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한글읽기에서획수와시각폭 Can stroke count influence the visual span in Korean Hangul reading? 저자 (Authors) 최영은, 정성우, 김태훈 Youngon Choi, SeongWoo Jeong, Tae Hoon Kim 출처 (Source) 한국심리학회지 : 인지및생물 28(3), 2016.

kr/article/node06726809 APA Style 최영은, 정성우, 김태훈 (2016). 한글읽기에서획수와시각폭. 한국심리학회지 : 인지및생물, 28(3), 495-516. 이용정보 (Accessed) 중앙대학교서울캠퍼스 165.194.42.

1 한글읽기에서획수와시각폭 Can stroke count influence the visual span in Korean Hangul reading? 저자 (Authors) 최영은, 정성우, 김태훈 Youngon Choi, SeongWoo Jeong, Tae Hoon Kim 출처 (Source) 한국심리학회지 : 인지및생물 28(3), , (22 pages) THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE AND BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 28(3), , (22 pages) 발행처 (Publisher) 한국심리학회 The Korean Psychological Association URL APA Style 최영은, 정성우, 김태훈 (2016). 한글읽기에서획수와시각폭. 한국심리학회지 : 인지및생물, 28(3), 이용정보 (Accessed) 중앙대학교서울캠퍼스 *** 2016/10/21 17:10 (KST) 저작권안내 DBpia 에서제공되는모든저작물의저작권은원저작자에게있으며, 누리미디어는각저작물의내용을보증하거나책임을지지않습니다. 이자료를원저작자와의협의없이무단게재할경우, 저작권법및관련법령에따라민, 형사상의책임을질수있습니다. Copyright Information The copyright of all works provided by DBpia belongs to the original author(s). Nurimedia is not responsible for contents of each work. Nor does it guarantee the contents. You might take civil and criminal liabilities according to copyright and other relevant laws if you publish the contents without consultation with the original author(s).

2 *.,,.. -,,.,,... * 2013 () (NRF-2013S1A3A ). :,, 84, yochoi@cau.ac.kr

3 , (:,, ),. (Legge, Ahn, Klitz, & Luebker, 1997; Legge, Cheung, Yu, Chung, Lee, & Owens, 2007; Legge, Mansfield, & Chung, 2001). Legge (visual span),, (Legge et al., 2001)., (Kwon, Legge, & Dubbels, 2007)., (He, Legge, & Deyue, 2013; Lee, Kwon, Legge, & Gefroh, 2010). (Choi & Yu, 2015). (trigram paradigm) (Kwon et al., 2007; Legge et al., 2001 ). (reader) (, azp ) (Figure 1B ), (Legge et al., 2001 information bit ). - (moving-window technique) (perceptual span, McConkie & Rayner, 1975; Rayner, Well, & Pollatsek, 1980) (oculomotor control) (Legge et al., 1997, 2001, 2007). (Legge et al., 2007). Legge (2007) (top-down process) (sensory).. Legge

4 ,, (Wang, He, & Legge, 2014)., (Wang, Koda, & Perfetti, 2003).. Wang (2014),., 700,. ( ) (perimetric complexity),., (,,, 3), (,,, 14)..,.,, (Wang et al., 2014).., (: 1-3) 6.

5 ,., - (alphabet-syllabary) (Cho & McBride-Chang, 2005; Taylor & Taylor, 1995)..,., 3, 13,.., 10..,.,.. Choi Yu(2015). 2, 4, 6., (: ),,... Choi Yu(2015) (CV) ++ (CVC )..

6 ..,.,.. Legge (2001).,. (Choi & Yu 2015)., (reading fluency) (reading comprehension), (reading span) (Daneman, 1991; Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; Daneman & Merikle, 1996; Lee, Kim, & Cho, 1996; Lee, Lee, Kim, & Hong, 2002)..,,,. (2-7) (8-14).,,. 37( 12, 25). 20.4(SD = 2.0), 0.6.

7 ,, 40% 80% 11( 4, 7), 8( 4, 4).,... ( 11,170)., ㄱ,., 9,657(:,,, ) 1,513. +(CV, :, ) 175, ++(CVV, :, ) 94, ++(CVC, :, ) 1,030, +++ (CVVC, :,, ) 166, +++(CVCC, :, ) 47, ++++ (CVVCC, : ) 1. Wang (2014) , ( ) 10 ( =0, =20). 1,513 11, % (, ) 7(, ), 8-14(, 8, 15 )., CV(consonant and vowel), CVC, CVCC Wang (2014) , 19

8 (trigram, :, ). 19.,. Daneman Capenter(1980) Lee (1996). 7 10, Daneman Capenter(1980) 70% (,,.). 4. Kim(2008) (BASA). 549, 600., Park Shin(2012). Park Shin(2012),., (Brabham, Boyd, & Edgington, 2000; Kim, Kim, & Sung, 2013; Stalh, 1983 )., (:??). 19 LCD (: HP L1950; :

9 1280 X 1024, 60Hz). 43.2cm 1 (V(visual angle) = 2 arctan(s/2d)). (() ). (: SONY HDR-CX700). E-prime 2.0. Courier new Figure 1A 200ms

10 ( ) 250ms. 150ms. (0) (-6 1), (+1 +6), (0) (Figure 1B ). 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.49, 5.48, , 19 ( )...., ().,..., (,, ) (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ) 5,,. 0.5., 3 2.5, 3.. E-prime 2.0,.. Kwon (2007).

11 4,. E-prime (ms).,.,.. 1 0, 1, 2 2, , 80% (, % 9 ).... Adobe Premier Pro 150ms(1/30, 33ms). 40%. 40%.,,,,. Figure 2A.,. 80%, Table 1 3.

12 Condition Mean SD Min. Max. HS LS *HS stands for High number of Stroke count (8-15) and LS stands for Low number of Stroke count (1-7) 200ms, 10, 6 50ms.. Figure 2A. -5-1, +1 +5, (, ), (, ) 2 x 2., (F < 1) (F(1, 17) = 26.03, p <.001) - (F(1, 17) = 4.69, p <.05).,, ( M = 51%, SD = 0.09; M =55%, SD = 0.15) (M = 60%, SD = 0.14) (M = 65%, SD = 0.14) (Figure 2B ). ( 80% )., ( M = 3.13, SD = 1.81; M = 3.09, SD = 2.07), (Fs < 1) (F(1, 17) = 7.91, p <.05)(Figure 2C ).. Legge (2001) Wang (2014), (middle). (outer)

13 (A) (B) (C)

14 (A) (B) (C)

15 (inner characters). ( ). (Figure 3A-C ).. Figure 3A-C, inner middle outer., 3 (inner, middle, outer) x 2 (, ), (F < 1, p =.774) (F(2, 34) = , p <.001), (F(2, 34) = 4.500, p <.05)., inner middle (Fs < 1, ps >.70) outer (F(1, 17) = , p =.162)., outer middle. Table 2.. ( )., Park Shin(2012).,...?.. (+1 +5)

16 Word span RF1(BASA1) * ** ** ** * RF2(BASA2) *** * RF3 (Difficult passage) 5. RF4 (Easy passage) *** * * RC1(BASA1) *** * RC2(BASA2) * RC3 (Difficult passage) 9. RC4 (Easy passage) * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p< * Overall VS size *** Right VS szie RFmean RCmean Word span p<.10, ** p<.01, *** p< Table 3 (r=.522, p =.099).

17 (Table 3 ). (rs <.578, ps >.13).,., (Legge et al., 2001, 2007) (Wang et al., 2014)., 200ms, 10, 6( ) 150ms 3., (, 4 ),.. Wang (2014),,....., inner(), middle( ), outer( ) (Legge et al, 2001; Wang et al., 2014), inner middle. Inner (Wang et al., 2014).

18 middle (Figure 3B ).,.. outer.. Rayner(1998, 2009), (Pollatsek, Bolozky, Well, & Rayner, 1981). -.. (Rayner, Slattery, & Belanger, 2010) (Rayner, Murphy, Henderson, & Pollatsek, 1989), (Rayner, Castelhano, & Yang, 2009) (, perceptual span), (Rayner et al., 2010) Wang (2014) 1-3, 7-9,

19 .... Choi Yu(2015) CV CVC. CVC CV. 6. (, CVVCC ),..., Wang (2014) 6.,.,..,. He (2013) (Lee et al., 2010 ). (crowding) (mislocation).

20 ,,. Choi, Y., & Yu, S. (2015). Relationship between the development of visual span and reading abilities in Korean Hangul reading. The Korean Journal of Development Psychology, 28(4), Daneman, M. (1991). Working memory as a predictor of verbal fluency. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 20(6), Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 19(4), Daneman, M., & Merikle, P. M. (1996). Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(4), He, Y., Legge, G. E., & Yu, D. (2013). Sensory and cognitive influences on the training-related improvement of reading speed in peripheral vision. Journal of Vision, 13(7), Kim, A., Kim, U., & Sung, S. (2013). A study of the reading comprehension characteristics of 1st, 3rd, and 5th grade students: Focusing on higher-order reading comprehension processes. The Journal of Elementary Education, 26(3), Kim, D. (2008). Basic Academic Skills Assessment (BASA): Reading. Seoul: Inpsyt. Kwon, M., Legge, G. E., & Dubbels, B. R. (2007). Developmental changes in the visual span for reading. Vision Research, 47(22), Lee, B., Kim, K., & Zoh, M. (1996). Individual differences in reading span and language processing: Working memory and language comprehension. Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 8(1), Lee, B., Lee, K., Kim, J., & Hong, C. (2002). Suppression and recognition reading span test. Korean Journal of Cognitive Science, 13(4), Lee, H. W., Kwon, M., Legge, G. E., & Gefroh, J. J. (2010). Training improves reading speed in peripheral vision: Is it due to attention?. Journal of Vision, 10(6), 18. Legge, G. E., Ahn, S. J., Klitz, T. S., & Luebker, A. (1997). Psychophysics of readingxvi. The visual span in normal and low vision. Vision Research, 37(14), Legge, G. E., Cheung, S. H., Yu, D., Chung, S. T., Lee, H. W., & Owens, D. P. (2007). The case for the visual span as a sensory bottleneck in reading. Journal of Vision, 7(2), 9.

21 Legge, G. E., Mansfield, J. S., & Chung, S. T. (2001). Psychophysics of reading: XX. Linking letter recognition to reading speed in central and peripheral vision. Vision Research, 41(6), McBride-Chang, C., Cho, J. R., Liu, H., Wagner, R. K., Shu, H., Zhou, A., Cheuk, C. S. M., & Muse, A. (2005). Changing models across cultures: Associations of phonological awareness and morphological structure awareness with vocabulary and word recognition in second graders from Beijing, Hong Kong, Korea, and the United States. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 92(2), McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K., (1975). The span of the effective determinants of reading speed. Perception & Psychophysics, 17(6), Norman, J. (1988). Chinese. Cambridge, Oxford: Cambridge University Press. Park, J., & Shin, M. (2012). The comparison between the reading fluency and the reading error patterns by the reading difficulty of the adult clutterers and the normal adults. The Journal of Special Education: Theory and Practice, 13(1), Pollatsek, A., Bolozky, S., Well, A. D., & Rayner, K. (1981). Asymmetries in the perceptual span for Israeli readers. Brain and Language, 14(1), Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quartely Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(8), Rayner, K., Castelhano, M. S., & Yang, J. (2009). Eye movements and the perceptual span in older and younger readers. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), Rayner, K., Murphy, L. A., Henderson, J. M., & Pollatsek, A. (1989). Selective attentional dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 6(4), Rayner, K., Slattery, T. J., & Bélanger, N. N. (2010). Eye movements, the perceptual span, and reading speed. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(6), Wang, H., He, X., & Legge, G. E. (2014). Effect of pattern complexity on the visual span for Chinese and alphabet characters. Journal of Vision, 14(8), 6. Wang, M., Koda, K., & Perfetti, C. A. (2003). Alphabetic and nonalphabetic L1 effects in English word identification: A comparison of Korean and Chinese English L2 learners. Cognition, 87(2), : : :

22 Can stroke count influence the visual span in Korean Hangul reading? Youngon Choi SeongWoo Jeong Tae Hoon Kim Psychology, Chung-Ang University Psychology, Kyungnam University The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of pattern complexity, in particular, the number of strokes involved in forming a syllable-based character, on the visual span in Korean Hangul reading. The visual span refers to the number of characters that can be accurately recognized without moving one s eyes in reading and has been related to individual differences in reading speed. The concept of the visual span, however, has only been applied to English and Chinese scripts thus far. Korean Hangul writing system is quite unique, having alphabets combined into a syllable and each syllable written in a restricted space. This differs from both English alphabetic serial writing and Chinese logographic writing system. Due to its unique combinatorial nature of the script, the pattern complexity of Hangul can be affected by stroke frequency as well as by the type of alphabet combination (e.g., CV vs CVCC). Using a trigram presentation method, we found that participants who viewed characters with 2-7 stroke frequency had higher accuracy than those who viewed characters with 8-15 strokes only in their right visual field. No main overall difference or the difference in the left visual field was observed, suggesting that stroke frequency may not be a critical sensory limiting factor on the visual span for Hangul reading. Key words : visual span, stroke count, Korean Hangul, reading abilities

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<5BBEF0BEEE33332D335D20312EB1E8B4EBC0CD2E687770> 언어장애의 몇 가지 유형에서 관찰되는 어휘빈도와 음운변화 효과 * 김충명 남기춘 ** (광주대학교 고려대학교) Kim, Choong-Myung and Nam, Kichun. 2008. The Effects of Korean Word Frequency and Phonological Change in Several Types of Language Disorder.