Jung Bin Yoon, et al: Clinicopathological Characteristics of GHA Table 1. Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Patients with Gastric Hepatoid Adenocar

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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISSN , The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research, 2017;17(2):88-93 간세포양샘암종의임상병리학적특성 윤정빈 1,2, 김광하 1,2, 박도윤 3, 김영금 3, 편성익 1,2, 이봉은 1,2, 송근암 1,2 부산대학교의학전문대학원내과학교실 1, 부산대학교병원의생명연구원 2, 부산대학교의학전문대학원병리학교실 3 Clinicopathological Characteristics of Gastric Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma Jung Bin Yoon 1,2, Gwang Ha Kim 1,2, Do Youn Park 3, Young Geum Kim 3, Sung Ik Pyeon 1,2, Bong Eun Lee 1,2, Geun Am Song 1,2 Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine 1, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital 2, Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine 3, Busan, Korea Background/Aims: Gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma (GHA), a rare type of primary gastric cancer, is characterized by a histology resembling hepatocellular carcinoma. Previous case studies reported that patients with GHA have a poor prognosis due to early lymph node or liver metastasis, but information concerning GHA is still limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological features of GHA. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 9 patients who were diagnosed as having GHA between January 2011 and December The clinicopathological characteristics of these patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The median age of the patients at diagnosis was 68.9 years. Seven of the 9 patients were male. Serum AFP levels were elevated in 3 of 4 patients. All the tumors were >4 cm (range, 4 12 cm), and 7 tumors were located at the lower third of the stomach. Five tumors were classified as Borrmann s type 3, with a purple, berry-like surface. Of the 6 patients without distant metastasis, 5 received curative-intent surgery and 3 received adjuvant chemotherapy. Three patients with distant metastasis received either palliative operation and/or chemotherapy. Their median survival time was 11.8 months (range, 1 36 months). Two patients with elevated serum CEA levels had poor outcomes. Conclusions: GHA is a rare subtype of gastric cancer that is prone to liver metastasis. All GHAs are advanced gastric cancer with a purple, berry-like surface at diagnosis. Although the prognosis of advanced-stage GHA is poor, active multimodality treatment might provide some benefit. (Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res 2017;17:88-93) Key Words: Adenocarcinoma; ; Endoscopy; Hepatocelluar carcinoma; Stomach 서 론 간세포양샘암종 (hepatoid adenocarcinoma) 은매우드문질환으로조직학적으로간세포암과유사한특징을가지며위에서가장흔하게발견된다. 1 하지만위이외에도흉선, 폐, 췌장, 쓸개, 난소에서도보고되고있다. 2 간세포양위샘암종 (gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma) 은원발성위종양의드문변이로서, 간세포양분화를보이며호산성의풍부한과립성세포질을가지는다각형모양의세포를특징적으로한다. 또한알파태아단백 (AFP) 의높은상승을임상적특징으로하며, 조기에주위림프절및간전이를발생하여예후가좋지않다. 3,4 간세포암종 Received: March 3, 2017 Revised: March 28, 2017 Accepted: March 29, 2017 Corresponding author: Gwang Ha Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea Tel: , Fax: , doc0224@pusan.ac.kr This work was supported by clinical research grant from Pusan National University Hospital in 과유사한형태학적인특징외에도 AFP, alpha-1 antitrypsin, transferrin 과같은여러가지면역화학염색을통해서도간세포양위샘암종을진단할수있다. 2 하지만간세포양위샘암종의드문빈도로인해증례보고들이대부분이며, 원발성간세포암으로오인되는되는경우가많다. 4,5 또한비간세포양위샘암종과구별할수있는간세포양위샘암종의내시경특징에대한보고는드문실정이다. 2 그러므로본연구에서는본원에서경험한간세포양위샘암종의증례를토대로간세포양위샘암종의임상병리학적인특징, 특히내시경특징을분석하고자하였다. 대상및방법 2011년 1월부터 2016년 12월까지 6년동안부산대학교병원에서원발성위암으로확인된환자들중조직학적으로간세포양위샘암종으로확진된 9명의환자의기록및조직을재검토하였으며내시경소견및영상자료, 혈청화학검사, 수술기록 Copyright 2017 Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research is an Open-Access Journal. All articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Jung Bin Yoon, et al: Clinicopathological Characteristics of GHA Table 1. Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Patients with Gastric Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma Case Sex/ age (yr) Location Size (cm) Shape safp (IU/mL) scea (ng/ml) Stage Hepatitis B/C Metastasis WHO Lauren type Immunohistochemical stain AFP GL-3 HSA Treatment Survival period (mo) 1 M/64 Mid AW 2 F/81 Lower 3 M/53 Lower LC 4 F/76 Lower 5 M/69 Lower AW 6 M/66 Lower 7 M/62 Lower 8 M/76 Upper 9 M/73 Lower 10 B T4aN3M1 (stage IV) 5 B-3 43, T3N1M1 (stage IV) 4.2 B-3 NC 2.2 T3N3M1 (stage IV) 12 B-3 NC 11.3 T4bN3M0 (stage IIIC) 6 B T4N3M0 (stage IIIC) 4 B-2 NC 2.4 T3N1M0 (stage IIIA) 7 B-2 NC 3.0 T2N1M0 (stage IIB) 5 B-1 NC 0.9 T2N1M0 (stage IIB) 5.5 B T2N0M0 (stage IB) Liver, multiple Liver, multiple Liver, S5/6 Poorly Poorly Poorly Poorly Moderate Intestinal Poorly Moderate Intestinal Poorly Moderate Intestinal + None TACE Subtotal gastrectomy + Total gastrectomy 12 Alive (>5) + Alive (>10) NC NC Subtotal gastrectomy 7 + NC Subtotal gastrectomy 3 Alive (>21) + + Total gastrectomy 11 + NC Subtotal gastrectomy Alive (>36) M, male; F, female; safp, serum AFP; scea, serum CEA; WHO, World Health Organization; GL-3, glypican 3; HSA, hepatocyte specific antigen; AW, anterior wall; B, Borrmann classification;, posterior wall; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; LC, lessor curvature; NC, not checked. 89

3 Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res: Vol 17, No 2, June 2017 및치료내용을분석하였다. 암표지자로서는혈청 AFP ( 정상범위 <5 ng/ml) 와태아성암항원 (CEA: 정상범위 <10 IU/mL) 을조사하였고, 병기는 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM Classification for Carcinoma of the Stomach (7th edition) 를, 6 조직학적분류는 World Health Organization (WHO) 분류체계 7 와 Lauren 분류체계 8 를사용하였다. 특수염색으로는 AFP 염색및 glypican 3, hepatocyte specific antigen (HSA) 염색을사용하여간세포분화를확인하였으며, 이외에필요시 CK 염색및 CDX2 염색등을시행하였다. 내시경소견으로는보우만분류 (Bormann classification) 를사용하였으며위치는위를 3등분하여상부, 중부, 하부로, 방향으로는전벽, 후벽, 소만, 대만부로나뉘어분류하였다. 이연구는부산대학교병원기관윤리위원회승인을받았다 (H ). 결 과 간세포양위샘암종으로확인된총 9명의환자의임상병리학적특성들은 Table 1과같다. 총 9명의환자중 7명은남성이었으며, 진단당시평균연령은 68.9 세 ( 범위, 53 81세 ) 였다. 주증상으로는복통이가장흔하였으며이외에출혈, 빈혈등이있었다. 9명모두에서 B형간염및 C형간염은없었으며, 1명의환자에서알코올에의한간경화가있었다. 혈청 AFP 는측정된 4명중 3명이정상수치이상으로증가되어있었고 ( 중앙값 : 10,993.3 IU/mL, 범위 : ,067 IU/mL), 혈청 CEA 는 9명환자모두에서측정되었으며 ( 중앙값 : 4.1 ng/ml, 범위 : ng/ml), 이중 2명의환자에서만혈청 CEA 가상승되어있었다. 내시경검사에서종양은주로하부 1/3 (9예중 7예 ), 후벽측 (9예중 6예 ) 에서호발하였다. 모든증례는단일종괴였으며, 크기는 4 cm에서 12 cm 정도였고주로보우만 2형과 3형이 많았다 ( 보우만 2형 : 3명, 보우만 3형 : 5명 ). 모양은일반적인진행성위암과뚜렷한차이를보이지않았지만궤양형태의병변및균상발육형태로보이고딸기모양의자줏빛표면을가지는경우가많았다 (Fig. 1). 조직학적으로는미분화형의형태를띄는경우가대부분이었으며, 면역화학염색에서 9예중 2예에서 AFP 양성을, 8예중 7예에서 glypican 3 양성을, 6예중 3예에서 HSA 양성을보였다 (Fig. 2). 진단시 9명중 8명에서림프절전이가, 3명에서는간으로의전이가확인되었다. 4명에서양전자컴퓨터단층촬영검사 (PET- CT) 가시행되었는데, 4명모두에서 fluorodeoxyglucose 섭취증가소견을보였다. 치료는일반적인진행성위암에준하여치료하였으며, 간전이의경우항암화학색전술 (transarterial chemoembolization, TACE) 및항암화학요법를선택또는추가하여치료하였다. 생존기간은 1개월에서부터 36개월이상까지다양하게나타났지만, 9예중 5예에서 1년이내에사망하였다. 생존기간이비교적길었던 2예를보았을때조직학적으로분화형을가진경우와병기가낮으면서림프절전이가없거나적은경우가예후가좋은것으로관찰되었다. 그리고혈청 CEA 가상승된두환자의경우각각생존기간이 1개월, 3개월로다른환자에비해생존기간이짧았다. AFP 수치가측정된 4명을비교하였을때어떤뚜렷한경향을찾을수는없었으나, 치료과정에서뚜렷한 AFP 수치의감소가관찰되었다 (Fig. 3). 고찰 간세포양위샘암종은 1970년 AFP 분비위암으로처음보고된이후 년 Ishikura 등 10 에의해간세포양위샘암종로처음명명되었다. 이후 7예의간세포양위샘암종을보고하면서고령에서호발하고위날문방에주로위치하고간세포암종성분화를보이며, 주로간으로전이가일어나나쁜예후를보이는특징을가진다고소개하였다. 11 또한 AFP 를분비하지않는형 Fig. 1. Endoscopic findings of gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma. (A) A protruding tumor with central ulceration at the posterior wall of middle 1/3 of the stomach (Bormann type 2). It has purple, berry-like surface. (B) An ulceroinfiltrative tumor at the anterior wall of lower 1/3 of the stomach (Bormann type 3). 90

4 Jung Bin Yoon, et al: Clinicopathological Characteristics of GHA Fig. 2. Microscopic features of gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma. (A) Tumor cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm proliferate in a trabecular pattern, showing hepatoid differentiation (H&E, 400). (B D) Alpha-fetoprotein, glypican 3 and hepatocyte specific antigen are positive in tumor cells, respectively (immunohistochemical stain, 400). Fig. 3. Levels of serum alpha-fetoprotein after treatment of gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma with transarterial chemoembolization and chemotherapy (case 2). TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; CTX, chemotherapy; OLF, oxaliplatin+leucovorin+5-fu; FORFIRI, leucovorin+ 5-FU+irinotecan; PD, progressive disease. 태의 간세포암종성 분화를 가지는 병변도 간세포양 위샘암종의 범주에 포함시켰다.11 이와 같이 간세포양 위샘암종은 오로지 병리학적 형태에 의해서 진단되게 된다. 간세포양 위샘암종은 매우 드문 형태의 원발성 위암으로서 빈도는 전체 위암 중 % 정도로 드물지만,12,13 일반적인 진행성 위암으로 생각된 상태로 치료 및 사망하는 경우가 많아 그 빈도는 알려진 것보다 다소 높을 것으로 보인다. 간세포양 위샘암종 환자의 평균 연령은 보고마다 약간의 차이는 있지만, 대부분 60세 이상이며 남성의 비율이 60 85% 정도로 더 많 았다.14,15 본 연구에서도 평균 연령은 68.9세, 남성의 비율은 78%였다. 간세포양 위샘암종 환자의 5년 생존율은 11.9%로 비 간세포양 위샘암종 환자의 5년 생존율인 38.2%에 비해 매우 낮게 보고되고 있다.14 예후가 불량한 이유는 일반적으로 간세 포양 위샘암종은 암세포가 높은 증식능을 가지고 있으며 세포 91

5 Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res: Vol 17, No 2, June 2017 자멸사가약하고풍부한신생혈관생성능을가지기있기때문에, 5 비간세포양위샘암종에비해정맥침범이많아간전이도흔하다. 또한간세포양위샘암종은 AFP 뿐만아니라 alpha-1 antitrypsin 과 alpha-1 antichymotrypsin 을분비하기도하는데, 이러한물질들이면역억제작용과함께단백분해효소억제작용을하여종양의침습능을항진시키며, AFP 도림프구의전환을억제하는것으로알려져있다. 10,16 간세포양위샘암종은본연구의결과처럼복통, 위경련, 흑색변, 체중감소, 빈혈등일반적인위암과비슷한증상을보인다. 간세포양위샘암종에특이적인과거력이나가족력등은아직까지밝혀진바없으며, B형및 C형간염과도연관성이없는것으로알려져있다. 본연구에서도모든환자에서 B형및 C형간염의증거는없었다. 혈청 AFP 가경도또는많이증가되어있는경우가많아진단에도움이될수있지만반드시상승되어있는것은아니며, 반대로 AFP 가증가된비간세포양진행성위암도관찰될수있어주의가필요하다. 2 본연구에서는간세포양위샘암종환자의 75% (3/4) 에서 AFP 가상승되어있었다. 이전의연구에서는 CEA 상승은원격전이와, CA19-9 의상승은림프절전이와연관이있으며, 암표지자가상승된경우좀더예후가좋지않다고보고하였다. 2 AFP, CEA 모두수술및항암화학적치료후점차감소하는경향을보이므로재발예측및추적검사시도움이된다. 본연구에서도 CEA 상승이관찰된환자의생존기간이다른환자에비해짧았으며, AFP 수치는치료반응의평가및재발예측에도움이되었다. 2,5 하지만이러한암표지자에대한분석은많은증례를대상으로한연구가없어해석에주의가필요하다. 간세포양위샘암종의경우정맥침범이많아비간세포양위샘암종에비해간전이가조기에높은빈도에서발생하여 (75.6% vs. 8.9%) 예후가좋지않으며, 15 간세포암의위장관전이와의감별이필요하다. 임상적으로는 B형, C형간염및간경화가없는상태에서의위암및간종괴가있을경우의심할수있다. 복부역동 CT에서는간세포암과거의비슷한조영형태를보이지만간종괴가없이간문맥종양혈전 (isolated portal vein tumor thrombosis) 이있는경우의심할수있으며, 또한간세포암에서는보통 3 cm 이상의병변에서괴사가나타나는반면간세포양위샘암종에서는 1 cm 정도의간결절에서도괴사가동반된소견이나타날수있다. 4 확진은특징적인간세포양분화를보이는조직소견으로하며, 앞에서언급한바와같이특수염색을통해확인할수있다. 간세포양위샘암종의특이적인내시경소견에대해서는보고된바없지만, 이전증례보고를종합해보면본연구에서와같이크기가 3 cm 이상으로비교적크고보우만분류 2형과 3형형태의진행성위암이많았다. 2 또한균상발육 (fungating) 형태 의종괴의형태를가지면서본연구처럼자줏빛의산딸기형태의표면을보이는경우도비교적흔하게보이는내시경소견으로생각된다. 2 병변의위치는주로위날문방및체부로알려져있으며, 본연구에서도위의하부 1/3 부위및후벽측에서주로관찰되었다. 간세포양위샘암종은조직병리학적으로일반적인선암형태및간세포형태의분화두가지형태의병리학적변화를함께보이면서세포들이기둥모양 (trabecular) 을보이는경우가많고, WHO 분류에서는드문형태의종양으로분류되어있다. 17 또한호산성의세포질을가지는크고다각형모양의세포로나타나고 AFP 및 glypican 3, HSA, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, transferrin, albumin 등정상간세포및간세포암에서양성으로나타나는특수염색에양성을보이는특징을가지게된다. 2 하지만반드시호산성의세포질만을보이는것은아니며특수염색또한양성이아닌경우도있어여러가지임상적, 병리적특징을종합하여판단하여야한다. 전이성간세포암과구분이필요한경우가있는데, 간세포암에서는 90% 이상에서 hepatocyte paraffin 1 특수염색에서양성이나간세포양샘암종에서는음성으로나타나며, 18 CK7, CK19, CK20, CDX2 등의염색여부로암종의기원장기를파악하여감별이가능하다. 간세포양위샘암종의치료의원칙은병변의완전절제로서일반적인위샘암종과유사하지만빠른조기림프절전이및간전이로인해추가적인항암화학치료및방사선치료가필요한경우가많다. 또한최근에는간세포암과의유사성을고려하여간전이가있는경우추가적으로 TACE 나고주파온열치료 (radiofrequency ablation) 를고려할수있으며 sorafenib 과같은간세포암표적치료제를사용하는경우도보고되고있다. 4 요약하면본연구에서는기존의보고들과유사하게내시경소견의특징은보우만분류 2형과 3형형태의진행성위암이많았으며, 혈청 CEA 수치와조직분화도가예후와연관이있었다. 또한병변은위의하부 1/3 및후벽측에서주로관찰되었다. 하지만간세포양위샘암종의드문빈도로인해포함된환자수가적고후향적연구라는제한점이있다. 추후좀더많은증례를포함하는다기관연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 결론적으로간세포양위샘암종은드문원발성위암의한종류로서내시경검사시진행성위암형태로많이나타나고조직학적으로간세포양분화를하며조기에간과림프절전이를일으켜나쁜예후를보인다는점에서는기존의위암과의차이를보였다. 혈청 AFP 측정및적극적인조직검사를통한간세포양위샘암종의조기진단과치료만이생존율향상에기여할수있다고생각되며, 추후보다많은증례를포함하는다기관연구가필요할것이다. 92

6 Jung Bin Yoon, et al: Clinicopathological Characteristics of GHA REFERENCES 1. Takahashi Y, Mai M, Ogino T, Ueda H, Sawaguchi K, Ueno M. Clinicopathological study of AFP producing gastric cancer--significance of AFP in gastric cancer. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1987;88: Lin CY, Yeh HC, Hsu CM, Lin WR, Chiu CT. Clinicopathologial features of gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma. Biomed J 2015;38: delorimier A, Park F, Aranha GV, Reyes C. Hepatoid carcinoma of the stomach. Cancer 1993;71: Lin YY, Chen CM, Huang YH, et al. Liver metastasis from hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma: Dynamic computed tomography findings. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21: Moon JY, Kim GH, Cheong JH, Lee BE, Ryu DY, Song GA. A case of hepatic metastasis of gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma mistaken for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Gastroenterol 2012;60: Washington K. 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual: stomach. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17: Hu B, El Hajj N, Sittler S, Lammert N, Barnes R, Meloni-Ehrig A. Gastric cancer: classification, histology and application of molecular pathology. J Gastrointest Oncol 2012;3: Lauren P. The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carcinoma. An attempt at a histo-clinical classification. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1965;64: Bourreille J, Metayer P, Sauger F, Matray F, Fondimare A. Existence of alpha feto protein during gastric-origin secondary cancer of the liver. Presse Med 1970;78: Ishikura H, Fukasawa Y, Ogasawara K, Natori T, Tsukada Y, Aizawa M. An AFP-producing gastric carcinoma with features of hepatic differentiation. A case report. Cancer 1985;56: Ishikura H, Kirimoto K, Shamoto M, et al. Hepatoid adenocarcinomas of the stomach. An analysis of seven cases. Cancer 1986;58: Liu X, Cheng Y, Sheng W, et al. Analysis of clinicopathologic features and prognostic factors in hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34: Baek SK, Han SW, Oh DY, Im SA, Kim TY, Bang YJ. Clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment outcomes of hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach, a rare but unique subtype of gastric cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2011;11: Ren A, Cai F, Shang YN, et al. Gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma: a computed tomography report of six cases. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20: Søreide JA, Greve OJ, Gudlaugsson E, Størset S. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach--proper identification and treatment remain a challenge. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016;51: Syneok LL. Peculiarities of acid-base reserves in aging. Ukr Biokhim Zh 1976;48: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, Su JS, Chen YT, Wang RC, Wu CY, Lee SW, Lee TY. Clinicopathological characteristics in the differential diagnosis of hepatoid adenocarcinoma: a literature review. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:

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