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1 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제9권제1호 Vol. 9,. 1, March 2009 원저 갑상선유두암에서 CK7, CK20, Vimentin, p53 과 Ki-67 의발현 가천의과학대학교길병원외과학교실, 1 병리학교실 이승환ㆍ박승연ㆍ김나래 1 ㆍ이영돈 The Expressions of CK7, CK20, Vimentin, p53 and Ki-67 in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Seung Hwan Lee, M.D., Seung Yeon Park, M.D., Na Rai Kim, M.D. 1 and Young Don Lee, M.D. 책임저자 : 이영돈, 인천시남동구구월동 , 가천의과학대학교길병원외과 Tel: , Fax: peacemk@gilhospital.com 게재승인일 :2009 년 3 월 19 일본논문의요지는 2008 년춘계갑상선 - 내분비외과학회에서초록발표하였음. Purpose: The expressions of Cytokeratin7 (CK7) and CK20 have been studied by a lot of cancer researchers, and these 2 protein markers are often used to find the primary foci of metastatic cancers. There have been numerous studies on vimentin, p53 and Ki-67 as prognostic factors for different cancers. However, it seems that there are a few investigations on the expression of CK7 and CK20 in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. This study aimed to investigate the expressions of CK7, CK20, vimentin, p53 and Ki-67 in papillary thyroid carcinoma, and we wanted to determine whether the expressions of vimentin, p53, and Ki-67 are related to such prognostic factors as age, the tumor size, nodal metastasis or perithyroidal tissue invasion. Methods: Paraffin slices of 44 papillary thyroid carcinomas from 44 patients were used for immunohistochemistry with using monoclonal antibody against CK7, CK20, vimentin, p53 and Ki-67. The expressions of CK7, CK20 and vimentin were determined simply by the staining competence, and more than 5% positive cells out of 1,000 cells in a highpowered microscopic view was considered as positive for the p53 and Ki-67 expressions. The expressions of vimentin, p53 and Ki-67 were investigated for their correlation with age, perithyroidal tissue invasion, the size of the tumor and metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes. Results: Total of 44 patients (7 men and 37 women) were examined. The average size of tumor was 1.3 cm, and 28 (63.6%) out of 44 patients had perithyroidal tissue invasion. 29 (65.9%) patients had cervical lymph node metastases. The expression of CK7 was observed in all 44 (100%) patients, but only three (6.8%) among them had the expression of CK20. The expression of vimentin was shown in 43 (97.7%) patients. The expressions of p53 and Ki-67 were seen in 33 (75%) patients and 12 (27.7%) patients, respectively. The expressions of vimentin, p53 and Ki-67 were not significantly related with age (P=1.0, 0.084), perithyroidal tissue invasion (P=1.0, 0.798), the size of the tumor (P=0.234, 0.313) and cervical lymph node metastases (P=0.582, 0.948). Conclusion: As expected, papillary thyroid carcinoma showed a CK7(+)/CK20( ) pattern. Further research is needed to find the meaning of the expression of vimentin because it was meaningless analyzing the relationship between the prognostic factors due to fact that 97.7% of the patients had the expression of vimentin. There was no statistically significant relation between the expressions of p53 and Ki-67 and age, the size of thyroid tumor, perithyroidal tissue invasionand cervical lymph node metastasis. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2009;9:7-13) Key Words: Papillary thyroid cancer, CK7, CK20, Vimentin, p53, Ki-67 중심단어 : 갑상선유두암, CK7, CK20, Vimentin, p53, Ki-67 Departments of Surgery and 1 Pathology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea 서 Cytokeratin7 (CK7) 과 CK20의발현은여러종양에서연구되어왔고, 특히전이된암의원발병소를찾는데유용하게사용되고있다. 또한 vimentin, p53이나 Ki-67의발현도다른암에서예후인자로서많은연구가있어왔다. p53 유전자의변이는갑상선암의미분화암및역형성암과관련이있다는보고가있고, 또한 p53과 Ki-67의강한발현은갑상선암의나쁜예후와연관이있다는연구가많이있다. 한편 vimentin은종양세포의국소침범과전이의능력과관련있다는연구들이있다. 그러나갑상선유두암에서 CK7과 CK20 및 vimentin의발현에대해서는많은연구가없다. 이 론 7
2 8 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제 9 권제 1 호 2009 에본연구에서는갑상선유두암에서 CK7, CK20, vimentin, p53과 Ki-67의발현을알아보고, 그중에서vimentin, p53과 Ki-67의발현이림프절전이나주위조직침범및연령등의예후인자와연관이있는지를알아보고자하였다. 방법 1) 대상 2007년 12월부터 2008년 7월까지갑상선유두암으로갑상선절제술을받은 44명의갑상선유두암환자의조직파라핀절편을사용하여 CK7, CK20, vimentin, p53과 Ki-67에대한단일클론항체로면역조직화학검사를시행하였다. 2) 면역조직화학적검사수술하여얻은갑상선조직을포르말린용액에고정한후파라핀에고정된조직을 4 um두께로연속절편하였다. Xylene으로 3분간 3회탈파라핀화한후, 100%, 85% 및 70% 알코올에 3분씩처리하고증류수에넣어함수화하였다. 10 mm citrate 용액에넣어 C에서 5분씩 3회가압멸균후조직표본위에 peroxidase-blocking solution을떨어뜨려 10분간두어내인성 peroxiase를저지시켰다. 10 mmol/l Tris buffer 용액으로세척하여비면역성체액과실온에서 10분간반응시킨후항원결정기복원법을사용하였다. 3% H 2O 2 와 methanol로과산화효소의활성을억제시켰다. 일차항체는 Dakocytomation의 clone V9 vimentin antibody (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) 와 monoclonal mouse Anti-human CK7 OV-TL 12/30 antibody (Dako, Carpinteria, California, USA) 와 CK20 Ks 20.8 antibody (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), Ki-67 MIB-1 antibody (Immunotech, Marseille, France) 그리고 DO-7 p53 antibody (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) 를사용하여 4 C에서하루동안반응시켰다. Tris buffer 용액으로세척후 2차항체는 envision kit 를사용하여실온에서 10분간반응시켰다. Tris buffer 용액을세척하고발색시약인 DAB로 3분간반응시킨후물로세척하였다. Mayer s hematoxylin solution으로대조염색하였다. 3) 판정방법 CK7, CK20, vimentin의발현은단순히염색여부로판정하였고, p53과 Ki-67은현미경고배율상 1,000개의세포중염색된세포수가 5% 이상이면양성이라고판정하였다. 그리고 vimentin, p53과 Ki-67의발현이갑상선암의주위조직침범여부, 종양의크기 (2 cm 기준 ) 와경부림프절전이여부및나이 (45세기준 ) 등과상관관계가있는지를조사하였다. 4) 통계학적분석 SPSS 11.5를이용하여 Chi-square test와 Student t-test를사용하였다. P value가 0.05미만인경우통계학적으로유의한것으로판정하였다. 결과총 44예중남자 7명, 여자 37명이었고, 평균연령은 48세였다. 평균종양의크기는 1.3 cm였고, 28명 (63.6%) 에서갑상선주위조직으로의침범이있었고, 경부림프절로의전이는 29명 (65.9%) 에서있었다 (Table 1). CK7, CK20, vimentin, p53과 Ki-67의발현양상은 Table 2와같다. 1) CK7과 CK20의발현양상 CK7은 44명 (100%) 모두에서발현이되었고, CK20은 3명 (6.8%) 에서만발현이되었다. CK7에대한면역조직화학적염색은세포질과세포막에서강하게나타났다 (Fig. 1A, B). 2) Vimentin 발현양상 Vimentin은 44명중 43명 (97.7%) 환자의조직에서발현되어예후인자와의상관관계가무의미하였다. Vimentin의면역조직화학적검사는간질세포에주로염색되었다 (Fig. 1G). 3) p53 발현과예후인자와의상관관계 p53은 33명 (75%) 의환자에서발현되었으며, 면역조직화학적검사상세포핵에국한되어발현을나타내었다 (Fig. 1E). p53의발현과갑상선암의주위조직침범 (P=1.0), 종양의크기 (P=0.234), 경부림프절전이 (P=0.582) 여부및나이 (P=1.0) 와는통계학적인상관관계가없었다 (Table 3). Table 1. Demographic and pathologic results of patients with PTC* Table 2. Results of immunohistochemical stainings in PTC* All patients Average age (years) Average size of tumor (cm) Perithyroidal tissue invasion Cervical lymph node metastasis 44 (Male 7, Female 37) (range, 0.3 4) 28 (63.6%) 29 (65.9%) Expression of CK7 Expression of CK20 Expression of Vimentin Expression of p53 Expression of Ki % (44/44) 6.81% (3/44) 97.72% (43/44) 75% (33/44) 27.72% (12/44)
3 이승환 외 갑상선 유두암에서 CK7, CK20, Vimentin, p53과 Ki-67의 발현 9 4) Ki-67 발현과 예후 인자와의 상관관계 Ki-67은 12명(27.7%)의 환자에서 양성 발현을 나타내었 으며, 면역 조직화학적 검사상 뚜렷한 핵 내 염색을 보였다 (Fig. 1C). 갑상선암의 주위조직 침범(P=0.798), 종양의 크기 (P=0.313), 경부 림프절 전이(P=0.948) 여부 및 나이(P= 0.084)와는 통계학적인 상관관계가 없었다. 한편 p53과 Ki-67의 발현이 하나만 양성이거나 모두 양성인 경우도 예 후인자와 상관관계가 없었다(Table 4). 고 찰 갑상선 유두암의 예후는 좋은 것으로 알려져 있으나 일 부에서는 미분화암으로 퇴행성 변화를 보여 예후가 나빠지 기도 한다. 최근 분자 생물학적 연구 방법의 발달로 특정 유전자나 생물학적 표지자로 예후 및 질환의 진행 및 침범 도 등을 예측하는데 도움이 되는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 이 들 인자를 단독으로 적용하여 예후 및 질환의 진행 정도를 예측하는 것은 아직 명확히 확립되어 있지는 않다. 따라서 Fig. 1. Result of immunohistochemical stainings of CK7, CK20, Ki-67, p53, and vimentin in papillary thyroid carcinoma. (A) Positive expression of CK7 ( 400). (B) Negative expression of CK20 ( 400). (C) High expression of Ki-67 ( 400). (D) Low expression of Ki-67 ( 400). (E) High expression of p53 ( 400). (F) Low expression of p53 ( 400). (G) Positive expression of vimentin ( 400).
4 10 대한내분비외과학회지 제 9 권 제 1 호 2009 Fig. 1. Continue. Table 3. p53 and risk factors of PTC* p53 positive Lymph node metastasis Perithyroidal soft tissue invasion Tumor size Age /33 12/33 21/33 12/33 29/33 4/33 18/33 15/33 (63.63%) (36.36%) (63.63%) (36.36%) (87.87%) (12.12%) (54.54%) (45.45%) Table 4. Ki-67 and risk factors of PTC* P value P=0.582 Lymph node metastasis P=1.0 P=0.234 Perithyroidal soft tissue invasion Tumor size P=1.0 Age Ki-67 positive P value 8/12 4/12 8/12 4/12 9/12 3/12 4/12 8/12 P=0.948 (66.66%) (33.33%) (66.66%) (33.33%) (75%) (25%) (33.33%) (66.66%) P=0.798 P=0.313 P=0.084
5 이승환외 : 갑상선유두암에서 CK7, CK20, Vimentin, p53 과 Ki-67 의발현 11 본연구에서는갑상선유두암에서 CK7, CK20, vimentin, p53과 Ki-67의발현을알아보고, 그중에서도 vimentin, p53 과 Ki-67의발현이림프절전이나주위조직침범, 종양의크기및나이등의예후인자와연관이있는지를알아보고자하였다. Cytokeratin은중간미세섬유단백질로서상피세포의구조적안정을유지하는역할을한다. 20종의 cytokeratin이있으며분자량과등전압 ph에따라 I형과 II형으로나눈다.(1) 중성혹은알칼리성인 II형에는 CK 1 8이있으며, 산성인 I형에는 CK 9 20이속하며, 각세포에는 I형과 II형이짝을이루고있다. Cytokeratin들은조직의종류에따라또는세포의분화및성장에따라발현되는종류가특이하며,(2) 정상세포들이암으로변화되어가더라도그고유의중간미세섬유의특이성을간직하기때문에원발병소의진단과분화및성장정도의척도로서유용한가치를지닌다.(3,4) CK7의발현은결장, 전립선, 신장및흉선등에서발생하는암을제외한여러암에서주로나타난다. CK20은대장암에서는거의발현되며그외췌장암 (62%), 위암 (50%), 담관암 (43%), 및이행세포암 (29%) 에서양성발현을보인다. CK7 +/CK20 발현양상은주로폐, 유방암등에서나타나며, CK7 /CK20+인경우는주로대장암에서나타난다. CK7 /CK20 인경우는부신겉질샘암, 배아세포종, 전립선암, 신장암및간세포암등에서나타난다.(5,6) 갑상선암에서의 cytokeratin 발현에대한연구는많지않다. Bejarano 등 (7) 은갑상선종양에서 thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), thyroglobulin, CK7 및 CK20의발현에대한연구를하였는데, CK7은갑상선유두암 8예모두에서발현되었으나 CK20은전혀발현되지않았다고하였다. 또한역형성암에서는 CK7과 CK20 모두발현되지않았고저분화암에서는 CK7만 6예 (86%) 에서발현되었다고보고하였다. Lam 등 (8) 의연구에서도갑상선유두암 (86예) 과여포성암 (19예) 에서 CK7는모두양성, CK20는음성발현을보였다. 한편미분화암에서는 25예중 21예 (84%) 에서 CK7가양성이었고, 저분화암에서는 10예중 6예 (60%) 에서 CK7이양성발현을나타냈다. Cameron 등 (9) 도여포성선종, 여포암, 결절성갑상선증식증및모든갑상선유두암은 CK7에강하게염색되나, CK20는발현되지않는다고보고하였다. Fonseca 등 (10) 은 CK7은정상갑상선조직, 갑상선유두암, 여포암과저분화암에서 100% 양성발현을보였으나, 미분화암에서는발현되지않았으며, CK20은정상갑상선조직에서는음성발현을보였지만, 41예의갑상선유두암중 1 예에서약한양성발현 (weak immunoreactivity) 을보였다고하였다. Schmitz-Winnenthal 등 (11) 은분화및미분화갑상선암에서종양조직과혈액에서의 RT-PCR을이용한 CK20의검출과예후와의관련성을연구하였는데 32예중 15예 (47%) 에서 CK20이검출되었다고하였는데이로보아갑상선유두암에서 CK20의 mrna는만들어지나단백질로의 발현이안되는것으로추정된다. 본연구에서도갑상선유두암에서 CK7은모두양성발현이었으나 Fonseca 등 (10) 의연구에서와같이 CK20은 3명 (6.8%) 에서양성발현을보였는데 Fonseca 등은이에대해이는아마도미토콘드리아의높은비율과관련되어있으며비특이적발현이라는견해를나타내고있다. 추후더많은예에서의연구가필요할것같다. Vimentin은제3형중간미세섬유로서섬유모세포, 백혈구및혈관내피세포에광범위하게분포하고있는단백질 (57kDa) 로서세포막과세포소기관들을지지하는역할을한다. McInroy 등 (12) 은 vimentin 발현은결장암과유방암에서암세포의침습성및이동성과관련있다고보고하였다. Bennett 등 (13) 은미분화종양세포일수록 vimentin의발현도가높다고보고하였고미분화갑상선암에서 vimentin의발현도가높은것으로보고하였다. Venkatesh 등 (14) 은 30예의미분화갑상선암중 28예 (93.3%) 에서 vimentin의발현을보고하였다. Park 등 (15) 에의하면 vimentin은 97명의갑상선유두암중 37.1% 에서발현되었으나이의발현이임상적예후인자와는통계적연관성을보이지않는다고보고했다. Vasko 등 (16) 은갑상선유두암조직및림프절에서 vimentin 의발현과 vimentin mrna 검출에대한연구를하였는데, vimentin mrna와단백발현은모든갑상선유두암과림프절에서나타났으나정상갑상선조직에서는검출되지않았다고하였다. Vimentin의면역조직화학적염색강도는주위조직침범 (P=0.005), 림프절전이 (P=0.004) 및다발성 (P=0.013) 등과관련있으나, 종양의크기, 환자의나이및성별등과는상관관계가없었다고하였다. Yamamoto 등 (17) 은 vimentin 은정상갑상선조직 (65%) 을포함한잠재암 (97%) 에서발현되며, 원격전이와상관없이모든갑상선유두암에서발현을보이나정상세포보다는종양세포에서더강한발현을보인다고하였다. Yagi 등 (18) 도미세갑상선유두암과 3 cm 보다큰유두암의비교에서 vimentin의발현은차이가없다고보고했다. 이상의연구들에서보듯이 vimentin과예후인자와의상관관계는여전히일관된견해가없는것같다. 본연구에서는 vimentin은 44명중 1명을제외한거의모든환자의조직에서발현되었고예후인자와의상관관계는없었다. 분화도가좋은유두암을대상으로했음에도다른여러연구와달리높은발현을보인것이특이적이라하겠다. 정상 p53 단백은핵내에위치하는인단백으로세포성장과종양발생에억제작용을하며, 손상된 DNA를가진세포가세포주기를돌때 G1 후기에작용하여 DNA 복구를위한시간을제공하고, DNA 복구가불가능할때세포사멸을유도하는기능이있다고알려져있다. 이러한 p53 단백기능의불활성화는인체종양형성의중요한기전으로인체종양의약반수이상에서관찰되며, 이중점성돌연변이에의한변이형 p53 단백의출현이 p53 단백기능의불활성화의가장흔한기전으로알려져있다. 이러한변
6 12 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제 9 권제 1 호 2009 이형단백은그반감기가길어핵내축적되고, 항단백항체를이용한면역염색으로검출이가능하다. 갑상선유두암에서는일반적으로 p53 유전자의돌연변이가거의없는것으로알려져있다. 갑상선암에서 p53 단백의발현율은연구마다차이가많이있다. p53 단백질발현의빈도와 p53 유전자의돌연변이의빈도와의차이는면역조직화학염색에서는정상종양유전자의단백질과돌연변이가있는종양단백질이구별이되지않고모두같이염색이되기때문인것으로보인다. 갑상선암에서의 p53 단백의발현은분화성암보다는저분화암과미분화암에서그발현이증가하는것으로알려져있다.(19) 김등 (20) 의연구에서는갑상선유두암과여포암모두에서 p53이거의발현되지않았는데, 이에대해저자는두종양이모두분화가좋은종양이기때문일것이라고하였고, p53의발현은종양의발생보다는분화가좋지않은암으로의역형성에연관이있을것이라주장하였다. Wierzchowski 등 (21) 도 p53의발현은저분화암에서더높게발현되며이의발현은종양의진행정도를아는좋은표지자라고하였다. Pilotti 등 (19) 도분화가나쁜종양의주위조직으로의침습성부위에서 p53이발현되어 p53 이종양의진행상태와관계가있다는보고를했다. Goto 등 (22) 도 p53은저분화암과미분화암에서유의하게더높게발현되었다고하였다. Omar 등 (23) 도 53명의갑상선유두암환자에서 p53의발현과암의주위조직침범및경부림프절전이와는통계적으로유의한결과가있다고하였고, p53 양성군에서통계적으로유의하게생존율이좋지않다고하였다. 그외갑상선유두암에서 p53의발현이관찰되며이는임상양상이나예후와관계가있다는여러보고들이있다.(22,24) 그러나, 이등 (24) 은갑상선유두암에서 p53발현이 77.5% 로서결절성증식증이나정상조직보다유의하게높게발현된다고하였으나, 암종류간에는차이가없어종양의진전, 분화정도와는연관성이없다고보고했다. 또한 p53발현과림프절전이와는상관성이없다고하였다. 정등 (25) 도 p53 발현이여러예후인자들과상관관계가없다고하였다. 본연구에서도 p53은 75% 의환자에서발현되었으며, 갑상선유두암의주위조직침범, 종양의크기, 경부림프절전이여부및나이와통계적인상관관계가없었다. 1) Ki-67 Ki-67 단백은 G0 기를제외한모든세포주기에서나타난다. 그러나세포주기에서 Ki-67의정확한역할은잘알려져있지않다. Ki-67에양성정도와유사분열정도와는연관이있지만모든 Ki-67 양성인세포가유사분열에들어가는것은아닌것으로알려져있다. 다른종양에서 Ki-67의발현과예후와는많은보고가있지만갑상선암에서의연구는많지않다. Erickson 등 (26) 은갑상선암에서 p27kip1과 Ki-67 의발현에관한연구에서 Ki-67의발현은미분화암에서유 두암에비해 3배이상강하게나타나며이단백의발현으로악성과양성여포성종양을구분할수있다고주장하였다. Tallini 등 (27) 도 p27kip1과 Ki67/Mib1에대한면역조직화학검사에서갑상선암의분화가안좋을수록 Ki-67의발현이증가하며또한생존율과 Ki-67의발현과도연관이있다고보고하였다. Mehrotra 등 (28) 은 38예의갑상선유두암에대한 Mcm-2와 Ki-67면역조직화학적검사에서 Ki-67은양성여포종이나결절성증식증보다는유두암세포에서높은양성발현을보이지만표지정도의범위가넓어수술전진단적가치로는부적절하나, Ki-67의발현정도와원격전이나국소재발과는유의한관계가있다고하였다. 김등 (20) 은갑상선유두암에서는 Ki-67 과발현빈도가높지않다고하며, 림프절전이나림프관및혈관침범, 주변조직으로의침범및전이여부등도 Ki-67 증식지수와상관관계가없었다고하였다. 그이유로서갑상선유두암은대부분분화가좋은종양인관계로 Ki-67의발현빈도가낮은것으로추측하였다. 본연구에서도 Ki-67은 27.7% 의환자에서만과발현을나타내었으며, 갑상선유두암의주위조직침범 (P=0.798), 종양의크기 (P=0.313), 경부림프절전이 (P= 0.948) 여부및나이 (P=0.084) 와는통계적인상관관계가없었다. 이상과같이갑상선유두암에서 CK7, CK20, vimentin, p53 및 Ki-67의발현및이들의의미에대해고찰해보았으나본연구에서는여포성암과저분화혹은미분화암은포함시키지않고분화가좋은유두암만을대상으로하여연구에한계가있었던것으로생각되며향후이에대한연구도필요할것으로생각한다. 결 연구에서갑상선유두암은 CK7+/CK20 형인것으로나타났다. 거의모든환자에서 vimentin이발현되어예후인자와의상관관계를분석하는것이무의미하였고, 이것은향후어떤의미가있는지추가적인연구가필요하겠다. 또한 p53과 Ki-67의과발현과갑상선유두암의주위조직침범, 종양의크기, 경부림프절전이여부및나이와는통계적인상관관계가없었다. 론 REFERENCES 1) Moll R, Frank WW, Schiller DL, Geiger B, Krepler R. The catalog of human cytokeratins: Patterns of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured cell. Cell 1982;31: ) Sun TT, Shih CH, Green H. Keratin cytoskeletons in epithelial cells of internal organs. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1979;76: ) Fuchs E, Green H. Regulation of terminal differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes by vitamin A. Cell 1981;25:
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