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1 ISSN(print) (3): , September 2016 < 초청논문 > Cause Analysis in Decrease of Body Stability According to The Induced Astigmatic Blur Sang-Yeob Kim, Dong-Sik Yu, Byeong-Yeon Moon, and Hyun Gug Cho* Dept. of Optometry, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Korea (Received July 31, 2016: Revised August 22, 2016: Accepted August 29, 2016) Purpose: To establish the cause of decrease in body stability and to analyze the effects on sensory organs maintaining static balance according to the induced astigmatic blur. Methods: Twenty subjects (10 males, 10 females; mean age, 23.40±2.70 years) were participated in this study. To induce myopic simple astigmatism, the axis directions of cylindrical lenses were placed 180 on both eyes (with-the-rule), 90 on both eyes (against-the-rule), and 45 on both eyes (oblique). Cylindrical lenses of +0.50, +1.00, +1.50, +2.00, +3.00, +4.00, and D were used to increase astigmatic blur in each astigmatism types. General stability (ST) and sway power (SP) in frequencies by each sensory organs were analyzed using the TETRAX biofeedback system. Results: ST in the all astigmatism types were raised with increase of astigmatic blur compared to full corrected condition, but a significant difference only showed in the induced oblique astigmatism. According to the results of correlation analysis between ST and SP in the each frequencies with increase of astigmatic blur, the causes of increased ST in the induced oblique astigmatism showed to have a high correlation in order of somatosensory system (high-medium frequency), central nervous system (high frequency), peripheral vestibular system (low-medium frequency), and visual system (low frequency). Conclusions: The visual information by uncorrected oblique astigmatism may disturb the normal functions of all sensory organs maintaining body balance, consequently, the body stability can be reduced. Therefore, optimal correction of astigmatism can play an important role for reducing the instability of body balance. Key words: Astigmatic blur, Oblique astigmatism, Sensory organs, Body stability, General stability, Sway power 서론신체균형이란최소한의신체흔들림 (body sway) 으로신체중심 (center of gravity: COG) 을지지면에유지시키는능력을말한다. [1] 신체균형은고정된지지면에안정적으로서있을수있는정적균형과움직임을수행할때의균형인동적균형으로나눌수있다. [2] 정상적인신체균형을유지하기위해서는감각신경계들 ( 시각계, 전정계, 고유수용감각계 ) 로부터수용된정보들이중추신경계에서통합과정을거쳐운동신경계와적절한상호조절이이루어져야하며, 환경의변화에따라지속적으로반응해야한다. [3,4] 따라서신체균형을조절하는여러기관들중어느한곳이라도손상되면신체의균형장애는쉽게발생하며, 생리적으로연령증가에따라서도균형감각은감퇴한다. [5] 신체균형을담당하는감각기관들중특히시각계는외부환경에대한정보의 80% 이상을관여하여환경에대한 신체의위치정보를지속적으로제공함으로써, 안정적인신체균형유지에필수적인역할을하는것으로알려져있다. [6] 이는 1984년 Paulus 등이정적자세에서신체흔들림은눈을뜨고있었을때보다눈을감았을때 30% 이상더증가함을밝혀낸연구결과를통해쉽게증명할수있다. [7] 그럼에도불구하고국내의경우, 광학적교정상태와신체균형에관련된연구는전무한실정이라판단되어저자들은이전연구를통해 (±) 구면렌즈로유발된다양한비정시가정적자세에서신체균형유지에미치는영향을조사하였다. 그결과, 근시및원시성굴절이상의미교정은신체균형의전반적인안정성을감소시키고, [8] 낙상위험의노출은유발된근시성보다원시성굴절이상에서더민감함을보고한바있다. [9] 따라서본연구에서는 (+) 원주렌즈를통해유발된난시성흐림이신체균형의안정성을감소시키는지알아보고, 정적균형을유지시키는다른감각기관들에미치는영향을분석하여그원인을규명해보자고하였다. *Corresponding author: Hyun Gug Cho, TEL: , hyung@kangwon.ac.kr 259
2 260 Sang-Yeob Kim, Dong-Sik Yu, Byeong-Yeon Moon, and Hyun Gug Cho 대상및방법 1. 대상본연구의취지에동의한평균연령 23.40±2.70세의 20 명 ( 남 10, 여 10) 을대상으로하였다. 문진을실시하여빈번한낙상경험이나신체균형과관련있는신경근육이나근골격질환, 전신질환, 안질환및이와관련된약물복용경험이없음을확인하였다. 그리고시기능검사를통해조절력, 입체시능력등양안시기능이상이있는경우나단안최대교정시력이 1.0 미만인경우는대상에서제외하였다. 대상자들의평균등가구면굴절력은 S-3.77±2.86 D이었고, 난시의범위는 C-0.25 D~C-2.50 D였다. 2. 방법 1) 측정장비 [10] 신체균형을평가하기위해 TETRAX biofeedback system (Tetrax Protable Multiple System, Tetrax Ltd, Ranmat Gan, Israel) 을사용하였다. 사용된측정장비는 A( 오른발뒤꿈치 ), B( 오른발앞꿈치 ), C( 왼발뒤꿈치 ), D( 왼발앞꿈치 ) 로표시되어있는 4개의지면반력감지장치를통해 32초동안정적자세상태의흔들림영역및속도, 무게중심의이동양상등을포괄적으로측정하여환자의전체적안정성을평가할수있다. 2) 측정요소 [10,11] 측정장비를이용하여본연구에서분석한내용은아래와같다. (1) 안정성지수 (general stability; ST) 4개의지면반력장치에실리는무게의변화에따라계산된값으로자세흔들림의정도를측정하여전반적인안정성을나타내는지수이다. 이값이커질수록정적신체균형은불안정하다고판단한다. (2) 흔들림강도 (sway power; SP) 지면반력장치위에서신체흔들림이발생할때변동되는측정값에포함되어있는여러가지진동수성분들을푸리에변환 (fourier transformation of postural sway) 을통해 4가지주파수영역으로세분하여흔들림의강도를계산한다. [12] 아래와같이주파수영역을구분하여신체흔들림을증가시킨원인을감각기관별로분석할수있다. a. 저주파수 (low frequency) 영역 Hz 영역을의미하며, 비정상적으로증가된값은시각기능이상과연관된다. b. 중 저주파수 (low medium frequency) 영역 Hz 영역을의미하며, 비정상적으로증가된값은말초전정계의장애와연관된다. c. 중 고주파수 (high medium frequency) 영역 Hz 영역을의미하며, 비정상적으로증가된값은체성감각의기능이상과연관된다. d. 고주파수 (high frequency) 영역 Hz 영역을의미하며, 비정상적으로증가된값은중추신경계의장애와연관된다. 3) 측정방법포롭터 (Ultramatic RX Master, Reichert, USA) 를이용한자각적굴절검사를통해완전교정굴절력을검출하였다. 대상자는완전교정굴절력이장입된시험테를착용하고 TETRAX 측정장비의지면반력장치위에올라서도록하였다. 4개의지면반력장치위에양발을정확하게정렬시키고측정장비의매뉴얼에따라 32초동안측정을실시하였다. 측정중검사대상자의조절반응을최소화하기위해전방 30 m 앞지정된물체를주시점으로사용하였다. 양안에동일한근시성단성난시를강주경선의방향에따라유형별로유발하기위해 (+) 원주렌즈의축을 1) 양안에 180 방향 ( 직난시유발 ), 2) 양안에 90 방향 ( 도난시유발 ), 3) 양안에 45 방향 ( 사난시유발 ) 으로설정한후, 각각의방향에 C+0.50 D, C+1.00 D, C+1.50 D, C+2.00 D, C+3.00 D, C+4.00 D, 그리고 C+5.00 D를덧대어각난시유형별흐림의수준을증가시켰다. 각조건에따라측정을실시한후, 완전교정상태에서측정된 ST값과비교분석하였다. 난시성흐림이다른감각기관에미치는영향을조사하여신체안정성을감소시키는원인을규명하고자각난시유형별동일한난시성흐림수준에서각주파수에따른 SP값을비교분석하였고, 완전교정상태에서측정한값을기준으로각난시유형별난시성흐림이증가함에따른 ST값과각주파수영역의 SP값간의상관성도분석해보았다. 측정시난시교정축방향이바뀔때마다각 10분, 부가되는원주렌즈굴절력의단계가증가할때마다각 1분의휴식시간을제공하였다. 4) 자료분석자료분석은 SPSS (Ver.21 for window) 를사용하여일원배치분석 (one-way ANOVA) 과 Pearson의상관분석을실시하였고, 모든분석은 p<0.05일때통계적으로유의성이있는것으로판단하였다. 결과및고찰 1. 유발된난시유형별난시성흐림의증가에따른신체균형의안정성지수 (ST) 의변화 (+) 원주렌즈의축방향에따라유발된근시성단성직난
3 Cause Analysis in Decrease of Body Stability According to The Induced Astigmatic Blur 261 Table 1. Changes in the general stability (ST) with an increase of (+) cylindrical lenses power depending on the induced astigmatism types Cylindrical lenses power (D) 시, 도난시, 그리고사난시의흐림수준이증가함에따른 ST의변화는 Table 1과같다. 먼저유발된직난시와도난시의경우, 난시성흐림이증가함에따라 ST도증가하였으나통계적으로유의한차이는없었다. 하지만유발된사난시에서는난시성흐림이증가함에따라 ST도현저하게증가하였고, 사후분석결과 C+5.00 D부가에의한강한난시성흐림에서완전교정상태와비교해유의한차이를나타냈다 (p<0.05). 이런결과로근시성단성난시에서는동일한정도의미교정량이존재하더라도교정되는난시축방향에따라신체균형의안정성에미치는영향에는차이가있음을알수있었다. Johnson 등 [13] 이 C+3.00 D의교정축방향을 180, 90, 135, 45 로장입하여실험대상자의보행패턴을분석한결과에서도유발시킨모든난시유형에서감소된시력은유사함에도보행패턴의변화는사난시에서가장심하게나타났다고하였다. 따라서 Johnson 등의선행연구와본연구결과를종합하면, 미교정된사난시는직난시나도난시보다정적및동적균형유지모두에서더욱부정적인영향을미치는것으로볼수있겠다. 또한저자들은이전연구를통해양안에 S+0.50 D로유발된근시와단안에 S+1.00 D로유발된단순근시성부동시와같이약도의근시성흐림에서도신체균형의안정성은현저히감소되는것을확인하였다. [8] 하지만원주렌즈를사용한본연구에서는 C+5.00 D를통해유발된고도의사난시에서만의미있는변화를보였다. 따라서축방향의 90 반대방향에만해당굴절력이분포하는원주렌즈로 [14] 유발된난시성흐림은선명한상을유지하는나머지경선의정상적인 Induced astigmatism types With-the-rule Against-the-rule Oblique ± ± ±5.71 a ± ± ±4.76 a ± ± ±5.17 a ± ± ±5.27 a ± ± ±8.25 a ± ± ±9.17 ab ± ± ±11.11 ab ± ± ±11.87 b p/f 0.341/ / /2.84 * *: p<0.05, significant differences between subgroups by Duncan post-hoc of one-way ANOVA. Data are expressed as mean±sd. N = 20 (for each condition) 시각정보로인해동일한 (+) 구면굴절력으로유발된근시성흐림보다신체균형에미치는영향은상대적으로미미한것으로사료된다. 2. 유발된난시유형별동일한난시성흐림수준에서각주파수영역의흔들림강도 (SP) 차이유발된각난시유형별동일한난시성흐림수준에서각주파수에따른 SP의차이는 Fig. 1과같다. 대부분의주파수영역에서유발된난시성흐림이증가함에따라유발된모든난시유형에서 SP는증가하는경향을보였지만, 통계적으로유의한차이를보이는주파수영역은나타나지않았다 (p>0.05). 3. 유발된난시유형별난시성흐림의증가로인한안정성지수 (ST) 의변화와각주파수영역의흔들림강도 (SP) 간의상관성분석 Table 2는유발된각난시유형별난시성흐림의증가로인한 ST의변화와각주파수영역의 SP간의상관분석결과를나타낸것이다. Table에제시한값은 20명을대상으로완전교정상태에서측정된 ST값과 4가지주파수영역의 SP값을 base line으로두고원주렌즈의굴절력 (C+0.50 D ~C+5.00 D) 을 7 단계로증가시켜반복측정한후, 각단계별로측정된값과완전교정상태에서측정된값간의차이를계산하여분석한 Pearson의상관계수를의미한다 (n=140). 분석결과, 유발된사난시에서증가된안정성지수와저주파수및중 저주파수는각각 r=0.189(p<0.05), r=0.255(p<0.05) 으로약한양의상관성을, 중 고주파수및고주파수에서는각각 r=0.383(p<0.01), r=0.326(p<0.01) 으로뚜렷한양의상관성을보였다. 난시성흐림이증가할때신체균형의안정성도전반적으로감소되었는데, 그원인을밝히고자 Fig. 1에서각난시유형별동일한흐림수준에서흔들림강도의평균차이 Table 2. Correlation between changes of ST and changes of SP in each frequencies with an increase of cylindrical lenses power compared to full corrected condition depending on the induced astigmatism types Induced astigmatism type Low Frequencies by Fourier transform Low medium High medium High With-the-rule Against-the-rule Oblique * * ** ** *p<0.05, **p<0.01: significantly different to pearson s correlation coefficient. N = 140 (for each condition)
4 262 Sang-Yeob Kim, Dong-Sik Yu, Byeong-Yeon Moon, and Hyun Gug Cho Fig. 1. Changes of sway power in each frequencies with an increase of (+) cylindrical lenses power depending on the induced astigmatism types. A. Low frequency, B. Low medium frequency, C. High medium frequency, D. High frequency 를분석해보았지만, 모든주파수영역에서의미있는차이를보이지않았다. 하지만완전교정상태와비교해난시성흐림의증가에따라변화하는 ST값과각주파수영역의 SP값간의상관분석결과, 동일한수준의난시성흐림을유발하였음에도사난시에서만유의한상관성을보였다. 유발된사난시가신체안정성을감소시키는원인으로는체성계의영향에의한흔들림증가가가장크게작용되었고, 다음으로중추신경계, 말초전정계, 시각계순으로영향을끼쳤다 (Table 2). 굴절이상의유형중난시안은다른굴절력을가진두경선에따라서로다른배율을가지며, 이러한경선간배율차이는시각인지능력을방해할수있다고하였다. [15] 최근 Chapman 등 [16] 이사이즈렌즈를이용하여보행패턴을분석한연구에서도관찰된보행패턴의변화를시력손실보다배율차이에의한것으로결론지었다. 따라서배율차이는유발된모든난시에서발생되지만, 수평 수직간의배율차이를유도하는직난시나도난시와달리사난시가발생시킨기울여진배율인식은시각정보전달과정에서신체의평행감각을유지하는말초전정계에영향을미치는동시에중추신경계내감각통합과정에도혼란을주는것으로생각된다. 감각통합처리과정이원활하지않을때생리적어지러움과더불어균형유지를방해할수있으며, [17] 사난 시에의한부정확한시각정보가최종적으로는정적균형유지에가장중요한역할을하는하지체성감각계 [18] 에도부정적인영향을준것이신체균형의불안정성을증가시킨가장큰원인으로분석된다. Lord 등 [19] 은감소된체성감각기능은자세안정성감소와낙상위험을증가시키는주요원인이되며, 연령증가와높은관련성이있다고하였다. 또, Anand 등 [20] 은체성감각과전정감각의정보에방해를주는상태에서부적절한시각정보의존재는신체불안정을더욱증폭시키는원인이된다고하였다. Jack 등 [21] 의연구에따르면, 낙상사고로인해입원한노령환자들중 76% 에서시각적문제가존재하는것으로조사되었고, 이중 79% 는굴절이상의재교정 (40%) 이나백내장수술 (37%) 등을통해시력회복이가능한상태로나타났다. 결국노년층의빈번한낙상사고를예방하는데적절한광학적교정만으로도상당한효과가있음을반증하는것이다. 정리하면, 동일한수준의난시성흐림이라도사난시로인한부적절한시각정보는균형을조절하는모든감각기관을방해할수있고, 그중체성감각계의영향이신체균형의불안정성을증가시킨가장큰원인으로작용하였다. 본연구에참여한신체건강한젊은대상자에서도고도사난시는신체균형의안정성을현저하게감소시킨다는점
5 Cause Analysis in Decrease of Body Stability According to The Induced Astigmatic Blur 263 을감안해볼때, 상대적으로신체기능이퇴화된노령층에서는난시의유형이나정도에관계없이최적의광학적교정을더욱중요하게고려해야할것이다. 더불어낙상예방을위한재활훈련영역에서도훈련효과의증대와정확한평가를위해서는모든비정시의적절한광학적교정이필수적으로뒤따라야될것으로사료된다. 결 론 (+) 원주렌즈를이용하여유발시킨근시성단성직난시, 도난시, 사난시가정적신체균형의안정성에미치는영향과그원인을조사한본연구의결론은다음과같다. 1. 직난시와도난시에서난시성흐림이증가함에따라신체안정성은완전교정상태와비교해감소하는경향을보였고, 사난시의경우 C+5.00 D부가에서유의한차이를보였다. 2. 유발된사난시에서난시성흐림의증가에따른신체안정성의감소원인은체성계, 중추신경계, 말초전정계, 시각계의영향순으로나타났다. 미교정된직난시나도난시와달리사난시로인한시각정보는신체균형을조절하는모든감각기관들을방해하는원인이될수있다. 따라서최적의난시교정은신체균형의불안정성을제거시키는중요한요인이되겠다. REFERENCES [1] Shumway-Cook A, Anson D, Haller S. Postural sway biofeedback: its effect on reestablishing stance stability in hemiplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(6): [2] Ragnarsdóttir M. The concept of balance. Phys Ther. 1996;82(6): [3] Sturnieks DL, St George R, Lord SR. Balance disorders in the elderly. Neurophysiol Clin. 2008;38(6): [4] Yelnik A, Bonan I. Clinical tools for assessing balance disorders. Neurophysiol Clin. 2008;38(6): [5] Chang WH. Common disorders causing balance problems. Brain Neurorehabil. 2013;6(2): [6] Lord SR. Visual risk factors for falls in older people. Age Ageing. 2006;35(2):ii42-ii45. [7] Paulus WM, Straube A, Brandt T. Visual stabilization of posture. Physiological stimulus characteristics and clinical aspects. Brain. 1984;107(Pt 4): [8] Kim SY, Moon BY, and Cho HG. Changes of body balance on static posture according to types of induced ametropia. 2014;19(2): [9] Kim SY, Moon BY, Cho HG. Body balance under ametropic conditions induced by spherical lenses in an upright position. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(3): [10] Park CS, Kang KY. Effect of visual biofeedback simulation training for balance in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. J of Contents Association. 2011;11(11): [11] Chang KY, Woo HS. Influence of fall-preventive occupational therapy applied to elderly in the community upon balance ability. J of Contents Association. 2010;10(3): [12] Sunlight. TETRAX: FOURIER TRANSFORMATION OF POSTURAL SWAY, international/html/fouriertransformation.pdf(7 July 2016). [13] Johnson L, Supuk E, Buckley JG, Elliott DB. Effects of induced astigmatism on foot placement strategies when stepping onto a raised surface. PLoS One. 2013;8(5): e [14] Andrew K, Caroline C. Clinical optics and refraction: a guide for optometrists, contact lens opticians and dispensing opticians, 1st Ed. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007;59. [15] Adams WJ, Banks MS, van Ee R. Adaptation to threedimensional distortions in human vision. Nat Neurosci. 2001;4(11): [16] Chapman GJ, Scally AJ, Elliott DB. Adaptive gait changes in older people due to lens magnification. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2011;31(3): [17] Cho YJ. Diagnostic approach to the dizzy patient. Inje Medical Journal. 2002;23(4): [18] Fitzpatrick R, McCloskey DI. Proprioceptive, visual and vestibular thresholds for the perception of sway during standing in humans. J Physiol. 1994;478(Pt 1): [19] Lord SR, Sherrington C, Menz HB. Falls in older people: risk factors and strategies for prevention, 1st Ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press, [20] Anand V, Buckley J, Scally A, Elliott DB. The effect of refractive blur on postural stability. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22(6): [21] Jack CI, Smith T, Neoh C, Lye M, McGalliard JN. Prevalence of low vision in elderly patients admitted to an acute geriatric unit in Liverpool: elderly people who fall are more likely to have low vision. Gerontology. 1995; 41(5):
6 264 Sang-Yeob Kim, Dong-Sik Yu, Byeong-Yeon Moon, and Hyun Gug Cho 유발된난시성흐림에의한신체안정성감소의원인분석 김상엽, 유동식, 문병연, 조현국 * 강원대학교안경광학과, 삼척 투고일 (2016 년 7 월 31 일 ), 수정일 (2016 년 8 월 22 일 ), 게재확정일 (2016 년 8 월 29 일 ) 목적 : 유발된난시성흐림이정적균형을유지시키는다른감각기관들에미치는영향을분석하여신체안정성을감소시키는원인을규명하고자하였다. 방법 : 평균나이 23.40±2.70 세의 20 명을대상으로하였다. 근시성단성난시를유발하기위해 (+) 원주렌즈의축을양안에 180 ( 직난시 ), 90 ( 도난시 ), 그리고 45 ( 사난시 ) 방향으로위치시켰으며, 각각의방향에 D, D, D, D, D, D, 그리고 D 의원주렌즈를이용해각난시유형별로난시성흐림을증가시켰다. TETRAX biofeedback system 을이용하여각조건에따른안정성지수 (ST) 와각감각기관에해당하는 4 가지주파수의흔들림강도 (SP) 를측정하였다. 결과 : 난시성흐림이커질수록유발된모든난시유형에서 ST 는완전교정상태와비교해증가하였지만, 유발된사난시에서만유의한차이를보였다. 난시성흐림이증가함에따른 ST 의증가와각주파수별 SP 간의상관분석결과, 유발된사난시에서신체안정성을저하시키는원인으로체성계 ( 중 고주파수 ), 중추신경계 ( 고주파수 ), 말초전정계 ( 중 저주파수 ), 그리고시각계 ( 저주파수 ) 의영향순으로높은상관성을보였다. 결론 : 미교정된사난시로인한시각정보는신체균형을유지시키는모든감각기관의정상적인기능을방해하여신체안정성을감소시킬수있다. 따라서최적의난시교정은신체균형의불안정성을제거시키는중요한요인이될수있다. 주제어 : 난시성흐림, 사난시, 감각기관, 신체안정성, 안정성지수, 흔들림강도
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ISSN(print) 1226-5012 21(1):77-81, March 2016 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2016.21.1.77 Loss of Corrected Visual Acuity According to Different Meridional Visual Acuity in Astigmatic Eyes Na
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