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1 w» wz 13«1y(0 Krean Jurnal f Agricultural and Frest Meterlgy Vl 13 N 1 (0 pp 1~9 DOI: 10553/KJAFM Authr(s 0 CC Attributin 30 License t e ƒ ù e w œ z 1 3 Á Áw š 3 Á k 3 * 1 p w x û» l 3 w w w w ( ; 0 3 ; 0 3 The Influence f Materials fr Surface Mulching n Sil Temperature and Vegetative Grwth f Apple Nursery Trees Dng-Hn Sagng 1 3 Su-Jin Lee Su-Gn Han 3 and Tae-Myung Yn 3 * 1 Apple Research Statin Natinal Institute f Hrticultural & Herbal Science RDA Gunwi Krea Gyengnam Gechang Agricultural Technlgy Center Gechang Krea 3 Department f Hrticulture Kyungpk Natinal University Daegu Krea (Received Octber Revised February 3 0; Accepted March 0 ABSTRACT This study was cnducted t investigate the influence f different plyethylene film ( film fr mulching n the changes in sil temperature and the prductin f gd feathered apple nursery trees M9 rtstcks with stem diameter f 91~0Gmm were planted in plts cvered with different film (ie transparent film black film and bare sil as cntrl Three weeks after planting the rtstcks were veneer grafted with Sinan Sweet apple cultivar In the middle f June BA was sprayed t nursery fr inducing feathering during the grwing seasn The sil temperature f the cntrl was higher than air temperature by abut 07 C frm mid April t early Octber and that f film mulching was abut 1~5 C higher than that f the cntrl The sil temperature under transparent film was abut ~3 C higher than that under black film The diurnal range f sil temperature under the black P E film was lwest amng all treatments The film mulching induced better tree grwth and feathering than bare sil Percentage f gd feathering apple nursery f black film was highest amng all treatments because the sil temperature unuder black film in the early grwing seasn was higher than that f the cntrl and the number f days when the maximum sil temperature was ver 35 C in the summer was lwer than that under the transparent film Key wrds : Air temperature Diurnal range Feathering Light intensity Malus dmestica brkh Rainfall I z w» w š 3 z» d ƒ w wš (Rbinsn 003; Trmp 199a» d ƒ ƒw (Palmer and * Crrespnding Authr : Tae-Myung Yn (tmyn@knuackr

2 Krean Jurnal f Agricultural and Frest Meterlgy Vl 13 N 1 Adams 1997; Rbinsn 003 œ w M9 d ƒ š»ƒ w w (Yn et al 000 ù ³ ƒƒ ù M9 w ƒ wš d» w œ k w d œ w» v w ù» ¼š š w w»z w š ƒw w š v» w d ƒ x s p v (v m t v w»» m ƒ k r š k d z w II w s w s x ww m m m/10a n wš w z w (N-P-K= kg/10a wš mw z 15cm 60cm y ew 3 1 n v v (s 100cm v wš { w 1 M9 T337 (»: 91~0mm 30cm üš w v ( x e 15 1 w e 3 1 z 4 0cm ù p t wš 6 l 1 BA 600mgL 1 4z sw d w»k xs Kim and Yn(1998 w d w w m w v w w» w ü e» d»(aws Campbell Scientific USA» s³ š» Ÿ w w 3 3 ƒ e (107 prbe Campbell Scientific USA 1 45ム10cm ¾»(CR-10X Campbell Scientific USA w 3 4 l ¾» s³ š w» e s³» s ³ w ùkü» e y 5~8 w w» Ÿ» (Oh et al 004 ƒƒ w ú ( w 30» l w 8 10 ( 30 w d»(li-3000a Li-cr USA s³ w m yw 8 t 30cm ¾ w m RDA(1998 m w w 60 z y w š w 1 w 5 8 l 6 5 ¾ w 10 š 5cm» w d ¼ w d š 140cm» ( 5cm 1mm 30cm d ƒ 10 w III 31» s³ š» e s³ š y» d w» w 3 4 s ³» 44 C s³ ƒ 7 C v v 88 C n v v 8 C v» ƒ ƒ 44~74 C 8 C v v ƒ 16~46 C v

3 Sagng et al : The Influence f Materials fr Surface Mulching n Sil Temperature 는 투명 필름 피복구가 흑색 필름 피복구보 다 높았다 이러한 기온과 시험구 지온간의 차이 와 피복 유무 및 필름 종류에 따른 지온차이는 접목 후 일경 까지 지속되다가 이후부터 줄어 들기 시작하였는데 월 일부터 월 일까지 피복 구 및 대조구의 지온은 기온보다 각각 정 도 높았다 피복구간에는 투명 필름 피복구가 흑 색 필름 피복구보다 대조구보다 정 도 높았다 최고지온은 투명 필름 피복구의 경우 접목 후 일경 월 일 부터 를 넘기 시작하였고 대조구 는 월말 월 일 에 를 한번 넘었으며 흑색 필름 피복구는 최고지온이 로 를넘 긴 적이 없었다 조사기간 월 일부터 월 일까지 동안의 평균 최고기온은 이었으며 가장 높았던 일 최고기온은 이었다 3 C 70 (6/0 7 1 C 07 C 03 C 15 C (Fig 1 (5 7 3 (7 40 C 40 C 383 C ( C 36 C (Fig 1 40 C 3 접목 후 월 일 부터 월 일까지의 특정 기온 이었던 누적일수 경과일수에 있어 평균기온이 이상이었던 날 가 일이었으며 평균기온이 은 일월 일 최고기온이 이상이 었던 누적일수는 일 최고기온이 이상이었던 누적일수는 일 월 일 월 일 이었다 접목 후 월 일 부터 월 일까지 피복구들의 일평균지온이 이었던 누적일수는 약 일로 대조구보다 약 일 정도 더 많았다 일평균지온이 이상이었던 누적일수는 흑색 필름 피복구 의 경우 대조구 일 보다 배 정도 많았고 투명 필름 피복구는 배 정도 많았다 일별 최고지온이 이상이었던 누적일수는 흑색 필름 피복구의 경우 대조구 일 와 동일하였으나 투명 필름 피 복구는 일로 대조구보다 약 일 정도 많았다 일 (4 0~30 C C (7 1 : C 30 C ( C C (Table 1 (4 0~30 C C (5 4~5 30 C ( Seasnal changes f average r maximum air temperature and sil temperature at 10 cm depth under different plyethylene film fr mulching in prductin f nursery apple trees (Daegu in 005 Fig 1 Accumulated days f average r maximum air temperature and sil temperature at 10 cm depth under different plyethylene film fr mulching in prductin f nursery apple trees (Daegu in 005 Accumulated days f sil temperature's range per day (daysz Treatment Avg air and sil temperature Max air and sil temperature 0~30C Over 301C Over 30C Over 35C Transparent film Black film Cntrl Air z Accumulated days f sil temperature was checked frm the grafting (4/ t the end f sht grwth (/ in 005 Table 1

4 4 Krean Jurnal f Agricultural and Frest Meterlgy Vl 13 N 1 Fig Relatinship between daily averaged air temperature and sil temperature at 10 cm depth under different plyethylene film fr mulching in prductin f nursery apple trees frm 4 March t Nvember in 005 Fig 3 Seasnal changes f daily rainfall and diurnal changes f light intensity frm May t August in 005 š 35 C v v ƒ 17 ƒ n v v 58 6 (Table l ¾ s³» x s³ š w ƒ» 073 C ƒ š v v 34 C n v v 57 C ùkü

5 Sagng et al : The Influence f Materials fr Surface Mulching n Sil Temperature 다(Fig 름 피복구와 대조구보다 각각 4 C 40 C정도 밖에 높지 않았다(Fig 4 일변화 측정 1주일 전에 강우량이 많았고 낮의 광 량이 650µmlm s 이상 이었던 7월 4일(Fig 3 에는 평균기온이 7 C이었다 평균지온은 투명 필름 피복구가 약 308 C로 흑색 필름 피복구와 대조구보다 각각 C 13 정도 더 높았다(Fig 4 그러나 측정 전 강우량은 7월 4일과 비슷하지만 낮의 평균광량이 190µmlm s 이었던 8월 5일 (Fig 3에는 평균기온이 33 C이었으며 투명 필름 피복구의 평균지온은 약 49 C로 투명 필 름 피복구와 흑색 필름 피복구 간의 평균지온 차이(0 C는 7월 4일보다 감소하였지만 투명 필름 피복구와 대조구간의 차이(15 C는 7월 4일과 비슷하였다(Fig 4 시험구별 일교차는(Fig 4 5월 6일의 경우 기온이 144 C이었고 대조구는 157 C 흑색 필름 피복 구는 133 C 투명 필름 피복구는 C이었다 그러나 6월 13일에는 기온이 144 C이었고 대조구는 176 C 흑색 필름 피복구는 16 C 투명 필름 피복구는 15 C로 5월 6일과 비교해 기온의 일교차는 차이가 없었지만 대조구의 일교차는 커졌고 피복구의 일교차는 작아졌다 월의 기상조건에 따른 멀칭 재료별 지온의 일변화 월별(5~8월 총 강우량을 살펴보면(Fig 3 5월의 총 강우량은 344mm이었고 6월에는 9mm 7월에 는 194mm 8월에는 81mm로서 7 8월에 강우일수 와 강우량이 집중적으로 많았다 기온 및 시험구 지온의 일변화를 측정한 날(5월 6 일 6월 13일 7월 4일 8월 5일 6~0시까지의 평균광량은 5 6 7월의 경우 약 650~700µmlm s 이었으나 8월에는 190µmlm s 로 5~7월의 약 8% 수준이었다 광도가 가장 높았던 시각은 1~13 시였다(Fig 3 일변화 측정 전 강우량이 많지 않고 낮의 광량이 650 µmlm s 이상 이었던 5월 6일(Fig 3에는 평균기온이 3 C이었다 평균지온은 투명 필름 피복구가 약 98 C로 흑색 필름 피복구와 대조 구보다 각각 34 C 59 C 정도 더 높았다(Fig 4 그러나 낮의 광량은 5월 6일과 비슷하지만 일변화 측정 3일 전 약 40 mm의 강우량이 있었던 6월 13 일(Fig 3에는 평균기온이 44 C였으며 투명 필름 피복구의 평균지온은 약 313 C로 흑색 필 3 5~ Diurnal changes f air temperature and sil temperature at 10 cm depth under different plyethylene film fr mulching in prductin f nursery apple trees in 005 Fig 4

6 6 Krean Jurnal f Agricultural and Frest Meterlgy Vl 13 N 1 7 4» 63 C š 93 C v v 61 C n v v 73 C 8 5» ƒ 8 C š 69 C v v 44 C n v v 60 C 7 8 ƒ v f (Fig 4 33 e m» e z 75 (6 5 ¾» v ƒ ûš v j ƒ ù v v ƒ k v w w (Fig 5 8 m yw m» w zk w ey e e w ƒ ùkù k v ƒ 5~9mgkg 1 mgkg 1 ~3 š k v ƒ 07mgkg 1 03mgkg 1 (Table 8 s³ v ƒ 80cm 43 cm w f 10 š v ƒ 151~160cm 1373cm w f v ƒ Fig 5 Changes f sht length f scin during early grwing seasn in prductin f nursery apple trees under different plyethylene film fr mulching Vertical bars indicate standard errrs 136~137mm 1mm ù d v v ƒ 3 63 w ù v ƒ v v ƒ 315cm n v v 1813~1944cm w (Table 3 d v 378~667% 67% w w š v v v ƒ n v v w (Fig 6 Table Sil chemical prperties measured at 30 cm depth in the end f August under different plyethylene film fr mulching in prductin f nursery apple trees Treatment ph OM Av P O 5 Ex Cat (cmlkg 1 NO 3 -N NH 4 -N (1:5 (g ½ kg 1 (mg ½ kg 1 K Ca Mg (mg ½ kg 1 (mg ½ kg 1 Transparent film 68 a z 360 a 4007 a 09 a 141 a 4 a 5 a 07 a Black film 63 a 33 a 4870 a a 101 a 36 a 9 a 07 a Cntrl 69 a 36 a 687 a 10 a 4 a 39 a b 03 b z Means fllwed by the same letter are nt significantly different using Duncan's multiple range test P=005 Table 3 Leaf area and vegetative grwth in prductin f nursery apple trees under different plyethylene film fr mulching Treatment Avg leaf area (cm Tree height (cm Stem diameter (mm N f feathers (N per tree Ttal sht grwth (cm Transparent film 78 a z 151 a 137 a 86 ab 1944 b Black film 80 a 160 a 136 a 3 a 315 a Cntrl 43 b 1373 b 1 a 63 b 1813 b z Means fllwed by the same letter are nt significantly different using Duncan's multiple range test P=005

7 Sagng et al: The Influence f Materials fr Surface Mulching n Sil Temperature 7 FigU 6 Percentages f gd feathering nursery apple tree in prductin f nursery apple trees under different mulching materials Percentage f gd feathering nursery stem diameter was ver 1 mm mre than 10 feathers which are lnger than 30 cm and tree heights was ver 140 cm in prductin f nursery apple trees under different mulching materials Vertical bars indicate standard errrs IV š 000 ù 8 m s³ 86 C 93 C 7 t cm 418 C¾ w (Ha et al 1996 w w 10cm 30~35 Cƒ (Park and Oh 000 sp sp 50 C¾ (Fretz 1971 x v» y (Fig 1» (4 z 70 (6 0 ¾ v s³ 0~6 C n v v ƒ 50 C v v 3 C (Fig 1 ù 7 z v» s³» 306 C 7 1 š» 36 C n v v v v š ƒƒ 394 C 340 C 400 C û (Fig 1 w 5 n v v s³ ù w ƒƒ 16~5 C C ù 8 z l ƒ j ù e ƒ š (Jung et al 1985; Kim et al 1998; Lee and Yn 1975; Seng et al 001 w (Fig 4» w m w ùkù m w û» w w f (Oh et al 004 x 7 z v e j (Fig 1 (Fig 3 w m sy k ƒ¾ yƒ y» (Fig 4 w v Ÿ w q m w w k Ÿ ƒ v 7 8 w ù v Ÿ ƒ û 8 (û s³ÿ : 190µmlm s 1 7 (650µmlm s y w 1 (Fig 4 Chi(000 ù ƒ e š ùkü»ƒ w e ƒ k m m l w» š w x v š w w v v ƒ x ƒ û (Fig 4 ù m 18~5 C(Carlsn 1965 m ƒ 35 Cƒ m ü ƒ w ƒ ù w (Oh et al 004 m Trmp(199a; 199b; 1996» 0 C 8 C ¾ d ƒ w d ƒ «mj ƒ w M9 30 C w m ƒ ƒw ¼ ƒwù t «ƒ e w d e w š šw Mage(198 v ƒ ƒ š w š Park et al(000 w v v w ù ƒw v» m m w

8 8 Krean Jurnal f Agricultural and Frest Meterlgy Vl 13 N 1» wƒ œ» š w x m v» šƒ w (Fig 5; Table 3 m v» m ƒ (Fig 1 4» wƒ œ» q (Table ù v» û v v n v v (Fig 5 Table 3 w ù 5~6 w ƒ 8~9 w š(atkinsn 1980 Fuji /M9 1 «0~35 C w» (30 0 C 5 C ù 90 z «ƒ š(park and Oh 000 ù «ƒ 30 C w» w š 35 C x» y w ƒw vw š(laks et al 001 l w x n v v» v v û n v v w 5 l 40 C» w v v 40 C ¼ š(fig 1 z(4/ l ¾ v v š 35 C ƒ n v v (Table 1; Fig 4 v v w p ƒ n v v» š ww» ù ƒ» k ûp 13mm w (Österreicher et al mm w (Rbinsn 003 x» w ƒ 5 10 w w š 140cm 5cm» 1mm 30cm d ƒ 10 ³ w (Fig 6 v v w z ùkû v v v ƒ ƒ d z w 18~5 C m ù w ù 35 Cƒ m ü ƒ w ƒ ù w (Carlsn 1965; Oh et al 004 x v v ù w 5~6 8~9 (Atkinsn 1980 m ƒ 35 C n v v» x ƒ d z (Table 1 Fig 6 x e PE v y ƒ d e w wš w n v v v v š 91~0 mm M9 w 3 z ù p t w 6 d w» w BA sw» 4 l ¾» 07 C š v 1~5 C v n v v ƒ v v ~3 C» v v ƒ x ƒ û d v ƒ v yw d z v v ƒ ƒ» 35 C n v v» REFERENCES Atkinsn D 1980: The distributin and effectiveness f

9 Sagng et al: The Influence f Materials fr Surface Mulching n Sil Temperature 9 rts f tree crp Hrticultural Reviews Carlsn R F 1965: Respnses f Malling Mertn clnes and delicius seedlings t different rt temperatures Prceedings f American Sciety fr Hrticultural Science Chi S Y 000: The effect f mulching material n the sht and rt grwth and fruit quality f Fuji /M6 apple Jurnal f Krean Sciety fr Hrticultural Science 41( (In Krean with English abstract Fretz T A 1971: Influence f physical cnditins n summer temperature in nursery cntainers HrtScience 6( Ha S K Y S Jung L Y Kim and B C Kim 1996: Characteristics f sil temperature changes in selected regins f Krea RDA Jurnal f Agricultural Science 38( (In Krean with English abstract Jung P K K S Lee M H K K T Um and H S Ha 1985: Effects f mulching Practices n sil temperature and sil physical prperties Krean Jurnal f Sil Science and Fertilizer 18( (In Krean with English abstract Kim J Y J R Lim C H Kang J H Ch C S Kim and J S Ra 1998: Effects f mulching materials n grwth and yield f rehmannia glutinsa Libsch RDA Jurnal f Industrial Crp Science 40( (In Krean with English abstract Kim K R and T M Yn 1998: Technique fr the prductin f superir nursery apple trees Andng Natinal University Press Andng Krea Laks A N M D White and D S Tustin 001: Simulatin mdeling f the effects f shrt and lng-term climatic variatins n carbn balance f apple trees Acta Hrticulturae Lee B Y and J Y Yn 1975: Effect f plyethylene film mulchings n the sil temperature and the grwth and yield f red pepper Jurnal f Krean Sciety fr Hrticultural Science 16( (In Krean with English abstract Mage F 198: Black plastic mulching cmpared t ther rchard sil management methd Scientia Hrticulturae 16( Oh SD J M Park and D G Chi 004: Tree grwth Fruit tree physilgy in relatin t temperature S D Oh (Eds Gilmgm Press Seul Krea Palmer J W and H M Adams 1997: Early results with intensive systems f apples n virus-free M9 rtstck in New Zealand Acta Hrticulturae Park J M and S D Oh 000: Effect f rt zne temperature n grwth f sht and rt and physilgical respnses f apple trees (Malus dmestica Brkh Jurnal f Krean Sciety fr Hrticultural Science 41( (In Krean with English abstract Park J M H M R M S Yiem and Y J Yim 000: Shrt-term effect f rchard flr management n sil chemical prperties grwth and fruit quality in Fuji / M6 apple tree Jurnal f Krean Sciety fr Hrticultural Science 41( (In Krean with English abstract Rbinsn T L 003: Apple-rchard planting systems Apples; btany prductin and uses D C Ferree and I J Warringtn (Eds CABI Publishing Cambridge MA USA Rural Develpment Adminstratin (RDA 1988: Methds f sil chemical prperties Rural Develpment Administratin Suwn Krea 450pp Seng K C J S Lee S G Lee and B C Y 001: Cmparisn f grwth characteristics by varieties and effects f rain shelter and mulching n the prductin f Asparagus (Asparagus fficinalis L Jurnal f Bi- Envirnment Cntrl 10( (In Krean with English abstract Trmp J 199a: Lateral sht frmatin in apple in the first year after budding as affected by air humidity and sil temperature Acta Hrticulturae Trmp J 199b: The effect f sil temperature n lateral sht frmatin and flwer-bud frmatin in apple in the first year after budding Jurnal f Hrticultural Science 67( Trmp J 1996: Sylleptic sht frmatin in yung apple trees expsed t varius sil temperature and air humidity regimes in three successive perids f the grwing seasn Annals f Btany Webster A D and S J Wertheim 005: Vegetive (asexual prpagatin Fundamentals f temperate zne tree fruit prductin J Trmp A D Webster and S J Wertheim (Eds Backhuys publishers Leiden Yn T M K R Kim S W Chi J Y Lee J G Shin Y J W and S G Han 000: Inductin f feathering in Fuji /M9 T337 nursery apple trees with 6-bezylamin purine Jurnal f Krean Sciety fr Hrticultural Science 41( (In Krean with English abstract Österreicher J P Tappeiner B Trggler J Tschll and H Weis 1996: Yung apple rchard Beratungsring für Obstund Weinbau Italy

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