Original Article pissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2013;68(4): Radiology Residents Performance i
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1 Original Article pissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2013;68(4): Radiology Residents Performance in Screening Mammography Interpretation 1 영상의학과전공의들의선별유방촬영판독성취도 1 Eun Hye Lee, MD 1, Chae Yeon Lyou, MD 2 1 Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea 2 Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea Purpose: To evaluate radiology residents performance in screening mammography interpretation and to analyze the factors affecting performance. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 203 residents from 21 institutions and performed mammography interpretation tests. Between the trainee and non-trainee groups, we compared the interpretation score, recall rate, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and false-positive rate (FPR). We estimated the training effect using the score differences between trainee and non-trainee groups. We analyzed the factors affecting performance between training-effective and non-effective groups. Results: Trainees were superior to non-trainees regarding interpretation score (43.1 vs. 37.1), recall rate (11.0 vs. 15.5%), sensitivity (83.6 vs. 72.0%), PPV (53.0 vs. 32.4%) and FPR (13.5 vs. 25.5). The longer the training period, the better were the interpretation score, recall rate, sensitivity, PPV and FPR (rho = 0.486, , 0.343, 0.504, , respectively). The training affected an increase by an average of 6 points; however, 31.6% of institutions showed no effect. A difference was noted in the volume of mammography interpretation during a month (594.0 vs ) and dedication of breast staff (61.5 vs. 0%) between training-effective and non-effective groups. Conclusion: Trainees showed better performance in mammography interpretation compared to non-trainees. Moreover, performance was correlated with the training period. The factors affecting performance were the volume of mammography interpretation and the dedication of the breast staff. Index terms Breast Imaging Education Mammography Screening Received October 24, 2012; Accepted February 1, 2013 Corresponding author: Eun Hye Lee, MD Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon , Korea. Tel Fax grace@schmc.ac.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This work was supported in part by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund. 서론 선별유방촬영과국가암검진은매우밀접한관계가있다. 그이유는국가암검진이본격적으로시행된 2002 년이후부터유방암검진기관과유방촬영장비가급격히증가했기때문이다. 유방암검진기관은 2007~2011 년에 1374 개에서 2042 개, 유방촬영장비는 2005~2011 년에 1630 대에서 2731 대로증가 (1, 2) 한반면, 영상의학과의사는 2007~2011 년에약 2700 명에서 3200 명으로증가하였으며유방암검진기관이나유방촬영장비에비해증가폭이작았다 (3). 유방암검진수검률도 2001~2011 년에약 3% 에서약 60% 로급격하게증가하였으며 5대암중수검률증가폭이가장크다 (1, 4, 5). 이를통해영상의학과의 사의판독업무중유방촬영의비중이최근 10년동안급격히증가한것을알수있다. 그러므로지금은유방영상을전공하지않더라도영상의학과의사라면누구나유방촬영을제대로판독할줄알아야하는시대가되었으며, 단순흉부촬영이나복부초음파검사처럼유방촬영도일반영상의학 (general radiology) 의주요분야라고할수있다. 국가암검진의암발견율은 0.03~0.12% 에불과하고그중유방암발견율이가장낮다 (4, 5). 국가암검진의유방암민감도는약 35% 이며이는 5대암중가장낮은수치이다 (5). 그러므로유방암검진의성적을향상시키기위해서는장비에대한정도관리와더불어판독질관리가필수적이다. 그런데유방영상전임의수는제한적이기때문에전공의기간동안선별유방 Copyrights 2013 The Korean Society of Radiology 333
2 영상의학과전공의들의선별유방촬영판독성취도 촬영판독에대한충분한수련이필요하다. 미국영상의학회 (American College of Radiology; 이하 ACR) 에서는영상의학과전공의가최소 12주동안유방영상을수련받도록규정하고있다 (6). 그러나대한영상의학회의수련교과과정에는아직분야별수련기간에대한명확한규정이없는실정이다 (7). 최근대한영상의학회수련위원회에서분야별최소수련기간을설정하고자준비중이므로 (8) 적절한수련기간산정을위한객관적인자료가필요하다. 저자들이알기로우리나라영상의학과의유방영상수련, 특히유방촬영판독수련에대한연구는전무하였다. 이에저자들은영상의학과전공의의선별유방촬영판독성취도를평가하고판독성취도에영향을미치는요인을분석하였으며이를통해유방영상의적정수련조건을제시하고자하였다. 대상과방법 58개영상의학과수련기관중 21개대학병원의영상의학과전공의를대상으로 2010 년 6월부터 11월까지선별유방촬영판독평가와설문조사를시행하였다. 유방촬영 25 증례의 Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 파일과 CD viewer (PiViewSTAR TM ; INFINITT, Seoul, Korea) 가담긴 CD 2장을각기관의유방담당교수에게직접전달하였다. CD 와함께엑셀파일형태의판독평가답지와워드파일형태의설문지를같이전달하였다. 각기관의유방영상담당교수가유방판독실의 Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) 컴퓨터에 DICOM 파일과 CD viewer 를설치하고, 판독평가답지와설문지를출력하여전공의에게배부하였다. 판독평가는전공의가편한시간을택하여평소유방촬영판독환경과같은조건에서판독하도록하였다. ACR Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 에서범주 (category) 0은유방촬영만으로는결론을내릴수없고 (inconclusive) 추가검사나이전유방촬영과의비교가필요한경우이다. 선별유방촬영의목적은유방암을진단하는것이아니라, 소환 (recall) 여부를결정하는것이므로범주 3, 4, 5를모두범주 0에포함시키는것이원칙이다. 그러나이번연구에서는전공의들이유방암의심소견을제대로인지하고있는지평가하기위하여범주 4 이상의유방암의심증례만소환하도록하였다. 양측유방을비교하면서판독하되, 양측유방의소환여부를개별적으로표시하도록하였으며총 50개의답을얻었다. 소환이필요한유방은 O, 그렇지않은유방은 X로답지에표시하였다. 모든전공의가판독평가답지와설문지작성을완료하면유방영상담당교수가답지와설문지를취 합하여연구자에게우편으로발송하였다. 유방촬영은모두디지털장비 (Senograph DS ; GE, Buc, France) 를이용하여시행하였다. 25명중유방암환자는 5명이었는데그중한명은양측성이었다. 이들은모두본원에서시행한선별유방촬영에서발견된무증상여성이었으며총생검으로진단된후수술로최종확진되었다. 나머지양성및정상증례들은모두 1년이상시행한추적검사에서유방암이발견되지않았으므로임상적으로진음성 (true negative) 임을확인하였다. 설문지항목은성별, 연차, 소속수련기관등의인적사항, 유방영상수련여부및수련받은개월수 ( 수련기간 ), 최근유방영상수련시기등의수련현황, 그리고최근유방영상수련시기와판독평가의간격 ( 수련-평가간격 ), 유방영상을한달수련받는동안판독하는유방촬영건수 ( 판독량 ), 성취도평가를위한판독에소요되는시간 ( 판독시간 ) 등을포함하였다. 이와별도로유방영상담당교수를대상으로전화설문을하였는데해당기관의유방영상총수련기간, 유방촬영장비의종류, 유방영상전임여부와경력등을조사하였다. 유방영상담당교수가다른파트를겸임하는경우는해당기관의유방영상총수련기간을 1/2로나누어산정하였다. 유방영상경력은전임의를포함하여유방영상에처음입문한시점부터판독평가시점까지의햇수로산출하였고, 유방영상담당교수가여러명인경우는평균값을구하였다. 그밖에수련기관규모는 1000 병상을기준으로대형기관과그외기관으로나누었고, 수련기관의위치가서울을포함한수도권인지지방인지나누어분석하였다. 유방촬영판독평가답지를채점하여진양성 (true positive) 과진음성증례의합을판독점수로정하였다. 수련군과비수련군으로나누어판독성취도를비교하였다. 수련군의정의는유방영상을한달이상수련받은전공의로정하였고, 한달미만으로수련받았거나아직수련받지않은전공의는비수련군으로분류하였다. 유방영상담당교수가다른파트를겸임하는경우는한달수련받은전공의를수련군에포함시키되유방영상수련기간은 0.5로산정하였다. 판독성취도평가항목은판독점수, 소환율 (recall rate), 민감도 (sensitivity), 양성예측도 (positive predictive value), 위양성률 (false positive rate) 로정하였다 (9). 전공의전체, 수련군과비수련군에서각각연차별판독성취도를비교하였다. 각기관의수련군전공의들과비수련군전공의들의평균판독점수의차이를수련효과 (training effect) 로정의하였다. 각기관의수련효과를측정한후수련기관들을효과군과비효과군으로나누었고, 수련군전공의들을수련효과기관 ( 수련효과군 ) 과비효과기관에근무하는경우 ( 비효과군 ) 로세분한후판독성취도에영향을미치는인자들을분석하기위하여다음의변수를비교하였다 ; 전공의의유방영상수련기간, 한 334 대한영상의학회지 2013;68(4): submit.radiology.or.kr
3 이은혜외 달간판독건수, 수련-평가간격과판독시간, 수련기관의규모, 위치, 유방영상총수련기간과유방촬영장비의종류, 유방영상담당교수의전담여부와경력등을분석하였다. 또한 25 증례중가장흔하게나타난진양성, 위음성, 위양성증례를분석하였다. 통계학적분석은다음과같이시행하였다 ; 판독성취도평가항목별평균비교는 unpaired t-test 를이용하였고, 수련효과에영향을미치는인자를분석하기위하여모수변수 (parametric data) 일경우 unpaired t-test 와 Mann-Whitney U test, 비모수변수 (non-parametric data) 일경우 Fisher s exact test 와 Pearson chi-square test 를이용하였다. 통계프로그램은 SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하였으며유의수준은 0.05 로정하였다. 결과 연구에참여한 21개수련기관중 20개기관의자료를분석하였다. 한기관은전공의의판독평가답지가모두일치하였기때문에부정행위로간주하여제외하였다. 총 203 명의전공의가참여하였으며이는영상의학과전체전공의의 36.3% 에해당하였다. 연구에참여한전공의의특성은다음과같다 ; 성별분포는남자 87명 (42.9%) 과여자 116명 (57.1%) 이었으며, 연차별분포는 1년차 55명 (27.1%), 2년차 53명 (26.1%), 3년차 49명 (24.1%), 4년차 46명 (22.7%) 이었다. 수련군과비수련군은각각 121 명 (40.4%) 과 82명 (40.4%) 이었다. 비수련군의연차별분포는 1년차 48명, 2년차 25명, 3년차 6명, 4년차 3명이었고, 수련군은 1년차 7명, 2년차 28명, 3년차와 4년차가각각 43명이었다. 비수련군은저년차 (89.0%) 가많은반면, 수련군은고년차 (71.0%) 가많았다. 판독평가당시수련군은평균 1.8 ± 0.7개월 ( 범위, 0.5~3.0 개월 ) 의수련을받았는데그중수련기간이 1개월이하인전공의는 34명 (28.1%), 1.5~2개월 70명 (57.9%), 2.5~3개월 17 명 (14.0%) 이었다. 수련군중 116 명이수련-평가간격에대해응답하였으며평균 6.3 ± 6.7개월 ( 범위, 0~35 개월 ) 이었다. 수련군의한달평균판독량은 ± 건 ( 범위, 200~ 900 건 ) 이었는데그중 300 건이하인경우가 29 명 (24.0%), 600 건이하 43 명 (35.5%), 600 건을넘는경우가 49 명 (40.5%) 이었다. 성취도평가를위한판독에소요된시간은평균 29.5 ± 21.4 분 ( 범위, 5~270 분 ) 이었다. 수련군은 109 명이응답하였고평균 28.0 ± 10.5 분 ( 범위, 10~60 분 ) 이었으며, 비수련군은 73 명이응답하였고평균 31.8 ± 31.2 분 ( 범위, 5~270 분 ) 이었다. 연구에참여한수련기관의특성은다음과같다 ; 대형기관이 3개 (15.0%), 그외기관은 17 개였으며, 수도권에위치한기관은 8개 (40.0%), 지방은 12개였다. 유방영상의총수련기간은평균 2.3 ± 0.5개월이었으며그중 1.5개월인기관은 1개, 2 개월 11개, 2.5개월 2개, 3개월 6개였다. 유방촬영장비는디지털 (digital) 장비를사용하는기관이 18개 (90.0%) 였고, 나머지 2개기관은필름-스크린장비를사용하였다. 유방촬영건수는한달평균 ± 건 ( 범위, 200~900 건 ) 이었으며그중 300 건이하인기관은 5개, 600 건이하는 9개였고, 600 건을넘는기관은 6개였다. 유방영상담당교수가유방영상전임인기관은 8개였고, 나머지 12개기관에서는다른분야를겸임하고있었다. 겸임분야는갑상선영상이 5개기관으로가장많았고, 심혈관영상과소아영상이각각 2개, 흉부, 비뇨생식기, 기타가 1개기관씩있었다. 유방영상담당교수의경력은평균 9.6 ± 4.2년 ( 범위, 4~21년 ) 이었다. 대형기관에근무하는경우는평균 10.7 ± 2.5년 ( 범위, 8~11년 ) 이었고, 그외기관은평균 9.4 ± 4.5년 ( 범위, 4~21 년 ) 이었다. 수도권과지방수련기관에근무하는유방영상담당교수의경력은각각 9.4 ± 1.8 년, 9.7 ± 5.4년이었다. 25 개증례에서양측유방의소환여부를개별적으로표시하였으므로선별유방촬영판독점수는 50 점만점이었다. 전공의평균은 40.7 ± 6.1점 ( 범위, 23~50 점 ) 이었고, 수련기관평균은 40.7 ± 3.1점 ( 범위, 35.8~46.3 점 ) 이었다. 판독점수, 소환율, 민감도, 양성예측도, 위양성률등의판독성취도평가항목을수련군과비수련군에서비교한결과, 수련군은판독점수 (43.1 점 vs 점 ), 소환율 (11.0% vs. 15.5%), 민감도 (83.6% vs. 72.0%), 양성예측도 (53.0% vs. 32.4%), 위양성률 (13.5% vs. 25.2%) 등모든항목에서비수련군보다성적이좋았다 (p = 0.000)(Table 1). 그러나수련군과비수련군모두남녀의차이는없었다 (p > 0.005). 성취도평가항목을연차별로비교했을때연차가올라갈수록모든항목이향상되었다 (p = 0.000) (Table 2). 그중연차와가장유의한상관관계를보인항목은양성예측도 (rho = 0.414) 와판독점수 (rho = 0.407) 였다. 그러나수련군과비수련군으로분리하여연차별성취도를비교한결과수련군에서는연차와민감도가상관관계 (p = 0.045, rho = 0.183) 를보인반면, 비수련군에서는연차와유의한상관관계를보이는항목이하나도없었다 (Table 2). 수련군을수련기간에따라세분하여판독성취도를비교하였을때판독점수, 민감도, 양성예측도는양의상관관계를보였으며, 소환율과위음성률은음의상관관계를보여, 수련기간이증가할수록모든항목이향상됨을알수있었다 (p = 0.000)(Table 3). 그중수련기간과가장높은상관관계를보인것은양성예측도 submit.radiology.or.kr 대한영상의학회지 2013;68(4):
4 영상의학과전공의들의선별유방촬영판독성취도 (rho = 0.504) 와판독점수였다 (rho = 0.486). 각기관에서수련군전공의들의판독점수평균과비수련군 전공의들의판독점수평균의차이를구하여수련효과를측정 하였다. 19 개기관에서수련효과를측정할수있었고수련효과 는평균 6.0 ± 5.5 점 ( 범위, -2.3~16.0 점 ) 이었다. 한기관은 수련군만있어서수련효과를계산할수없었다. 대부분의기관 Table 1. Comparison of Performance in Interpretation of Screening Mammography between Trainee and Non-Trainee Groups Trainee (n = 121) Non-Trainee (n = 82) p Value Score 43.1 ± ± Recall rate 11.0 ± 4.4% 15.5 ± 6.1% Sensitivity 83.6 ± 12.9% 72.0 ± 19.8% PPV 53.0 ± 20.9% 32.4 ± 17.0% FPR 13.5 ± 10.2% 25.5 ± 13.7% Note.-FPR = false positive rate, PPV = positive predictive value, Score = score of mammography interpretation Table 2. Comparison of Performance in Interpretation of Screening Mammography among All Residents, Trainee and Non-Trainee Groups According to Year All Trainee Non-Trainee Score 1st 37.2 ± ± ± 6.1 2nd 40.0 ± ± ± 6.3 3rd 42.6 ± ± ± 5.6 4th 43.5 ± ± ± 3.8 p = 0.000, ρ = p = p = RR 1st 15.1 ± 5.8% 12.1 ± 5.0% 15.6 ± 5.9% 2nd 13.8 ± 6.2% 10.7 ± 4.4% 17.3 ± 6.2% 3rd 11.0 ± 4.3% 11.0 ± 4.3% 11.5 ± 5.0% 4th 10.7 ± 4.5% 10.9 ± 4.6% 8.3 ± 0.6% p = 0.000, ρ = p = p = Sensitivity 1st 69.7 ± 20.3% 73.8 ± 16.3% 69.1 ± 20.9% 2nd 81.4 ± 12.5% 83.3 ± 12.8% 79.3 ± 21.1% 3rd 79.9 ± 15.6% 82.1 ± 12.8% 63.9 ± 24.5% 4th 85.9 ± 14.0% 86.8 ± 11.8% 72.2 ± 34.7% p = 0.000, ρ = p = 0.045, ρ = p = PPV 1st 32.1 ± 16.7% 39.7 ± 13.3% 30.9 ± 17.0% 2nd 42.8 ± 19.4% 52.8 ± 18.1% 31.6 ± 13.9% 3rd 50.7 ± 22.4% 52.5 ± 22.0% 38.5 ± 23.2% 4th 55.6 ± 21.9% 55.9 ± 22.1% 51.4 ± 22.9% p = 0.000, ρ = p = p = FPR 1st 24.9 ± 13.1% 17.5 ± 10.6% 25.9 ± 13.2% 2nd 20.3 ± 14.5% 13.0 ± 10.5% 28.5 ± 14.1% 3rd 14.2 ± 9.9% 13.7 ± 9.7% 17.4 ± 11.6% 4th 12.7 ± 10.3% 13.0 ± 10.6% 9.1 ± 3.9% p = 0.000, ρ = p = p = Note.-FPR = false positive rate, PPV = positive predictive value, RR = recall rate, Score = mammography interpretation score Table 3. Comparison of Radiology Residents Performance in Interpretation of Screening Mammography According to Training Period 0 Month (n = 82) 1 Month (n = 34) 2 Month (n = 70) 3 Month (n = 17) p-value Score 37.1 ± ± ± ± RR 15.5 ± 6.1% 11.9 ± 5.1% 10.6 ± 4.0% 10.4 ± 4.5% Sensitivity 72.0 ± 19.8% 79.4 ± 13.6% 85.0 ± 12.4% 86.3 ± 12.1% PPV 32.4 ± 17.0% 46.9 ± 20.3% 54.6 ± 20.0% 59.0 ± 23.7% FPR 25.5 ± 13.7% 16.4 ± 12.1% 12.6 ± 9.0% 11.8 ± 10.1% Note.-FPR = false positive rate, PPV = positive predictive value, RR = recall rate, Score = mammography interpretation score 336 대한영상의학회지 2013;68(4): submit.radiology.or.kr
5 이은혜외 No. of institution Fig. 1. Radiology residents training effect of breast imaging according to institutions. Note.-Dotted line = mean level of training effect, Training effect = score difference between trainee and non-trainee groups in the institution Table 4. Comparison of Factors Affecting Performance in Interpretation of Screening Mammography between Training-Effective and Non- Effective Groups Training-Effective Non-Effective p Value Resident Training period (mo) 1.8 ± ± Volume of MG ± ± * Interval (mo) 6.2 ± ± Test time (min) 27.5 ± ± Hospital Size 23.1% big 0% big Location 38.5% metro 50.0% metro Total training (mo) 2.2 ± ± MG type 84.6% DM 100% DM Staff Dedication 61.5% 0% 0.018* Experience 8.5 ± ± Note.-*Statistically significant. DM = digital mammography, Interval = time interval between breast training and interpretation test, metro = metropolitan area, min = minute, mo = month, Test time = time required to perform interpretation test, Total training = total period of breast training in the institution, Volume of MG = numbers of mammography which a resident reads during one month of training period 에서수련효과를보였으나그폭은 5.5~16.0 점으로다양하게나타났다 (Fig. 1). 또한 2개기관은수련군평균이비수련군평균보다오히려 2.0~2.3점낮았고, 4개기관은수련효과가미미하였다 (-0.3~2.2 점 ). 수련효과군의수련효과는평균 9.5 ± 3.6점 ( 범위, 5.1~16.0 점 ) 인반면, 비효과군은평균 -0.1 ± 1.8점 ( 범위, -2.0~2.2 점 ) 이었다. 수련군전공의들을수련효과기관에근무하는경우 ( 수련효과군 ) 와비효과기관에근무하는경우 ( 수련비효과군 ) 로세분하여판독성취도에영향을미치는인자가있는지분석하였다 (Table 4); 수련효과기관은비효과기관보다전공의의유방촬영판독량이많았고 (594.0 vs 건 )(p = 0.008), 유방영상담당교수가유방영상만전임하는경우가많았다 (61.5 vs. 0%)(p = 0.018). 수련효과기관에서는유방영상담당교수의 겸임분야가갑상선영상이 3개기관 (60.0%), 비뇨생식기와소아영상이 1개기관씩이었고, 비효과기관에서는갑성선영상 2개기관 (33.3%), 흉부, 소아, 심혈관영상과기타분야가 1개기관씩있었다. 전공의의수련-평가간격 (6.2 vs. 7.6개월 ), 판독시간 (27.5 vs 분 ) 은효과군과비효과군간에차이가없었다 (p > 0.05). 수련기관의규모 ( 대형기관, 23.1% vs. 0%) 와지역 ( 수도권, 38.5 vs. 50.0%), 유방영상총수련기간 (2.2 vs. 2.4개월 ), 유방영상담당교수의경력 (8.5 vs 년 ) 도양군간에차이가없었다 (p > 0.05). 증례중유방암이 5명있었는데한명은양측성유방암환자였으므로총병변수는 6개였다. 그중침윤성관상피암 (invasive ductal cancer) 이 5개, 침윤성소엽암 (invasive lobular cancer) 이 1개있었다. 유방암유형은종괴 2개, 미세석회화 2개, 미세 submit.radiology.or.kr 대한영상의학회지 2013;68(4):
6 영상의학과전공의들의선별유방촬영판독성취도 A B Fig. 2. A 56-year-old woman with screening-detected invasive ductal carcinoma in her right breast. Right craniocaudal (CC) view (A) shows an irregular spiculated mass (arrow) in the mid portion that is a small but conspicuous cancer. It was the most common true-positive case. However, not all residents interpreted this mass correctly: 95.9% of trainees and 93.9% of non-trainees were correct. Left CC view (B) shows negative finding. A B Fig. 3. A 46-year-old woman with screening-detected invasive lobular carcinoma in her left breast. Right craniocaudal (CC) view (A) shows negative finding. Left CC view (B) shows an architectural distortion (arrow) with asymmetry in the inner posterior portion. It was the most common false-negative case: 67.8% of trainees and 79.3% of non-trainees missed it. 석회화를동반한종괴와비대칭을동반한구조왜곡이각각 1 개있었다. 유방실질패턴은지방형유방이 2 명, 치밀유방 3 명 이었다. 가장흔한진양성증례는침윤성종괴였다 (Fig. 2). 수련군의 A B Fig. 4. A 56-year-old healthy woman. Right mediolateral oblique (MLO) view (A) shows negative finding. Left MLO view (B) shows an asymmetric-looking normal breast tissue (arrow) in the upper mid portion. Additionally, diffusely scattered calcifications were evident in both breasts. It was the most common false-positive case: 46.3% of trainees and 40.2% of non-trainees recalled the left breast. 95.9%, 비수련군의 93.9% 가양성으로판독하였으며양군간 에차이는없었다 (p = 0.529). 가장흔한위음성증례는구조 왜곡이었다 (Fig. 3). 수련군의 67.8%, 비수련군의 79.3% 가음 성으로판독하였고양군간에차이는없었다 (p = 0.080). 가장 흔한위양성증례는비대칭유사음영 (asymmetry-like density) 이었다. 수련군의 46.3%, 비수련군의 40.2% 가양성으로판독 하였으며역시양군간에차이는없었다 (p = 0.471)(Fig. 4). 한편, 유방암증례중수련군과비수련군간에가장큰차이 를보인것은미세석회화를동반한종괴였는데수련군중 92.6%, 비수련군중 72.0% 가양성으로판독하였다. 반면에 유방암중수련군과비수련군간에가장차이가없었던증례는 비대칭을동반한구조왜곡이었는데수련군중 32.2%, 비수련 군중 20.7% 가양성으로판독하였다 (Fig. 3). 고찰 유방암발견율을향상시키기위해서는유방촬영장비에대한 질관리와함께영상의학과의사에대한질관리가필수적이 다. 이를위해전문의대상의판독질관리교육이나판독심화 캠프가필요함과동시에전공의수련기간동안유방촬영판독 법을체계적으로가르쳐야한다. 본연구에서수련군이비수련군보다모든항목에서판독성 취도가높았고, 연차가올라감에따라모든항목에서판독성 338 대한영상의학회지 2013;68(4): submit.radiology.or.kr
7 이은혜외 취도가향상되었다. 그런데본연구에서비수련군에는저년차가많은반면, 수련군에는고년차가많았기때문에판독성취도향상이수련자체의효과가아니라단순히연차효과를나타낸것일수도있다. 그런가능성을배제하기위하여수련군과비수련군비율이비슷한 2년차를비교해보았을때, 모든항목에서수련군이비수련군보다우수함을확인할수있었다. 또한, 수련군 2년차는비수련군 3년차보다모든항목에서성적이좋았다. 그러므로수련군의판독성취도는단순한연차효과가아니라유방영상에대한수련효과자체를반영한다는것을알수있다. 판독성취도항목과연차별상관관계를수련군과비수련군으로분리하여살펴보면유일하게수련군의민감도만연차와유의한상관관계가있었다. 그밖에양성예측도도통계적으로유의하지는않았지만모든연차에서수련군이비수련군보다우수하게나타났다. 이는수련군이비수련군보다유방암인지능력이우수함을의미한다. 반면에 4년차는비수련군이수련군보다판독점수, 소환율, 위양성률이더좋았는데이것은비수련군 4년차가수련군 4년차보다더우수하다는뜻은아니다. 이것은수련군전공의들이현재완성된상태가아니라아직학습시기 (learning period) 에있기때문에위양성을배제하는능력이불완전함을의미하는것이다. 즉, 비수련군은유방암에대한지식자체가부족하기때문에소환율과위양성률이낮은데다, 본연구에서유방암증례수보다정상증례수가더많았기때문에판독점수가오히려더높게나타난것이다. 본연구에서수련군은평균 1.8개월수련받고있는것으로나타났는데 4년차비교결과, 1.8개월동안유방암인지능력은획득할수있지만위양성을배제하는능력을쌓기에는수련기간이부족하다는것을부수적으로알수있다. 한편, 전공의들간에판독점수의편차가컸으며 (40.7 ± 6.1 점 ; 범위, 23~50 점 ), 수련기관들도판독점수의편차가큰것으로나타났다 (40.7 ± 3.1점 ; 범위, 35.8~46.3 점 ). 특히, 수련기관중 31.6% 는수련효과가아예없거나미미하게나타났기때문에유방영상수련에대한개선이필요함을알수있었다. 수련효과군에서도역시수련효과의편차가크게나타났으므로 (9.5 ± 3.6점 ; 범위 5.1~16.0 점 ) 유방촬영판독수련에대한표준화가필요하다고생각한다. 본연구에서수련효과와관련이있는요인은전공의의유방촬영판독량과유방영상담당교수의전임여부인것으로나타났다. 즉, 유방영상만전임하는교수의지도아래한달평균약 600 건의유방촬영을판독하는전공의는그렇지않은경우보다판독성적이좋았다. 반면에수련기간, 수련-평가간격, 판독시간, 수련기관의규모와위치, 총수련기간, 담당교수의경력등 은효과군과비효과군간에의미있는차이가없었다. Miglioretti 등 (9) 은영상의학과의사의선별유방촬영판독학습곡선 (learning curve) 을보고하였다 ; 유방영상전임의를하지않은경우는영상의학과의사로서일하는첫해의소환율이평균 14%, 위양성률 14%, 민감도는 85% 인반면, 전임의과정을마친경우는민감도는같았지만소환율과위양성률은평균 10% 로더낮았다. 또한전임의를하지않은경우는첫 3년동안성취도가점차증가하여약 3년의학습기간이필요하였으나전임의과정을마친경우는별도의학습기간이필요없었다. 본연구에서수련군의소환율은평균 11.0%, 위양성률은 13.5% 였으며 Miglioretti 등이보고했던, 일반영상의학과의사의첫해성적과비슷하게나타났다. 또한수련군의민감도는평균 83.6% 로 Miglioretti 등 (9) 의보고와비슷하였고 ACR BI-RADS (10) 의권고치에도근접하므로수치만가지고비교한다면우리나라영상의학과전공의는대체로유방영상을적절하게수련받고있다고생각할수있다. 본연구에서수련기간이증가할수록위양성률이의미있게감소하였다 (1개월 16.4%, 2개월 2.6%, 3개월 11.8%; rho = ). 그러나미국영상의학과의사들의선별유방촬영위양성률이약 7~8% 인점을감안할때 (9) 그에미치지는못하는수준이다. 높은위양성률은국민의료비증가뿐만아니라유방암검진의질저하와직결되므로전공의의유방촬영판독에대한수련을좀더강화할필요가있다. 본연구에서수련기간이증가할수록판독성취도가높게나타났지만 4년이라는한정된기간내에서유방영상수련기간을무작정늘릴수는없는실정이다. Bassett 등 (11, 12) 에의하면 2003 년에는미국영상의학과수련기관중 93% 가유방영상을 8주이상수련시켰고, 73% 는 12주이상수련시켰지만, 2011 년에는 12개월이상수련시키는기관이 95% 로증가하였고 19% 의기관에서는유방영상을 18주이상수련시키고있다. 그런데본연구에포함된수련기관중유방영상수련기간이 3개월인기관은 25% 에불과하였으므로총수련기간이 3개월미만인기관은 3개월로상향조정이필요하다. 본연구에서가장흔하게나타난진양성증례는침윤성종괴였다. 치밀유방이고병변의크기가작았지만전형적인유방암의형태이므로영상의학과의사라면절대간과해서는안되는병변이다. 그러나수련군의 4% 는이병변을발견하지못하였다. 가장흔한위음성증례는비대칭을동반한구조왜곡이었는데수련군의 68% 가병변을인지하지못했다. 이는우리전공의들이구조왜곡에약하다는것을의미한다. 가장흔한위양성증례는비대칭유사음영이었는데수련군의 46% 가유방암의심병변으로인지하였다. 이는우리전공의들이의미있는비대칭 submit.radiology.or.kr 대한영상의학회지 2013;68(4):
8 영상의학과전공의들의선별유방촬영판독성취도 음영과비대칭유사음영을제대로구분하지못함을의미한다. 그러므로유방촬영판독에대한경험을늘리고수련을강화할필요가있다. 본연구의제한점은첫째, 전체 58개영상의학과수련기관중 20개대학병원만연구에참여하였으므로유방영상수련환경이부실할가능성이높은기관들은대부분포함되지않았다는점이다. 그러나수련기관의지역적분포와각대학병원의규모를감안하여적절하게안배하였으며, 전체전공의의 1/3 이상이본연구에참여하였기때문에충분히대표성이있는연구라고생각한다. 둘째, 판독성취도를평가하기위한증례수가 25개에불과하므로본연구에서나타난판독성취도가전공의의실제실력을제대로반영하는데한계가있을수있다는점이다. 그러나전공의들의피곤한현실을감안할때증례수가많아질수록참여도나집중도가현저히떨어질가능성이있다. 그러므로 25문제는아주충분한양은아니지만일회성평가로는적절한양이라고생각한다. 실제로최근수년간시행된유방촬영판독질관리를위한교육이나유방촬영판독심화캠프에서도교육효과를평가하기위해 25문제를이용하고있다. 셋째, 소환여부를결정할때일반적으로좌우구분을하지않는것과달리본연구에서는좌우유방의소환여부를개별적으로표시했다는점이다. 이것은실제판독환경과는다르지만, 우연히맞추는결과를피하고평가의정확도를높이기위함이었다. 예를들어, 전공의가한쪽유방암을인지하지못하고대신반대편의의미없는소견을소환한다면소환여부는맞췄지만실제로는틀린것이므로이런경우를평가에정확하게반영하기위해서였다. 마지막으로, 연구자한명이모든증례를선정했기때문에증례선정과정에선택오류 (selection bias) 가있을수있고, 문제의난이도가적절하지않았을가능성이있다. 이런문제를피하기위해서는사전검증과정이반드시필요한데경험부족으로인해연구계획수립단계에서미처고려하지못하였다. 본연구는영상의학과전공의의선별유방촬영판독수련과관련한국내최초의연구이며, 유방암검진의확대에따른영상의학과의사의역할변화라는근래의실제진료현장을반영하였다. 또한국내영상의학과연구로는매우드물게전국규모의다기관연구이므로위의몇가지제한점에도불구하고충분히가치있는연구라고생각한다. 결론적으로, 수련군이비수련군보다판독성취도가높았고, 수련기간이길수록판독성취도가높았다. 또한연차가올라갈수록성취도가높았으나이는수련군에만해당하였다. 수련효과는평균 6점이었으나전공의별, 수련기관별편차가크게나타났다. 수련효과에영향을미치는인자는전공의의유방촬영판독량과유방영상담당교수의전임여부였다. 선별유방촬영판 독을위한바람직한수련조건은유방을전임하는교수의지도하에월평균약 600 건의유방촬영을판독하는것이며, 수련기간은 2개월보다는 3개월이바람직하다. 감사의글 데이터수집을도와주신여러교수님들께감사드립니다. 가톨릭대학교서울성모병원강봉주, 건양대학교병원김금원, 경북대학교칠곡병원김혜정, 계명대학교동산의료원우성구, 고려대학교안암병원조규란, 단국대학교병원김유미, 동국대학교일산병원김대봉, 동아대학교병원이진화, 부산대학교양산병원추기석, 성균관대학교삼성서울병원한부경, 순천향대학교서울병원장윤우, 순천향대학교천안병원김형환, 영남대학교병원황미수, 울산대학교서울아산병원차주희, 원광대학교병원김혜원, 을지대학교대전을지병원김규순, 인제대학교부산백병원박영미, 전남대학교화순병원임효순, 차의대분당병원고경희. 참고문헌 1. Park EC. Extending an early cancer screening program: a study for construction of infra-structure and quality control. National cancer center, Paik SH. A study for correlation of assessment of special medical equipments and compensation of medical cost. Health insurance review and assessment service, Kim BS. Introduction of resident training system in Korean society of radiology. Orientation for new radiology residents, Shin HR. Assessment of outcome of early cancer screening program and setup of quality control system. National cancer center, Jun JK. The past, present and future of national cancer screening program. Workshop for quality control in mammography interpretation for national cancer screening program, Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA). Available at: Accessed 02 March Year-specific details for residents training and teaching program. A notice from Ministry of Health _Re- 340 대한영상의학회지 2013;68(4): submit.radiology.or.kr
9 이은혜외 vised_ Resident training program. Workshop for members of committee of resident training in Korean society of radiology, Miglioretti DL, Gard CC, Carney PA, Onega TL, Buist DS, Sickles EA, et al. When radiologists perform best: the learning curve in screening mammogram interpretation. Radiology 2009;253: D Orsi CJ, Bassett LW, Berg WA, Feig SA, Jackson VP, Kopan DB, et al. BI-RADS: mammography, 4th ed. In D Orsi CJ, Mendelson EB, Ikeda DM. Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: ACR-BIRADS- breast imaging atlas. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology, Bassett LW, Monsees BS, Smith RA, Wang L, Hooshi P, Farria DM, et al. Survey of radiology residents: breast imaging training and attitudes. Radiology 2003;227: Bassett LW, Bent C, Sayre JW, Marzan R, Verma A, Porter C. Breast imaging training and attitudes: update survey of senior radiology residents. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;197: 영상의학과전공의들의선별유방촬영판독성취도 1 이은혜 1 류채연 2 목적 : 영상의학과전공의들의선별유방촬영판독성취도를평가하고수련효과관련인자를분석하였다. 대상과방법 : 21개영상의학과수련기관의전공의 203 명을대상으로선별유방촬영판독평가와설문조사를시행하였다. 수련군과비수련군에서판독점수, 소환율, 민감도, 양성예측도, 위양성률등판독성취도를비교하였고, 각기관의수련군전공의들과비수련군전공의들간의평균판독점수차로수련효과를측정하였다. 수련기관을수련효과군과비효과군으로나누어판독성취도관련인자를분석하였다. 결과 : 수련군이비수련군보다판독점수 (43.1 vs. 37.1), 소환율 (11.0 vs. 15.5%), 민감도 (83.6 vs. 72.0%), 양성예측도 (53.0 vs. 32.4%), 위양성률 (13.5 vs. 25.5) 이높았다. 수련기간이길수록판독점수, 민감도, 양성예측도는올라가고 (rho = 0.486, 0.343, 0.504), 소환율과위양성률은감소하였다 (rho = , ). 수련효과는평균 6점이었으나 31.6% 의기관은수련효과가없었다. 수련기관중수련효과군과비효과군은전공의의한달간유방촬영판독량 (594.0 vs ) 과유방영상담당교수의전임여부 (61.5 vs. 0%) 에차이가있었다. 결론 : 수련군이비수련군보다선별유방촬영판독성취도가높았으며, 수련기간에비례하여판독성취도가향상되었다. 수련효과관련인자는유방촬영판독량과유방영상담당교수의전임여부였다. 1 순천향대학교의과대학부천병원영상의학과, 2 분당서울대학교병원영상의학과 submit.radiology.or.kr 대한영상의학회지 2013;68(4):
이은혜외 가능성이높으며, 5대암중유방암검진의민감도가가장낮은것은부분적으로이런배경과연관되었을가능성이있다. 유방촬영판독법에대한단기집중교육프로그램인유방판독심화캠프 (mammography boot camp; 이하캠프 ) 에대한보고에의하면, 캠프를통하여영상의학과전문의의유방촬영판독
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