음으로사전- 사후자료를구축하고평균의독립성검정을위해대응표본 t 검정을시행한다. 이후전적색신호시간도입에따른분석지표별교통사고감소효과를추정하고, 신뢰구간을설정한다. 마지막으로, 연구결과를정리하고향후과제를제시한다. Operational Characteristics Introduction (Background and Goal) Literature Review Data Collection / Test Methodology Reduction Effect of Accidents (C G Method) No. of Accidents Conclusion <Figure > Flowchart of Study Ⅱ. 문헌연구 No. of Fatality and. 전적색신호시간운영특성및관련연구 전적색신호시간의적용기준은다음과같다. 국내의경우에는황색시간은최대 5초로하며, 이를넘는나머지시간은 2초범위내에서전적색신호시간을사용하도록규정하고있다. 교차로폭과접근속도에따른황색시간은식 () 과같이정의된다. ) ) 국내의경우는황색시간과전적색신호시간을포함해서 7 초를초과하지못하도록하며, 교차로폭과접근속도에따라황색시간및전적색신호시간을표로제시하고있다 ( 경찰청 (2005), 교통신호기설치 관리매뉴얼, p.42.). 22 Journal of Korean Society of Transportation Vol.30 No.2 April 202
3 박병호 정용일 김경환 () 여기서, 는황색신호시간 (), 는인지반응시간 (.0), 는접근속도 (), 는정지감속도 (5.0 ), 는교차로횡단거리 (), 은차량길이 (), 그리고 는출발인지반응및여유시간 (.5) 이다. 미국의경우주 ( 州 ) 별로조금씩상이하기는하나, 기본적으로 ITE 에서제시하고있는식 (2) 를바탕으로적용되고있다. (2) 여기서, 는황색신호시간 (), 는인지반응시간 ( 일반적으로 ), 는설계속도 (), 는가속도 ( 일반적으로 3.0 ), 는중력가속도 (9.8 ), 는접근로경사 (, 내리막경사값은음수 ), 는정지선에서충돌이없는지점까지거리 (), 그리고 은차량길이 ( 일반적으로 6.0) 이다. 전적색신호시간관련연구를살펴보면, 앞서기술한것과같이국내사례는김용석 (200) 의연구가유일하다. 그는전적색신호시간을도입한 0개교차로를대상으로비모수검정을통해전적색신호시간도입이교차로직각충돌사고에미치는영향을검증하였다. 한편, 국내와달리해외에는많은연구가진행되고있으며사례를살펴보면다음과같다. Retting(2002) 은뉴욕주의 22개 4지교차로를대상으로 ( 분석대상, 비교대상 ) 전적색신호시간도입에따른교통사고감소효과를분석하였으며, 분석결과전체사고건수는 8% 감소 (p=0.08), 인피사고건수는 2% 감소 (p=0.03), 그리고보행자 자전거사고건수는 37% 가감소 (p=0.03) 한것으로제시하고있다. Schattler(2003) 는미시건주의사례를근거로, 전적색신호시간적용에따른신호위반및차량의후반부유출빈도의감소를분석하였다. Souleyrette(2004) 는미네아폴리스 38개교차로를대상으로횡단면분석및사전 -사후분석을통하여전적색신호시간도입후교통사고감소효과를밝히고있다. 이외에도디트로이트, 오클랜드, 인디아나및롱아일랜드등다양한지역에서전적색신호시간의교통사고감소효과가보고되고있다. 이처럼해외의경우오랜기간동안다양한분석방법 론을토대로연구가진행되어온것에비하여, 국내에는그사례가많지않은것이아쉬운실정이다. 특히, 전적색신호시간도입에따라교통사고가구체적으로얼마나감소하였는지에대한사전- 사후분석은본연구가유일하며, 그렇기에본연구의필요성및중요성이대두된다. 2. 사전-사후분석방법론사전 -사후분석은시설물의효과분석에활용되며, 단순비교방법 (simple before-after evaluation method), 일대일비교방법 (one to one matching with yoked comparisons), 비교그룹방법 (before-after evaluation with comparison group) 및 Bayes 방법 (beforeafter evaluation with the Bayes approach) 등의 4가지방법이대표적이다 (Hauer, 997). 일반적으로계산과정이비교적용이한단순사고건수비교방법과일대일비교방법보다는비교그룹방법및 Bayes 방법이많이활용되고있다. 비교그룹방법의경우유사특성을지닌지점을비교그룹으로분류하여분석함으로서, 한지점을선택함으로써발생할수있는오류를보완하는장점이있지만, 평균으로의회귀 (RTM: regression to mean) 문제가발생하는단점이있다. 반면, Bayes 방법은참조그룹의안전성능함수 (SPF: safety performance function) 를활용하여비교대상사고건수의대표성을높이고, RTM 문제를해결할수있는장점이있는데비해, 모형구축이복잡하고많은자료가필요하다는단점이있다. 본연구는자료수집의한계로인하여, 비교그룹방법을활용한분석을시행하며, 전적색신호시간이적용되지않은교통사고잦은곳교차로를비교대상그룹으로활용함으로써, 참조집단선정에있어유사성에따른문제를극복하고자한다. 비교그룹을이용한사전- 사후분석방법의기본개념은특정사업이시행된지점에서사업시행후발생한사고건수와동일한조건아래사업이시행되지않았을경우에발생할사고건수를예측하여비교하는것이다. 비교그룹방법의기본개념및수행과정은 <Figure 2> 와 <Table > 과같다. 일반적으로비교그룹방법에서의효과척도는사고변화건수 (), 혹은사고변화율 () 이사용되며, 이면 대한교통학회지제 30 권제 2 호, 202 년 4 월 23
4 전적색신호시간운영에따른교통사고감소효과 Class. Comparison Group ( ) Target Group ( ) Estimation of using and Target group Comparis on group Before K N After L M : ratio of accident between before and after installation in comparison group : ratio of accident between before and after installation in target group * Recited in the study of Lee, Soo Beom(2008) <Figure 2> Concept of Comparison Group Method <Table > Study Flow of Comparison Group Method Purpose Equations of Comparison Group Method ting, ting, ting, ting, or * Recited in the study of Lee, Soo Beom(2008) 시행된교통안전사업은교통사고감소에효과가있는것으로결론내린다 (Hauer, 997( 이수범 (2008) 의연구에서재인용 )). Ⅲ. 자료수집및검정. 분석자료의수집 사전 -사후분석은 2008 년전적색신호시간이도입된청주 청원관내 64개교차로중, 기간내기타신호체 <Table 2> Operational Conditions of All-red Clearance Interval (Unit : Number) Classification 3sec(2sec) 4sec(2sec) 5sec(2sec) Yellow Time (All-red Time) Total 3-leg leg Total <Table 3> Target and Comparison Groups Target group Comparison group Category Target Group Before (2007) After (2009) Before (2007) After (2009) Accident data of 37 intersections (207) before ARCI introduction Accident data of 37 intersections (2009) after ARCI introduction Accident data (2007) of 208 intersections except target group Accident data (2009) of 208 intersections except target group <Table 4> Number of Accident and Fatal/ by Group (Unit : Number/year, Number/person) Accident Fatal& Accident Fatal& Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal 3-leg leg Total leg Com- 4-leg parison Other Group Total,008,67,026,703 계및기하구조개선이시행된지점을제외한총 37개교차로를대상으로한다. 이연구에서적용한전적색신호시간은교차로폭과접근속도에따라황색신호시간이 5초를넘는경우적용하는신호변환시간관점과는다르다. 이연구에서는신호변환시간이 7초를넘지않는범위에서주도로위주로기존황색신호시간에추가하여 2초의전적색신호시간을적용한다. 전적색신호시간운영현황은 <Table 2> 와같다. 분석자료는 2008 년전적색신호시간도입시점을기준으로도입전 (2007 년 ) 과도입후 (2009 년 ) 의자료를활용하여시행한다. 2) 한편, <Table 3> 과같이비교대상그룹은분석대상그룹을제외한나머지교통사고잦은곳중자료수집이 2) 분석기간이연장될수없었던사유는 200 년 교통운영체계선진화방안 에따라대부분교차로가직진우선신호체계로변경되었기때문이다. 24 Journal of Korean Society of Transportation Vol.30 No.2 April 202
5 박병호 정용일 김경환 가능한 208 개교차로를선정하며, 그룹별사고건수및사상자수를요약하면 <Table 4> 와같다. <Table 5> 는단순비교방법에따른분석결과이다. 전적색신호시간도입에따른사전-사후단순비교결과, 사고건수는약 20.%, 사상자수는약 27.8% 감소한것으로분석된다. 2. 독립성검정 전적색신호시간도입에따른교통사고감소효과분석을위하여, 사전- 사후사고건수및사상자수의차이가통계적으로유의한지에대한검정단계를선행한다. 분석대상그룹의독립성검정을위해대응표본 t 검정을실시한결과사고건수및사상자수모두평균값이차이가있는것으로나타났다 ( ). 또한차이의 95% 신뢰구간이 0을포함하고있지않아전적색신호시간운영전 후사고건수및사상자수에유의미한변화가있다고할수있다. 분석결과는 <Table 6> 과같다. Ⅳ. 교통사고감소효과분석. 지표별교통사고감소효과 ) 사고건수감소효과 사고건수의경우단순비교에서는 54 건 (20.%) 감소 <Table 5> Result of Simple Before-After Evaluation Method Accident Fatal& Category Target Group Comparison Group Location 37 intersections 208 intersections Before 269,008 After 25,026 Difference -54(-20.%) 8(.8%) Before 55,67 After 372,703 Difference -43(-27.8%) 32(.9%) <Table 7> Result of Before-After Analysis in Number of Accident Number of accident in target group (Before) Number of accident in target group (After) Number of accident in comparison group (Before) Number of accident in comparison group (After) ,008, Reduction in accident() Measure of effectiveness () 0.80 Variation of reduction in accident (Std. deviation : 22.0) Variation of measure of effectiveness 0.0 (Std. deviation : 0.07) 한것으로나타나는데, 비교그룹방법을활용하여분석한결과, 사고건수는 58.5 건 ( 표준편차 : 22.) 감소한것으로분석된다. 3) 효율성척도 () 는 0.80( 표준편차 : 0.07) 으로나타나전적색신호시간운영에따라약 20.0% 의교통사고감소효과가있는것으로판단되며, 분석결과는 <Table 7> 과같이요약된다. 2) 사상자수감소효과 사상자수의경우단순비교결과 43 인 (27.8%) 감소한것으로나타났으며, 비교그룹방법분석결과에서는전체사상자수가 52.6 인 ( 표준편차 : 29.9) 감소한것으로분석된다. <Table 8> 에서보는바와같이, 효율성척도 () 는 0.72( 표준편차 : 0.05) 로나타나전적색신호시간운영에따라약 28.0% 의사고감소효과가있는것으로분석된다. 2. 신뢰구간추정및소결 <Table 6> Result of Independency Test in Target Group Category Mean Std. devia-tion 95% Confidence Interval p-value Accident Fatal& 비교그룹방법에의한분석결과전적색신호시간운영에따른사고건수감소효과는약 20.0%, 사상자수의감소효과는약 28.0% 로분석된다. 신뢰수준 95% 에서의신뢰구간을추정한결과는 <Figure 3> 과같다. 사고건수의경우는 0.65~ 3) 여기서의사고건수는인피사고만을대상으로하며, 이는 2008 년이후교통사고잦은곳집계기준에서물피사고가제외되었기때문이다. 대한교통학회지제 30 권제 2 호, 202 년 4 월 25
6 전적색신호시간운영에따른교통사고감소효과 <Table 8> Result of Before-After Analysis in Fatal & target group (Before) target group (After) comparison group (Before) comparison group (After) <Table 9> Comparison of Results Category Simple before-after evaluation method Before-after evaluation with compari - son group Number Accident Ratio(%) ,67, Reduction in fatal and injury() Measure of effectiveness () 0.72 Variation of reduction in fatal and injury (Std. deviation : 29.94) Variation of measure of effectiveness (Std. deviation : 0.05) (Accident) (Fatal and injury) <Figure 3> 95% Confidence Interval of Measure of Effectiveness Fatal & Number Ratio(%) (6.0%~35.0%), 사상자수의경우는 0.63~ 0.82(8.0%~37.0%) 로분석된다. 한편, 신뢰구간에서.0 보다큰값이존재하지않아 전적색신호시간운영에따른사고건수및사상자수감소효과를기대할수있는것으로판단된다. <Table 9> 는단순비교방법과비교그룹방법과의분석결과를비교하고있다. 분석결과의편차는크지않지만, 보다통계적으로유의한방법론을통해, 분석결과의신뢰성을높였다는데의의가있다. Ⅴ. 결론이연구는전적색신호시간운영에따른교통사고감소효과를검증 분석하는데그목적이있다. 국내의경우사례연구가부족하여구체적인교통사고감소효과에대한검증이없었으며, 이러한측면에서이연구의실증분석은의의가있다고할수있다. 검증 분석을위해전적색신호시간이적용된교통사고잦은곳 37개교차로를대상으로도입전 후수집된사고건수및사상자수의평균비교를실시하여독립성을검정하였으며, 대표적인사전-사후분석방법의하나인비교그룹방법을활용하여교통사고감소효과를추정하였다. 분석기간은도입전 후각각 년으로하였으며, 분석대상그룹은 37개교차로, 비교대상그룹은 208 개교차로이다. 주요연구결과를요약하면다음과같다. 첫째, 전적색신호시간도입전 후사고건수및사상자수평균비교결과, 사고건수및사상자수에유의미한변화가있는것으로검정된다. 둘째, 교통사고감소효과를비교그룹방법으로분석한결과, 사고건수는 20.0%, 사상자수는 28.0% 감소한것으로분석된다. 셋째, 신뢰수준 95% 에서신뢰구간추정결과, 전적색신호시간운영에따른교통사고감소효과는사고건수의경우는 6.0~35.0%, 사상자수의경우는 8.0~ 37.0% 로기대된다. 이연구에서전적색신호시간은적은비용으로큰효과를도출할수있는저비용- 고효율교통안전증진방안임이입증된만큼, 교통사고감소를위한시설투자이전에반드시검토되어야할대안이라생각된다. 아울러국내규정에도교통안전증진을위한전적색신호시간의구체적인적용범위및방식 ( 예 : 심야시간시차제적용등 ) 과전전색신호운영에따라신호주기가길어지는등신호효율성측면, 운영중인신호시간의적절성여부등에대한내용들도향후연구되어야할것이다. 26 Journal of Korean Society of Transportation Vol.30 No.2 April 202
7 박병호 정용일 김경환 알림 : 본논문은대한교통학회에서주최한제63 회학술발표회에서발표한 전적색신호시간운영에따른사고감소효과 의내용을수정 보완하여작성된것입니다. REFERENCES. FHWA(2009), Example Intersection Safety Implementation Plan. 2. Hauer, E.(997), Observational before-after studies on road safety, Pergamon. 3. Kim, Yong Seok, KANG, Dong Soo, PARK, Jun Tae and LEE, Soo Beom(200), Effect of All-Red Clearance Interval on Intersection Right-Angle Crashes, Journal of Korean Society of Transportation, Vol.28, No., Korean Society of Transportation, pp.97~ Kim, Jeong Hyun, Kim, Gyu Ho, Kim, Jang Wook and Lee, Soo Beom(2008), Estimation of Accident Effectiveness Based Upon the Location of Traffic Signal Using C-G Method, Journal of the Korea Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.28, No.6D, pp.775~ Lee, Dong Min, Kang, Jae-Hong, Sung, Nak-Moon and Chung, Bong Jo(2007), A Safety Evaluation of Shoulder Rumble Strips on Freeway Using C-G Method, Journal of the Korea Society of Road Engineers, Vol.9, No.2, pp.77~ Lee, Soo Beom, Jung, Do Young and Kim, Do-Gyeong(2008), The Effects of a School Zone Improvement Project on Crash Reduction Regarding Land Use Characteristics, Journal of Korean Society of Transportation, Vol.26, No.3, Korean Society of Transportation, pp.09~7. 7. MIDOT(2004), Effectiveness of All-Red Clearance Interval on Intersection Crashes, Minnesota Department of Transportation Research Services Section. 8. National Police Agency(200), 20 Traffic Accident Statistics. 9. National Police Agency(2005), Manual of Signal Installation and Management. 0. Park, Jeong-Soon(2008), Development of Accident Models based on the Characteristics of Cheongju 4-Legged Signalized Intersections, Chungbuk University, A Doctoral Dissertation.. Park, Min-ho, Park, Kuiyoung, Chang, Iljoon and LEE, Soo Beom(2006), Accident Conversion Effect Analysis of Installing Median Barriers, Journal of Korean Society of Transportation, Vol.24, No.2, Korean Society of Transportation, pp.3~ Retting, R. A., Chapline, J. F. and Williams, A. F.(2002), Changes in crash risk following re-timing of traffic signal change intervals, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol.34, No.2, pp.25~ Road Traffic Authority, TAAS(Traffic Accident Analysis System), 4. Road Traffic Authority(2008), A Study on the Technology and Operation of Traffic Signal System. 5. Roper, B. A., Fricker, J. D., Sinha, K. C. and Montgomery, R. E.(990), The Effects of the All-Red Clearance Interval on Intersection Accident Rates, Joint Transportation Research Program, FHWA/IN/ JHRP-90/ Souleyrette, R. R., McDonald, T. J. and O'Brien, M. M.(2007), Safety Effectiveness of All-Red Clearance Intervals at Urban Low-Speed Intersections, Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, USDOT(2009), Improving Safety by Providing All-Red Clearance Intervals and Larger Signal Lenses. 8. USDOT(2009), Intersection Safety Issue Briefs. 주작성자 : 박병호 교신저자 : 박병호 논문투고일 : 논문심사일 : (차) (2차) 심사판정일 : 반론접수기한 : 인익명심사필 인 abstract 교정필 대한교통학회지제 30 권제 2 호, 202 년 4 월 27
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