03-조선시대(체질)

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1 대한체질인류학회지제 27 권제 1 호 Korean J Phys Anthropol Vol. 27, No. 1 (2014) pp. 29~37 Original Article 조선시대회곽묘에서확인된사람정강뼈에나타난톱자국에대한법의인류학적고찰 김이석 1, 오창석 2, 김명주 3, 기호철 4, 홍지윤 5, 김시덕 6, 신동훈 2 1 이화여자대학교의학전문대학원해부학교실, 2 서울대학교의과대학해부학교실 3 단국대학교의과대학해부학교실, 4 한국고전번역원, 5 중앙문화재연구원, 6 서울대규장각한국학연구원 (2013년 12월 12일접수, 2014년 2월 22일수정접수, 2014년 3월 11일게재승인, Published Online 30 March 2014) 간추림 : 우리나라회곽묘는조선시대중 / 후기에주로조영되었으며사회경제적수준이양호한사람들 ( 사대부 ) 사이에많이만들어진무덤이다. 이러한형태의무덤은두꺼운회곽에의해관이보호되어있기때문에외부로부터물리적인침입이매우어렵다. 회곽묘에서는피장자가보존상태가극히양호한상태로많이확인되어조선시대사람의건강과질병상태연구에중요한정보를제공하였다. 한편최근용인시발굴현장조선시대회곽묘에서수습된조선시대사람인골에서는이전에볼수없었던매우흥미로운법의인류학적손상소견을확인하게되어이를보고하고자한다. 본사례는노년층여성뼈대로서신장은약 150 cm 전후로추정되었는데양쪽정강뼈에특이한모습의톱질흔이발견되었다. 여기서는치유흔을볼수없었지만발굴시확인된대부분의뼈가 1차매장당시의온전한형태그대로남아있었기때문에이톱질흔은사망전후하여만들어진것으로추정하였다. 다만이러한톱질흔이어떤연유로피장자의뼈에남게되었는가에대한부분에있어서는여러가지가능성을타진해보았으나현재로서는정확한이유를알수없다. 이조사는조선시대회곽묘에서발견된인골로서는매우희귀한사례로서향후유사한법의인류학적검토를필요로하는고고학적사례를접하게될연구자에게많은시사점을줄수있을것으로생각하여이를보고한다. 찾아보기낱말 : 톱자국, 정강뼈, 손상분석, 도구, 회곽묘, 조선시대 서 론 우리나라회곽묘는조선시대중 후기에주로조영되었으며사회경제적수준이양호한사람들사이에많이만들어진무덤으로서비교적양호한형태로사람인골이많이발견되어최근체계적으로대학등에서관리됨으로써체질인류학적연구의좋은자료가되고있다. 이러한양식의무덤은두꺼운회곽에의해관이보호되어있기때문에외부로부터물리적인침입이매우어려운점역시관련연구자에게는큰장점이다. 근세에흥선대원군부친인남연군묘를독일상인오페르트 (Ernst Jakob Oppert, 1832~1903) 가파헤치려다가 저자 ( 들 ) 는 의학논문출판윤리가이드라인 을준수합니다. 저자 ( 들 ) 는이연구와관련하여이해관계가없음을밝힙니다. 교신저자 : 신동훈 ( 서울대학교의과대학해부학교실 ) 전자우편 : drdoodgi@snu.ac.kr 이무덤주위의회벽때문에결국실패한일은이러한형태의무덤이얼마나견고하게보호되어있는가를보여주는좋은사례이다. 회곽묘에서발견된인골이나미라는최근연구기관에의하여체계적으로연구되기시작하여조선시대사람의건강과질병상태에대한많은정보를주고있는데개체보고사례가증가함에따라한편으로법의인류학적으로도의미있는사례도늘고있다. 고고시료에대한법의인류학적연구의대표적인예를들자면본연구진은조선시대인골에서화승총에의한것으로보이는총알구멍이확인되어총상에의해피장자가사망하였을가능성을확인한바있으며 [7] 무덤에서수습한유물을정리하는중발견된작은주머니속에담긴치아가다름아닌피장자자신이죽기직전까지치아를잃을때마다보관해왔던것임을법의인류학적연구기법으로보여준바있었다 [6]. 한편남원에서확인된조선시대무덤이실전된유자광의것이라는주장이

30 김이석, 오창석, 김명주, 기호철, 홍지윤, 김시덕, 신동훈 제기되어이무덤에서확인된뼈에대한인류학적분석을수행하여사실유무를확인하고자한시도도있었다 [8]. 이러한연구는고고학적으로확인되는사례에대해서도피장자의죽음과관련된중요한정보를법의인류학적연구를통하여얻을수있게된다는값진사례가되었다.

2 30 김이석, 오창석, 김명주, 기호철, 홍지윤, 김시덕, 신동훈 제기되어이무덤에서확인된뼈에대한인류학적분석을수행하여사실유무를확인하고자한시도도있었다 [8]. 이러한연구는고고학적으로확인되는사례에대해서도피장자의죽음과관련된중요한정보를법의인류학적연구를통하여얻을수있게된다는값진사례가되었다. 최근본연구진은용인지역회곽묘에서수습된조선시대사람인골을분석할기회를얻었는데법의인류학적분석중인골에매우흥미로운소견이남아있다는것을알게되었다. 비록이러한소견전체를완벽하게설명하지는못하였지만추후유사한법의인류학적검토를필요로하는고고학적사례를접하게될연구자에게도움이될자료로남기고자해당사례를여기보고한다. 1. 고고학발굴정보 재료및방법 2009 년 6 월 26 일, 중앙문화재연구원에의해조사된용인시보정동발굴현장에서조선시대회곽묘 (2 호 ) 한기가발견되었는데내부에서는잘보존된인골이확인되었다 (Fig. 1). 무덤매장주체부의길이는 178 cm, 너비는 44 cm, 깊이는 48 cm 이었으며회곽의벽면은거의수직하는형태로다져져있었고 32 cm 내외의두께로묘광의벽면을따라둘러있었다. 천회, 횡판등덮개시설은확인되지않았으며바닥면은회를사용하지않았는데발굴현장에서출토된주변회곽묘와부장품의형 태를종합적으로고려해보면이무덤은조선중기이후 (16~18 세기 ) 에조영된것으로판단하였다. 무덤에서뼈가확인되었을때발굴자는이를직접수습하지아니하고현장을통제하며본연구진에조사를의뢰하였다. 2. 인류학검사및개인식별 수습된유골을대상으로뼈의해부학적구성및병리소견유무를확인한후사람뼈대의데이터구축표준화방법 [1] 에따라디지털밀림자 (Digimatic Caliper, Mitutoyo, Japan) 를이용하여기본뼈계측을시행하였다. 성별추정을위하여 Buikstra 와 Ubelaker (1994) 의정리에따른머리뼈의눈확위모서리 (supraorbital ridges), 눈썹활사이 (glabella), 입천장뼈 (palate), 눈확 (orbit), 꼭지돌기 (mastoid process) 에대한형태분석및 Krogman 과 Iscan (1986) 의정리에따른골반뼈의큰궁둥패임 (greater sciatic notch), 두덩밑각 (subpubic angle), 아래두덩가지 (inferior pubic ramus) 에대한형태분석을시행하였다 [4]. 나이추정을위하여엉덩뼈귓바퀴면 (auricular surface) 의형태분석을시행하였고 [5], 키추정을위하여넙다리뼈의최대길이를계측한다음 Fujii (1960) 가제안한방정식에대입하였다 [2,3]. 3. 손상분석 양쪽정강뼈에서발견된손상자국을분석하기위하여손상의길이와폭및깊이를계측하였고, 카메라로접사촬영을시행하여손상을일으킨도구의고유한특징들을분석하였다. A East Sea B Yellow Sea South Sea Fig. 1. Excavation site in Bojeong-dong, Yongin-si where Joseon tomb was discovered. (A) Red dot in map of Korean peninsula indicates the site. (B) Archaeological Site.

3 조선시대인골톱자국에대한법의인류학적분석 31 A B C Fig. 2. Skeletal remains in Joseon tomb #2 before collection. (A) Note the natural anatomical arrangement of bones. (B) Artificial deformity represented on the right tibia (indicated by red arrow) could be seen before gathering the bones in the field. (C) is the magnified image of (B). SK, skull; LSMB, lime soil mixture barrier; Vbr, vertebrae; Sc, sacrum; RFm, right femur; LFm, left femur; RTb, right tibia; LTb, left tibia. 결 과 무덤뼈의노출상태는발굴자가인골조사이전상황을잘통제하여발굴당시모습을유지하여거의외부로부터착란이없는상태였던것으로생각된다 (Fig. 2A). 전체적으로뼈의보존상태는좋았으며각뼈와관절의해부학적위치가자연스러워일차매장 (primary interment) 의가능성이높은것으로판단되었으며적어도육탈후이장한이차매장 (secondary interment) 이나백골화된후일차매장한경우는아닐것이라고추측하였다. 현장의뼈는반쯤흙속에묻힌상태로확인된것이대부분이어서본연구진은사진을촬영한후직접인골을수습하였다. 수습중다리뼈의경우왼쪽정강뼈에손상흔적을확인하였지만오른쪽정강뼈에는같은흔적이외부에노출되지않은채반쯤묻혀있었다 (Fig. 2B and 2C). 왼쪽정강뼈의손상은톱등도구 를이용한것으로판단되어현장에관련도구를이용하였는지를확인하였으며이에대해서본연구진의조사이전그러한도구의사용은없었다는확답을받았다. 유골에대한기초계측결과는 Table 1 과같았고, 성별은머리뼈와볼기뼈의형태로볼때여성으로판단되었으며 (Table 2), 연령은귓바퀴면의퇴행정도를볼때노년층으로추정하였다 (Table 3). 신장은넙다리뼈의최대길이를이용하여 Fujii (1960) 가제안한방정식에대입한결과 cm±4.6 으로추정되었다. 연구실에서보다정밀한조사를수행한결과피장자의오른쪽정강뼈는물론현장에서는확인이불가능했던왼쪽정강뼈에서도인위적으로형성된뼈의변형이발견되었다. 날카로운도구에의한흔적이양쪽모두정강뼈몸쪽부분에서약 2/3 정도떨어진아래쪽몸통에형성되어있었는데 (Fig. 3), 절단면에서는도구의성상을가늠할수있는톱질흔 (kerf) 이형성되어있었다

4 32 김이석, 오창석, 김명주, 기호철, 홍지윤, 김시덕, 신동훈 Table 1. Osteometric data of skeletal remain in No. 2, Bojeong-dong, Yongin-si unit: mm Bones Variables Value Maximum cranial length Maximum cranial breadth Bizygomatic diameter Basion-bregma height Cranial base length Basion-prosthion length Maxillo-alveolar breadth Maxillo-alveolar length Biauricular breadth Upper facial height Minimum frontal breadth Upper facial breadth Nasal height Nasal breadth Orbital breadth 38.5 (Lt); 39.0 (Rt) Orbital height 34.5 (Lt); 33.5 (Rt) Skull Biorbital breadth Interorbital breadth Frontal chord Parietal chord Occipital chord Foramen magnum length Foramen magnum breadth Mastoid length 36.5 (Lt); 35.5 (Rt) Chin height Height of the mandibular body 31.0 (Lt); 31.5 (Rt) Breadth of the mandibular body 16.0 (Lt); 17.0 (Rt) Bigonial width Bicondylar breadth Minimum ramus breadth 36.0 (Lt); 35.0 (Rt) Maximum ramus breadth 47.0 (Lt); 44.5 (Rt) Maximum ramus height 64.5 (Lt); 65.5 (Rt) Mandibular length Mandibular angle Clavicle: maximum length (Lt); (Rt) Clavicle Clavicle: ant-post. diameter at midshaft 15.5 (Lt); 14 (Rt) Clavicle: sup-inf. diameter at midshaft 13.5 (Lt); 11 (Rt) Scapula Scapula: height Scapula: breadth Humerus: maximum length (Lt); (Rt) Humerus: epicondylar breadth 66.5 (Lt); 64.0 (Rt) Humerus Humerus: vertical diameter of Head 50.0 (Lt); Humerus: maximum diameter at midshaft 22.5 (Lt); 23.5 (Rt) Humerus: minimum diameter at midshaft 19.0 (Lt); 18.5 (Rt) Radius: maximum length (Lt); (Rt) Radius Radius: anterior-posterior diameter at midshaft 13.5 (Lt); 12.5 (Rt) Radius: medial-lateral diameter at midshaft 15.5 (Lt); 15.5 (Rt) Ulna: maximum length (Lt); (Rt) Ulna: anterior-posterior diameter 14.0 (Lt); 14.5 (Rt) Ulna Ulna: medial-lateral diameter 15.0 (Lt); 16.0 (Rt) Ulna: physiological length (Lt); (Rt) Ulna: minimum circumference 41.0 (Lt); 34.0 (Rt)

5 조선시대인골톱자국에대한법의인류학적분석 33 Table 1. Continued. Bones Variables Value Sacrum: anterior length Sacrum: anterior superior breadth Sacrum: max. transverse diameter of base Pelvic bone Os coxae: height (Lt); (Rt) Os coxae: Iliac breadth (Lt); (Rt) Os coxae: pubis length 76.5 (Lt); 78.0 (Rt) Os coxae: ischium length 82.5 (Lt); 81.5 (Rt) Femur: maximum length (Lt); (Rt) Femur: bicondylar length (Lt); (Rt) Femur: epicondylar breadth 84.0 (Lt); 84.0 (Rt) Femur: maximum diameter of the femur head 48.0 (Lt); 48.5 (Rt) Femur Femur: ant.-post. subtrochanteric diameter 27.5 (Lt); 26.5 (Rt) Femur: med.-lat. subtrochanteric diameter 32.0 (Lt); 31.5 (Rt) Femur: ant.-post. midshaft diameter 26.5 (Lt); 26.5 (Rt) Femur: medial-lateral midshaft diameter 27.0 (Lt); 26.0 (Rt) Femur: midshaft circumference 90.0 (Lt); 82.0 (Rt) Tibia: length (Lt); (Rt) Tibia: maximum proximal epiphyseal breadth 78.0 (Lt); 77.0 (Rt) Tibia Tibia: maximum distal epiphyseal breadth 51.0 (Lt); 56.0 (Rt) Tibia: max. diameter at the nutrient foramen 32.5 (Lt); 33.0 (Rt) Tibia: med.-lat. diameter at nutrient foramen 25.0 (Lt); 25.0 (Rt) Tibia: circumference at the nutrient foramen 90.0 (Lt); 95.0 (Rt) Fibula Fibula: maximum length (Lt); (Rt) Fibula: maximum diameter at midshaft (Lt); 17.0 (Rt) *: not determined Table 2. Sex estimation by the morphology of cranium and pelvic bone in No.2, Bojeong-dong, Yongin-si Bones Elements Descriptions Greater sciatic notch Wideness Pre-auricular sulcus Presence Pelvic bone Subpubic angle Wideness Ischiopubic ramus Sharpness Subpubic concavity Presence Ventral arc Presence Nuchal crest Low rugosity Matoid process Low volume Cranium Supraorbital margin Sharpness Glabella Minimal prominence Mental eminence Minimal expression Table 3. Age estimation based on the morphology of hip bone in No.2, Bojeong-dong, Yongin-si Criteria Elements Descriptions Transverse organization Irregular surface Porosity Macroporosity Auricular surface (Lovejoy et al. 1985) Granularity Dense bone Retroauricular activity Moderate Apical activity Slight to moderate Estimated phase Phase VII (50~59 yrs)

34 김이석, 오창석, 김명주, 기호철, 홍지윤, 김시덕, 신동훈 Fig. 3. Entire appearance of right and left tibia showing the saw marks on its lower one-third of the shaft. Blade width Set Kerf Fig. 4.

Note the kerf be considered as protruded teeth of wobbling saw blade just like the alphabet M on the cut mark of bone. (Fig. 4).

6 34 김이석, 오창석, 김명주, 기호철, 홍지윤, 김시덕, 신동훈 Fig. 3. Entire appearance of right and left tibia showing the saw marks on its lower one-third of the shaft. Blade width Set Kerf Fig. 4. Close-up picture of the saw mark on the shaft of tibia and drawing of concept of explaining the kerf sign. Note the kerf be considered as protruded teeth of wobbling saw blade just like the alphabet M on the cut mark of bone. (Fig. 4). 형성된톱자국은가쪽으로돌출된톱질흔의모양과서로들어맞는것으로보아정강뼈에인위적인뼈의변형을일으킨도구로는톱 (saw) 의가능성이가장높은것으로판단되었다. 정강뼈의톱자국 (saw mark) 에대한계측결과, 오른쪽정강뼈의톱자국과왼쪽정강뼈의톱자국의진입부위및진입각도가서로다른것을알수있었다 (Table 4). 오른쪽정강뼈의톱자국밑 에서는뼈표면에형성된시도흔을볼수있었는데 (Fig. 5), 이는통상의법의학상황에서주저흔 (hesitation mark) 이라고불리는소견과매우흡사한양상을나타내고있었다. 이유골이일차매장의가능성이높은점과톱자국에서치유흔을볼수없는점등으로미루어볼때정강뼈에형성된톱자국은사망전후 (perimortem) 에형

조선시대인골톱자국에대한법의인류학적분석 35 Table 4. Metric description of saw mark at both tibia Side Location Approaching plane Entry angle Depth Breadth Comments Right 27 cm from proximal Anterolateral 5 downward 1.

7 조선시대인골톱자국에대한법의인류학적분석 35 Table 4. Metric description of saw mark at both tibia Side Location Approaching plane Entry angle Depth Breadth Comments Right 27 cm from proximal Anterolateral 5 downward 1.9 cm 0.2 cm Left 28 cm from proximal Posteromedial 4 upward 0.8 cm 0.2 cm Kerf sign; Trial mark on the surface Kerf sigh; No any other sign Fig. 5. Hesitation-like mark on the surface of right tibia. Note the excoriation of cortical bone with more bright colors under the saw mark considering results of repeated sawing at first trial. 성된것으로판단하는것이옳다고보며이외에온몸의뼈대에서노화에따른각관절면의퇴행소견을보는외기타질병이나손상등의특기할다른소견은보지못하였다. 고 찰 이법의인류학적사례의경우회곽묘의덮개를제거한직후확인된유골의모습을보면머리뼈에서부터종아리뼈까지그해부학적위치와관절의배열이극히자연스러운형태를보였으며인위적으로배치하기쉽지않은척추뼈들의배열이나갈비뼈들의배열까지정확하여자연스러운사후변성 (taphonomy) 을거친인골이라는점을알수있었다 (Fig. 1). 특히발굴후인골수습과정이본연구진에의해직접진행되어발굴자에의한손상이근본적으로배제될수있는점, 인골수습전촬영된사진에서는흙에묻혀있었기때문에외부로노출이전혀되지않았던부위에서도 ( 오른쪽정강뼈 ) 연구실에서의검사시톱질흔이추가로확인된점등을고려하면이톱질흔의생성과정이발굴그자체와는무관하다는가능성을더욱높게하였다. 좌우정강뼈먼쪽 1/3 부위에서확인된톱질흔소견에대해서는본연구실에서입체현미경으로법의인류학적고찰을추가로수행하였는데현미경관찰소견에의하면뼈에가해진톱질흔의진입각도가서로다르고그각도또한비스듬하게형성되어톱질깊이가양쪽에서서로다른소견을보이는바, 뼈에가해진톱질의목적이이를절단하기위한의도성을갖고있었다고결론짓기매우어려웠다. 한편뼈톱질흔주변에서는치유흔등생활반응을보지못하였던점은피장자가회곽묘에입관되기전사망전후 (perimortem) 시기에톱질흔이형성된것을시사한것으로생각된다. 종아리뼈 (fibula) 에는유사한톱질흔손상소견을전혀볼수없었는데, 특히앞가쪽에서톱이접근된오른쪽정강뼈의경우종아리뼈에동반손상이없다는점에서정강뼈의톱질흔은육탈된후따로만들어진것이아닌가하는의문이제기될수있다. 하지만정강뼈에형성된톱자국의위치를좀더자세히살펴보면톱이종아리뼈에쉽게닿지않는부위에형성된것을알수있기때문에종아리뼈에서유사한톱질소견이보이지않았다는점이육탈된후에야정강뼈톱질흔이만들어졌다는증거가될수는없다는생각이다. 톱질흔이사망전후한시기에만들어졌다면구체적으로어떤정황에서비롯되었을까를살펴보기위하여조선시대상례, 장례에준용한 주자가례 를고찰하였다. 이에따르면 예전에, 천자는 7 개월, 제후는 5 개월, 대부는 3 개월, 사는 1 개월을넘겨장사지냈다 [ 古者, 天子七月, 諸侯五月, 大夫三月, 士踰月而葬.] 고하였는데주자가례는조선시대에비교적엄격히지켜졌다는점을고려하면당시사대부가사망하였을때지금처럼바로매장하지않았던것을알수있다. 이러한풍습을유월장 ( 踰月葬 ) 이라하는데실제로이러한풍습이광범위하게퍼져있었던점은조선시대당시기록에서도확인할수있다. 만약조선시대피장자의남편이당상관이었다면대렴 ( 大殮 ) 으로부터석달, 만으로는두달여만에장사하였을것이고, 그보다낮은신분이었거나사족이었다면달을넘겨만 1 개월여정도에장례가이루어졌을것이다. 이기간이면사망자시신이완전히육탈되어뼈만남기에는어려운기간이므로피장자의

8 36 김이석, 오창석, 김명주, 기호철, 홍지윤, 김시덕, 신동훈 뼈에남은톱질자국이사망전후에만들어졌다면유월장풍습에의해회곽묘에매장되기까지기간에이루어졌을가능성이크다고하겠다. 한편일본에는에도시대의형법중에노코기리비키 ( 鋸挽 ) 라고부르는형벌이있었는데이는톱질과관련된형벌이라는점에서본논문의주제가되는사례와관련하여살펴볼만하다. 즉, 에도시대형법상주인을죽이는경우와같이계급적질서를위협하는반유교적범죄를저지른경우이형벌에처하게되는데기본적으로사형의한종류에속한다. 이형벌을시행한방법을보면수형자를작은상자에넣고머리만밖으로빼내게한후희망자에게대나무톱으로한번씩이를썰어숨을끊게하는방법의처형이었다고한다. 이는실제로전국시대에는많이시행되었으나에도시대에들어서는사람들사이에혐오스럽게여겨져거의시행되지않았고다만수형자에대나무톱으로어깨나목에상처를내어그피를톱에바르는식의의례적인형식으로바뀌었다고한다. 수형자는이틀간방치하여구경시킨뒤십자가에매달고양쪽배를창으로수십번찔러목숨을끊었다고한다 [9]. 구체적으로어떤연고로이기간사이에톱질흔이만들어졌을까를추측해본다면, 피장자에대한원한이나범죄로인한훼손일가능성, 피장자를위해준비한관이짧아불경스러운방법으로몰래염습하려했을가능성등을생각해볼수있겠지만가능성이크게높지는않아보인다. 피장자가아직살아있을때치료목적으로다리에어떤외과적시술과정이가해졌을가능성이나형벌로톱질을다리에가했을가능성역시생각해볼수있겠지만이역시조선시대문헌고찰로는유사한경우를찾아볼수없어그가능성은극히낮다고판단된다. 불의의사고로아랫부분이처참하게손상되어사망한후오히려단정하게하여매장하려는경우도상정해볼수있겠는데이경우는다리뼈가완전히절단된것이아니고톱질흔아래쪽은정상적으로남아있는상태여서역시전혀가능성이없다. 따라서조선시대문헌을역사학적으로고찰할때에도유례를찾아보기힘든매우희귀한소견이법의인류학적으로확인되었다고할수있겠다. 결론적으로본사례는회곽묘의유골이육탈된후따로뼈만추려매장한 2 차매장이아니라매장후발굴까지그대로보존된경우라는점은현장에서확인된정황증거로의심의여지가없다고판단하였고피장자는회곽묘에입관된후에는밀봉된무덤안에서자연 스러운부패과정에따라백골화가진행된상황으로판단되었기때문에정강뼈에서확인된톱질흔은현재로서는불분명한어떤원인에의해사망전후한시기에만들어진것으로판단하였다. 지금까지고고학적사례에대해서유사한법의인류학적연구에대한보고가국내에서매우희귀하였으므로추가적인고찰이힘든상황이나향후관련보고의증가여부에따라서는조선시대뼈에이러한톱질흔이남겨진원인에대해서다시한번학술적으로살펴볼기회가주어질것이라믿는다. 참고문헌 1. Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Arkansas archeological survey research series No. 44. Fayetteville: Arkansas archeological survey; Shin DH, Oh CS, Kim Y-S, Hwang Y. Ancient-to-Modern Secular Changes in Korean Stature. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2012; 147(3): Fujii A. On the relation of long bone lengths of lower limb to stature. Bulletin; Krogman WM, Iscan MY. The human skeleton in forensic Medicine. Charles C. Thomas. Illinois: Springfield; Lovejoy CO, Meindl RS, Pryzbeck TR, Mensforth RP. Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1985; 68(1): Oh CS, Koh B-J, Yoo DS, Park JB, Min SR, Kim Y-S, et al. Academic dispute on the funeral rites of Joseon society is settled by ancient DNA analysis of a Korean mummy. Anatomical Records. (In press) 7. Kim Y-S, Kim MJ, Yu T-Y, Lee IS, Yi YS, Oh CS, et al. Bioarchaeological investigation of possible gunshot wounds in 18th century human skeletons from Korea. Int J Osteoarchaeol. DOI: /oa (In press) 8. Kim Y-S, Oh CS, Lee SS, Kim MJ, Lee SD, Shin MH, et al. Anthropological Study on Human Skeletons from Joseon Tomb for Confirming Ryu Ja-Gwang, a Famous Historical Figure of Medieval Korea. Korean J Phys Anthropol. 2011; 24: Korean. 9. Ohkubo H. The Outline about the Criminal Law in Edo Era (1742~1870). The Bulletin of Musashino Gakuin Graduate School 2008; 1:7-15.

9 조선시대인골톱자국에대한법의인류학적분석 37 Forensic Anthropological Study on Saw Marks Appearing on the Tibiae of a Joseon Skeleton Yi-Suk Kim 1, Chang Seok Oh 2, Myeung Ju Kim 3, Ho Chul Ki 4, Ji Youn Hong 5, Shidouk Kim 6, Dong Hoon Shin 2 1 Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine 2 Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine 3 Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medicine 4 Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics 5 Central Institute of Cultural Heritage 6 Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at the Seoul National University Abstract : Tomb with lime-soil mixture barrier (LSMB) was constructed by the people from upper class people of Joseon Dynasty. The coffin of LSMB was surrounded by hard concrete barriers, being successfully protected from outside invasions until the archaeological excavation begins. The human remains were extremely preserved well, providing important information on the health and illness of the people of Joseon dynasty. Recent investigation into human skeletons from LSMB in Yong-in city was another forensic anthropological case that was very meaningful to our research. During the examination on the elderly Joseon female bones, we discovered unusual saw-marks on the shaft of both tibiae. We could not find any osteological evidences suggestive of healed bone process. Considering archaeological and anthropological findings altogether, the occurrence time of saw-marks was considered to be perimortem period. However, as for why such a saw mark was made on the tibiae, we did not get any information about it. We expect that this report facilitate other researcher to do explore the usefulness of forensic anthropology examination on the similar human skeleton cases identified in various archaeological ruins. Keywords : Saw-marks, Tibia, Trauma analysis, Instrument, Tomb with LSMB, Joseon Dynasty Correspondence to : Dong Hoon Shin (Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine) cuteminjae@gmail.com

해부학 총론

해부학 총론 Hee Eun Kim 1 주차 Anatomy to cut up from Greek ; 자르고가른다 라는라틴어에서유래 1) 맨눈해부학 (Gross anatomy) 임상해부학 (applied or clinical anatomy) 계통해부학 (systemic anatomy) ; 총론국소해부학 (regional anatomy) ; 각론 2) 조직학 (Microscopic