Ji-Oh Ryu ㆍ Pan-Gyu Choi 터널에도입하고있는정량적위험도평가기법은대단면터널에만적용이가능하기때문에최근건설이나계획이증가하는소형차전용도로터널에대한정량적위험도평가기법의개발필요성이대두되게되었다. 이에본연구에서는기존의터널에대한정량적위험도평가기법을기반으로하여소형차전
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1 소형차전용도로터널의화재위험도평가기법개발및적용성에관한연구 류지오 1* ㆍ최판규 2 1 정회원, 신한대학교기계자동차공학과교수 2 정회원, 주성지앤비팀장 A study on the development and applicability of fire risk assessment method for small road tunnels passing only small cars Ji-Oh Ryu 1* ㆍPan-Gyu Choi 2 1 Professor, Dept. Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shinhan University 2 Team Leader, JS G&B Inc. *Corresponding Author : Ji-Oh Ryu, geotunnel@gmail.com OPEN ACCESS Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association 20(6) (2018) eissn: pissn: Received August 7, 2018 Revised September 12, 2018 Accepted September 17, 2018 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright c2018, Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association Abstract A quantitative risk assessment method for quantitatively evaluating the fire risk in designing a road tunnel disaster prevention facilities has been introduced to evaluate the appropriateness of a disaster prevention facility in a large tunnel through which all vehicle types pass. However, since the quantitative risk assessment method of the developed can be applied only to the large sectional area tunnels (large tunnels), it is necessary to develop a quantitative risk assessment method for road tunnels passing only small cars which has recently been constructed or planned. In this study, fire accidents scenarios and quantitative risk assesment method for small road tunnels through small cars only which is based on the methods for existing road tunnels (large tunnels). And the risk according to the distance between cross passage is evaluated. As a result, in order to satisfy the societal risk assessment criteria, the distance of the appropriate distance between cross passages was estimated to be 200 m, and the effect of the ventilation system of the large port exhaust ventilation system was quantitatively analyzed by comparing the longitudinal ventilation system. Keywords: Quantitative risk assessment, Road tunnel for small cars, Distance between cross passages, Tunnel ventilation system 초록 도로터널의방재시설설계에화재위험을정량적으로평가하기위한정량적위험도평가기법이소방시설물에대한성능위주설계의일환으로도입되어전차종이통과하는대단면터널에대한방재시설의적정성을평가하는데활용되고있다. 그러나현재도로 917
2 Ji-Oh Ryu ㆍ Pan-Gyu Choi 터널에도입하고있는정량적위험도평가기법은대단면터널에만적용이가능하기때문에최근건설이나계획이증가하는소형차전용도로터널에대한정량적위험도평가기법의개발필요성이대두되게되었다. 이에본연구에서는기존의터널에대한정량적위험도평가기법을기반으로하여소형차전용도로터널에적합한화재발생시나리오를제시하고소형차전용의모델터널에대해서피난연결통로간격에따른위험도를분석하고적용성을검토하였다. 그결과로소형차전용도로터널의경우, 현행사회적위험도평가기준을만족하기위한피난연결통로의적정간격은 200 m로평가되었다. 또한소형차전용터널에대한제배연방식에따른위험도를비교한결과, 제트팬에의해서기류제어가가능한대배기구방식이피난안전확보에효과적인것으로분석되었다. 주요어 : 정량적위험도평가, 소형차전용터널, 피난연결통로간격, 터널환기시스템 1. 서론 최근들어소방시설물에대한설계시사양위주설계를지양하고성능위주설계기법이도입되고있는추세이며, 도로터널에대한방재시설설계에있어서도성능위주설계의일환으로화재위험도를정량적으로평가하기위한정량적위험도평가기법이도입되고있으며, 도로터널방재시설의최적화및적정성을결정하기위한도구로활용되고있다. 정량적위험도평가기법은원자력발전, 화학및석유화학분야등에서위험한시설이나공정의안전성을평가하기위해개발되었으며, 도로터널에대한위험도평가는 2004년 4월발표된유럽횡단도로네트워크의도로터널의최소안전요구사항 (Official Journal of the European Union, 2004) 에명시적으로규정하고있어, 유럽연합을중심으로활발하게도로터널의방재시설설치계획과설계및기존터널의방재시설보강을위한의사결정도구로활용되고있다. 전술한바와같이유럽의국가들은유럽연합에서권고하는도로터널에대한최소안전기준에서요구하는규정을수용하여정량적위험도평가기법을국가지침이나기준으로제시하고있다. 대표적인평가모델은오스트리아의 TuRisMo (Kohl et al., 2006), 네덜란드의 TUNPRIM (Weger et al., 2001), OECD/PIARC DG QRA모델 (Philippe CASSINI, 2010) 등이있으며, 프랑스, 독일, 이탈리아는 2004/54/EC지침의조건에만족하도록 DG QRA모델을적용하여자체적으로평가하도록정하고있다. 또한, Mattias (2002), Pάlsson (2004) 은특정터널에적용하기위한정량적위험도평가기법을연구한바가있으며, 최근에 Meng and Xiaobo (2010) 은싱가폴의 KPE터널에적용하기위한연구결과를발표하고있다. 국내의경우에는 Yoo (2006) 의연구결과가있으며, 이를 2005년에재정된 도로터널방재시설설치및관리지침 (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 2015) 에반영하여도로터널에서의화재위험도를정량화하여평가하도록정하고있으며, 터널방재시설설계시피난연결통로및제연시설의적정성평가나대안에대한상대적인위험도를비교 평가하고있다. 918
3 A study on the development and applicability of fire risk assessment method for small road tunnels passing only small cars 그러나현재개발된정량적위험도평가기법은전차종이통과하는대단면터널에대해적용성이있으며, 단면적이상대적으로작고통과하는차량의종류가소형차량으로제한되는소단면터널에대한적용은곤란한것으로평가된다. 현재시공중인서부간선지하도로및제물포로터널과같이소형차전용의소단면터널의건설이나계획이대도시를중심으로활발히진행되고있으며, 향후이에대한수요는대도시의녹지공간확보및대기환경오염물질저감을목적으로더욱증대할것으로전망된다. 이에소형차전용터널에대한정량적위험도평가기법의개발필요성이대두되고있는실정이다. 본연구에서는소형차전용도로에대한화재위험을정량적으로평가하기위한정량적위험도평가기법의개발을목적으로소형차전용터널에대한표준화재시나리오를정립하고화재해석결과를반영하는사망자수추정방법과위험도평가방법을제시하였다. 또한본연구결과를통해도출된정량적위험도평가기법의적용성을평가하기위하여모델터널에대한피난연결통로간격별위험도평가와소형차전용터널에대한제 배연방법에따른위험도를비교검토하였다. 2. 도로터널에대한정량적위험도평가 정량적위험도평가는일반적으로 Fig. 1에보인바와같이 1 위험의정의 (Hazard identification), 2 사고발생빈도의분석및사고결과의예측 (Probability and Consequence analysis), 3 위험수준의산정및평가단계 (Risk estimation) 로수행하고있다. Fig. 1. Risk assessment 919
4 Ji-Oh Ryu ㆍ Pan-Gyu Choi 도로터널에대한위험도평가시위험은일반적으로일반 ( 기계적 : 충돌, 추돌등 ) 사고, 화재및위험물누출, TNT의폭발등을포함하고있으며, 각사고는사건수목 (event tree) 기법에의해서전개하며, 화재로확대되는시나리오를포함하고있다. 또한화재사고시나리오는화재강도및화재의성장곡선에의해서구분하고있다. 각시나리오는사고발생통계에근거하여각종분기비를적용하여시나리오별발생빈도를산정한다. 사고결과는사망자수및경제적인손실규모로예측하는것이일반적이다. 사망자수의예측방법은대피해석을수행하여대피자가대피할수있는거리를산정하고화재의영향을화재해석이나통계적으로판단하여대피거리와화재의영향거리를비교하여사망자수를추정하는비교적간단한방법과화재해석과대피해석을수행하여터널내유해환경과대피자의위치를시간경과에따라해석하여대피자가유해환경에노출되는정도를유효복용분량 (Fractional Effective Dose, FED) 으로정량화하여사망상태에도달하는지여부를판단하는방법이있다. 각국의정량적위험도평가기법에서는화재시열환경및유해가스농도를 1D 방정식에의해산정하거나경험적인결과를반영하도록하고있으나, 구체적인방법을기술하고있지는않고있으며, 대피해석방법이나결과또한명확하게기술되어있지않은실정으로외국에서사용하고있는모델을국내에도입하여적용하는데에는한계가많은실정이다. 도출되는위험의평가는개인적위험도 (Individual Risk, IR), 연간사망자수에대한기댓값 (Expect Value, EV), 인명의가치를고려한경제적인손실, F/N (Frequency/No. of Fatalities) 선도와사회적위험도기준 (Societal Risk Criteria) 의비교등을통해서평가하고있다. 3. 소형차전용터널의위험도평가모델 본연구에서는터널방재시설은화재에대비하여인명의안전을확보하기위한것이대부분이며, 위험물누출및테러등에의한폭발사고의발생빈도는아주낮은수준으로예측이불가능하기때문에위험요인으로가장비중을많이차지하는차량화재만을위험의대상으로하였다. 3.1 화재발생표준시나리오소형차전용터널에대한화재시나리오는사건수목 (event tree) 기법에의해서차종별 ( 승용차, 소형버스, 소형화물차 ) 로구분하여 Fig. 2와같이전개하였다. 각차량의화재는확대되는경우와조기진화 ( 화재제압이가능하여경미한화재 ) 되는경우로구분하고화재시교통류의상태 ( 정체또는원활 ) 를고려하였다. 또한, 제연시스템은배기구에의한배연방식과제트팬방식을모두적용할수있도록하였으며, 배기방식은배연효율을향상하기위하여열기류의방향제어를할수있도록제트팬설치를권장하고있는바, 화재시나리오에서는배기구에의한배연및제트팬의가동조건을고려할수있도록제연시스템에대한시나리오를구성하였다. 또한제연시스템의고장시에는터널내대피환경이자연풍의세기및방향에영향을크게받게되므로이를고려할수있도록시나리오를작성하였다. 920
5 A study on the development and applicability of fire risk assessment method for small road tunnels passing only small cars (a) Fire scenario for passenger car (b) Fire scenario for passenger car for SB and ST Fig. 2 Fire scenario for road tunnel only small car 차종별화재사고발생률차종별화재사고발생률은 NFDS (2017) 의차량화재통계현황과 Korea Transportation Safety Authority (2016) 의주행거리계통계자료에근거하여최근 5년간 (2012~2016) 의차종별화재사고발생률을산정하였으며, Table 1 에나타냈다. 전체차종에대한화재사고발생률은 1.15건 /10 8 Veh km이며, 차종별화재사고발생률은승용차, 0.77, 버스, 1.52, 화물차, 2.30건 /10 8 Veh.km으로분석되었다. 921
6 Ji-Oh Ryu ㆍ Pan-Gyu Choi Table 1. Fire accidents rate for each vehicle Vehicle PC Small bus Small truck Sum Fire accidents (1/yr) 7,906 1,520 7,067 16,493 Veh kilometer (10 6 Veh km) 1,031, , ,784 1,439,364 Fire accidents rate (1/10 8 Veh km) 승용차화재시나리오승용차화재중소화기로진화가가능한경미한화재는 PIARC (1995) 보고서에서는 80~90%, 일본의 Japan Road Association (2002) 의자료에는 53% 정도로제시되고있으나, 본시나리오에서는승용차화재가확대되는분기비를보수적인관점에서 60% 로고려하였다. 세계적으로대형참사를유발한도로터널의화재는 39명이사망한몽브랑터널화재, 고타드터널화재, 니혼카키터널화재가대표적이며, 이들사고는모두화재가인접차량으로확산되는현상 ( 이하 fire jump현상 ) 이발생하여대형화재로확대되어인명피해가크게발생한것으로보고되고있다. 이에본시나리오에서는승용차화재를단독화재와 fire jump현상에의해서 2대이상으로확대되는것을고려하였다. 노르웨이의경우, 67건의차량충돌사고중 6건이화재사고로발전하였으며, 화재사고중 1건 (15%) 이인접차량으로확대되는것으로보고하고있으며, 독일의경우에는 Elb tunnel에서 16년간 63건의화재가발생하여, 1건 (1.6%) 이인접차량으로확대된것으로보고하고있다. 국내의경우, 한국도로공사의자료를분석하면고속도로터널에서 2005년에서부터 2014년까지승용차및승합차의화재건수는 63건이며, 이중 2대이상의차량으로화재가전파한경우는 5% 로분석되었다. 이에화재시나리오에서화재가 2대이상의차량으로전파될확률을 5% 로고려하였다. 또한승용차의화재강도는일반적으로 2.5~5 MW정도로제시되고있는바, 본연구에서는단독화재의경우에는 5 MW로 2대이상으로화재가확대되는경우에는 10 MW로화재강도를설정하였다 소형버스및소형화물차량의화재시나리오고속도로터널의화재사고를분석하여소형버스및소형트럭의화재가확대될가능성을 15% 로하였으며, 화재강도는소형버스는 15 MW로설정하고소형트럭의경우에는적재화물의다양성을고려하여 20 MW로설정하였다 화재시교통상황및제연 배연시나리오화재시제트팬에의해서제연하는종류환기방식의제연운전모드는제트팬을가동하여터널내풍속을임계풍속으로유지하여화재하류로제어하여화재상류에정체되는차량의대피자가안전하게대피하도록하는것을기본운전모드로한다. 그러나대면통행터널이나정체가극심한상태의일방통행터널에서는화재지점상하류에대피자가존재하게되므로화재시제연팬의가동은터널내풍속을증가시켜연기의이동을촉진하므로화재하류에존재하는대피자를연기가덮칠가능성이증대하게되며, 이로인한인명피해를가중할우려가있다. 이에 922
7 A study on the development and applicability of fire risk assessment method for small road tunnels passing only small cars 제트팬의운전방법은화재전교통상황 ( 정체또는정상 ) 에따라다르게적용되어야하므로화재전교통상태를정상시와정체시로구분하여시나리오를구성하였다. 정체상황은화재시차량의주행속도가연기의이동속도보다낮은경우로하였으며, 연기의이동속도를 3.0 m/s (10.8 km/h) 하여차량의주행속도가이보다저속인경우를정체상태로가정하였다. 이에정체빈도는서울시전도로의평균주행속도에대한통계자료로부터주행속도가 10.8 km/h 이하인시간을구하여 2.5% 로제시하였다. 제연팬의고장여부및신뢰도에대한연구는거의없는실정이나, 영국의성능위주설계기준인 PD :2003 에서는제연시스템의신뢰도를 85~90% 로적용하고있으며, Mattias Persson이도로터널의위험도평가에서적용한제연설비의신뢰도는 10% 로가정하고있다. 제연시나리오는배연을위한배기구방식 ( 일반적으로대배기구방식의적용이많으므로이하대배기구방식이라함 ) 과제트팬에의한제연방식을모두포함하는시나리오를작성하였다. 화재시배연팬의정상작동여부는전술한제연팬의신뢰도에근거하여 10% 로하였다. 제트팬은교통상황이정상주행상태인경우에는임계풍속으로운전하는것을기본으로하므로임계풍속으로운전하는빈도를 80% 로하고고장빈도및오동작빈도 ( 풍속 0화운전 ) 는각각 10% 로하였으며, 정체상황에서는대배기구를통한배연운전에대한분기비는정상교통류와동일하게설정하였으며, 제트팬방식은터널내풍속을 0 m/s로유지하는풍속 0화운전을기본으로하기에이에대한분기비를 80% 로하고오류에의한임계풍속운전및고장빈도를각각 10% 로하였다. 자연풍의영향은제트팬이정상작동하여임계풍속및풍속0 화운전을하는경우에는자연풍이작용하여도풍속제어에의해서소정의풍속을유지할수있으므로고려하지않았으며, 제트팬고장시에는터널내풍속을인위적으로제어할수없으므로자연풍의조건을순풍, 미풍, 역풍으로구분하여고려하였다. 자연풍의풍속은일반적으로역풍 2.5 m/s로고려하고있으나, 도심지소형터널의경우에는산악터널과달리외부자연풍에영향이작을것으로판단하여미풍상태에대한분기비를가중하여적용하였으며, 미풍조건의분기비를 80%, 순풍및역풍 ( 풍속 2.5 m/s 이상 ) 에대한분기비는각각 10% 로적용하였다. 3.2 사망자수의추정사망자수는시나리오별로화재해석을선행하여시간별로터널내유해환경에대한 DB를구축하고대피해석을통해시간별대피자의위치를계산하여대피자의위치에따른온도, 복사강도, CO 및 CO 2 농도, O 2 저감률을화재해석결과DB에서읽어와대피자별유효복용분량 (Fractional Effective Dose, FED) 에의해서산정하여유효복용분량에따라등가사망자수로추정하였다. 대피해석및유효복용분량계산방법은 Yoo (2006) 의논문에제시되었으므로본논문에서는생략하였다. 유효복용분량 (FED) 을계산하기위한모델은 Purser (1988) 모델, N-GAS모델, 미국FAA (Federal Aviation Administration, 1995) 모델등이있으며, 본연구에서는 FAA 모델보다 FED값을높게평가하며, 도로터널위험도평가에일반적으로적용하고있는 Purser 모델을적용하였으며, FAA모델에서제시된열환경및가시거리에대한모델을추가로적용하였다. 923
8 Ji-Oh Ryu ㆍ Pan-Gyu Choi FED에의한사망자의평가는전술한바와같이 FED값이 0.3에도달하면사망으로판정하고있으며, 이하의값에서는 Table 2와같이등가사망자수를적용하였다. Table 2. Equivalent fatalities FED range 0.1~ ~0.3 >0.3 Equivalent fatalities 1/100 1/ 위험도평가기준위험에대한평가기준은사회적위험도평가기준, 연간사망자수인 EV (Expected Value) 나개인적위험도 (Individual Risk, IR) 가있다. 사회적위험도평가는시나리오별로사망자수 (N) 와발생확률을구하여 N명이상사망할누적확률 (F) 을도식화한 F/N선도를작성하고이선도를사회적위험도평가기준과비교하여위험도를평가하는것이다. 각국의사회적위험도평가기준은보고서마다다양하게제시되고있으며, 가장최신의자료를 Fig. 3에나타냈다. 그림에서는 DG QRA기준과 Austria는단위길이 (1 km) 에대한위험도이며, 그외의국가는터널당기준이다. Fig. 3. Societal risk criteria for countries 연간예상되는사망자수 (EV) 와터널화재사고시화재사고에연루된개인이사고로인해사망할확률인개인적위험도 (IR) 는식 (1) 과식 (2) 로계산한다. Table 3은유럽국가의도로터널에대한 EV값을나타낸것이다. (1) 924
9 A study on the development and applicability of fire risk assessment method for small road tunnels passing only small cars (2) 여기서, 는시나리오 의발생확률, 는시나리오 의사망자수, 는시나리오 의위험에노출되는사 람수, 는사나리오 의해서사망할확률 ( ) 이다. Table 3. Expected value for each nation Country Austria, France, Greece Germany EV 10-3 fat./yr tunnel Fire fat./km yr Fire + Explosion fat./km yr Explosion fat./km yr Toxicity fat./km yr Total fat./km yr 4. 위험도평가기법의적용성평가 4.1 위험도평가터널제원전술한정량적위험도평가기법의적용성평가를위해서모델터널을대상으로위험도평가를수행하였다. 모델터널의제원과교통량은 Table 4 및 Table 5에나타냈다. 화재시대피안전에직접적으로영향을주는제연설비는대배기구방식을적용하고기류제어를위해제트팬을설치하는것으로하였다. 피난연결통로의간격은설치간격에따른위험도를비교하기위해서설치간격을 150~250 m로하여 25 m간격으로검토하였다. Table 4. Model tunnel specification Length (km) Area (m 2 ) Height (m) Gradient (%) Diameter (m) Perimeter (m) Spec Table 5. Traffics for model tunnel Vehicles Sum PC Small bus Small truck AADT/tube 30,686 26, ,590 Mixing ratio (%) Car performance (10 8 Veh km/yr)
10 Ji-Oh Ryu ㆍ Pan-Gyu Choi 4.2 모델터널에대한위험도평가결과 사고발생빈도분석결과 Fig. 4는모델터널에대해시나리오별화재사고발생빈도를분석한결과를나타낸것이다. 차종별화재발생주기 (return year) 는승용차 2.67년, 소형버스 78.2년, 소형트럭 6.64년으로분석되며, 각각의경우화재가확산되는사고는 4.7년 (1 car fire), 89.1년 (2 car fire), 521.3년 ( 버스소형 ), 44.2년 ( 소형트럭 ) 으로분석되었다. 특히, 사망자가많이발생할것으로예상되는교통정체시소형버스나소형트럭의화재의발생주기는각각 20,852.7년 ( 소형버스 ), 1,769.6년 ( 소형트럭 ) 으로분석된다. Fig. 4. Accident rate and frequency, return year according to scenario 피난연결통로간격에따른검토 Fig. 5는터널연장이 5 km인경우에피난연결통로간격에따른 F/N선도와사회적위험도평가기준을나타낸것이다. 926
11 A study on the development and applicability of fire risk assessment method for small road tunnels passing only small cars Fig. 5. Societal risk assessment by distance between cross passage 피난연결통로의간격이증가하면예상되는바와같이위험도가증가하며, 현재 도로터널방재시설설치및관리지침 에서정하고있는사회적위험도수준 (Korea) 을만족하기위해서는피난연결통로의간격이 200 m 이하가되어야함을알수있다. Table 6. EV & IR according to interval between cross passages (tunnel length: 5000 m, slope: 1%) Interval between C.P.(m) EV 10-3 TN yr EV 10-3 km yr IR Table 6은피난연결통로간격에따른 EV을나타낸것으로피난연결통로의간격이 150~250 m인경우에 1.17~ fat./yr으로나타나고있으며, 피난연결통로간격이 150과 175 m인경우에는그차이가아주작으나 200 m 이상인경우에는급격하게증가하는경향을보이고있다. 또한이값은유럽의국가의기준 (10-3 fat./yr) 보다높은값을보이고있으나, 단위길이 (1 km) 당 EV값은피난연결통로간격이 200 m일때 fat/km.yr로독일의기준과비교하면 1/10수준으로상당히낮은값을보이는것으로분석되고있다. 또한, 승용차의평균탑승인원을 3명, 소형버스는 8명, 소형트럭은 2명으로하면화재시터널내대피자수는최대 4,410명정도이며, 이를적용하여개인적위험도 (IR) 을산정하면피난연결통로의간격이 200 m인경우에 persons yr로평가되며, 일반적으로요구되는 10-6 ~10-7 fat/persons yr의범위에있는것으로평가된다. Fig. 6은터널연장에따른사회적위험도평가기준을만족하는피난연결통로간격을분석한것이다. 그림에서알수있는바와같이터널연장별로 333 m ( 터널연장 : 1.0 km), 285 m (2.0 km), 230 m (3.0 km), 200 m (5.0 km) 분석되었으며, 각각의 EV값및 IR은 Table 7에나타냈다. 927
12 Ji-Oh Ryu ㆍ Pan-Gyu Choi Fig. 6. Optimal distance between cross passage according to tunnel length Table 7. EV according to interval between cross passages (tunnel length: 5000 m, slope: 1%) Tunnel length EV 10-3 TN yr EV 10-3 km yr IR Fig. 7은피난연결통로간격이 200 m인모델터널에대해서제연방식에따른사회적위험도평가결과를나타낸것이다. 제트팬방식 (Only Jet Fan) 과대배기구방식 (Only Exhaust), 대배기구 + 제트팬방식 (Only Exhaust + Only Jet Fan) 을적용하는경우를비교하였으며, 예상되는바와같이제트팬방식을적용하는경우가위험도가가장높으며, 대배기구를적용하는경우에도제트팬을이용하여풍속을제어를하는경우가배연효과가가장우수한것으로나타나고있다. Fig. 7. Risk comparison according to ventilation method 928
13 A study on the development and applicability of fire risk assessment method for small road tunnels passing only small cars Table 7은제배연방식에따른 EV값및 IR을나타낸것이며, EV값은대배기구방식을적용하면제트팬방식보다약 1/5수준으로감소하며, 대배기구 + 제트팬방식은대배기구만적용하는경우보다약 1/2수준으로감소하는것으로나타나고있다. Table 7. Risk (EV and IR) comparison according to ventilation method (tunnel length: 5000 m, slope: 1%) Smoke control Jet fan Exhaust Jet fan + Exhaust EV 10-3 TN yr (1.0) (0.214) (0.125) EV 10-3 km yr IR 결론 본연구에서는소형차전용도로에대한정량적위험도평가기법개발을목적으로소형차전용터널의표준화재시나리오, 화재해석결과를반영하는사망자수추정방법과위험도평가방법을제시하였으며, 모델터널에대해정량적위험도평가기법의적용성을평가한결과, 다음과같은결과를얻었다. 1. 터널화재를차종별 ( 승용차, 소형버스, 소형트럭 ) 로화재강도에따라구분하고화재확대, 교통상황 ( 정채및정상류 ) 및제연시스템에따른제연효과를고려할수있도록사건수목 (Event tree) 기법에의한터널화재시나리오를제시하였다. 2. 화재사고발생률은소방청의차종별화재발생통계및교통안전공단의주행거리계를인용하여분석하였으며, 차종별사고발생률을 0.77 ( 승용차 ), 1.52 ( 소형버스 ), 2.30 ( 소형트럭 ) 건 /10 6 Veh.km로제시하였다. 3. 연장 5 km, 경사도 1%, 단면적 35.7 m 2 의일평균교통량 30,686대 /tube인모델터널을대상으로피난연결통로간격별사회적위험도평가를수행한결과, 피난연결통로간격이 200 m일때현행위험도기준을만족할수있는것으로분석되었다. 4. 터널연장별적정피난연결통로간격을검토한결과, 333 m ( 터널연장 : 1.0 km), 285 m (1.0 km), 230 m (3.0 km), 200 m (5.0 km) 분석되었다. 5. 모델터널에대해제연방식에따른위험도를비교결과, 대배기구방식을적용하고제트팬에의해서풍속제어를수행하는경우, 위험도가제트팬방식보다 1/10로감소하는것으로분석되었다. 감사의글 본연구는국토교통부 ( 국토교통과학기술진흥원 ) 2014년건설기술연구사업의 대심도복층터널설계및시공기술개발 (14SCIP-B ) 연구단을통해수행되었습니다. 연구지원에감사드립니다. 929
14 Ji-Oh Ryu ㆍ Pan-Gyu Choi References 1. Japan Road Association (2002), Road Tunnel Emergency Facility Installation Criteria Commentary, Tokyo, Japan. 2. Kohl, B., Botschek, K., Hörhan, R. (2006), Austrian risk analysis for road tunnels development of a new method for the risk assessment of road tunnels, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference Tunnel Safety and Ventilation, Graz, pp Korea Transportation Safety Authority (2016), 2016 vehicle mileage statistics, Gimcheon, Korea. 4. Mattias, P. (2002), Quantitative risk analysis procedure for the fire evacuation of a road tunnel-anillustrative example, Division of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund University, Master s Degree, Sweden. 5. Meng, Q., Xiaobo, Q. (2010), Quantitative risk assessment model for fire in road tunnels with parameter uncertainty, Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop of Reliable Engineering Computing, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, pp Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2015), Guidelines for installing and managing road tunnel emergency facilities, Sejong, Korea. 7. National Fire Data System (2017), E-Fire statistics, National Fire Agency. 8. Official Journal of the European Union (2004), Directive 2004/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the trans-european road network, L201/76, pp Pálsson, I. (2004), Risk management in hvalfjorður tunnel, department of fire safety engineering, Lund University, Sweden. 10. Philippe CASSINI (2010), Brief overview of the DG-QRAM, PIARC, PARIS. 11. PIARC (1995), Road safety in tunnels, PIARC committee on road tunnels, France. 12. Purser (1988), Toxicity assesment of the combustion products, the SFPE Handbook of Fire protection Eng. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts, USA. 13. Speitel, L.C. (1995), Toxicity assessment of combustion gases and development of a survival model, Federal Aviation Administration, Virginia, USA. 14. Weger, D.D., Kruiskamp, M.M., Hoeksma, J. (2001), Road tunnel risk assessment in the Netherlands TUNprim: A spreadsheet model for the calculation of the risks in road tunnels, Proceedings of the ESREL 2001, International Conference, Torino, Italy, pp Yoo, J. (2006), Method and program for the quantitative risk assessment of the road tunnel, Proceedings of the 2006 Ventilation Sector Academic Lecture, The Society Of Air-Conditioning And Refrigerating Engineers of Korea, pp
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