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1 = 증례보고 = 발달지연소아환자에서안과검진의의의 대한안과학회지 2010 년제 51 권제 12 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2010;51(12): pissn: eissn: DOI : /jkos 강혜민 1 김혜영 2 연세대학교의과대학안과학교실 1, 국민건강보험공단일산병원안과 2 목적 : 발달지연소아환자들을대상으로안과검진을시행하여안과질환및굴절이상의빈도를살펴보고그의의를고찰해보고자하였다. 대상과방법 : 2008 년 4 월부터 2009 년 4 월까지발달지연클리닉에내원하는소아환자를대상으로 1 차검진에서는국소광원을이용한외안부검사, 동공반응검사및안구운동검사를시행하였으며 2 차검진에서는세극등현미경검사, 안저검사, 조절마비굴절검사, 눈물소관관류술등을시행하였다. 결과 : 89 명의대상환자중 61.8% 에서굴절이상을제외한안과질환이관찰되었으며, 사시와덧눈꺼풀이각각 24.7%, 22.5% 로가장많았다. 조절마비굴절검사를시행한 60 명중굴절이상을보인 56.6% 의환자중에는난시가 30.0% 로가장높은빈도를보였다. 치료를시작한환자는 24 명으로, 4 명은수술적치료를받았고, 20 명은안경착용을시작하였다. 결론 : 우리나라의발달지연소아환자에서안과질환의높은유병률을확인할수있었으며, 이들환자들에대한체계적인안과검진이필요할것으로사료된다. < 대한안과학회지 2010;51(12): > 소아의발달영역은크게운동, 언어, 인지, 인성및사회성, 일상생활동작의영역으로분류할수있으며, 이중하나또는그이상의발달영역에서해당연령의정상기대치의 25% 이상뒤떨어져있는경우를발달지연 (Developmental delay) 이라한다. 1 5세이전의소아에서두영역이상에서발달지연이있는경우이를전반적발달지연 (Global developmental delay) 이라고하며, 대부분의전반적발달지연환자는성장한후에지적장애 (Intellectual disability) 로진단받게된다. 2,3 지적장애는최근정신지체를대체하여사용되고있는용어로, 개념학습, 사회성및실제적인적응력등으로나타나는지적기능및적응력의장애를의미한다. 지적기능은지능지수로측정하게되며, 70~75 이하로떨어진경우지적장애로진단할수있고, 적응력은일상생활동작, 의사소통기술, 사회적기술등을통해진단하게된다. 4 국민건강보험공단일산병원의발달지연클리닉은소아 에대해다각적이고포괄적으로분석하여전반적인치료방침을결정하고이에맞는치료를시행하고있다. 발달지연클리닉에내원하는환자들은적절한의사표현이어려워안과와관련된문제나그에따른어려움을표현하지못하는경향이있으며, 보호자들또한환자의전신적인치료를우선시하여안과검진이나안과적인문제에대해서는간과하는경향이있다. 하지만일반인에비해지적장애를가진환자들에서안과질환의빈도가높은것으로알려져있으며, 5-12 우리나라에서는아직이에대한연구가체계적으로이루어진바가없는실정이다. 본연구에서는발달지연클리닉에내원하는소아환자들을대상으로안과검진을실시하여발달지연소아환자에서안과질환의분포와빈도를조사하고, 이를통해안과검진의의의를고찰해보기로하였다. 청소년과, 소아정신과, 재활의학과에서공동으로참여하여운영되는클리닉으로, 각과의전문의가발달지연소아환자 접수일 : 2010 년 3 월 11 일 심사통과일 : 2010 년 11 월 10 일 책임저자 : 김혜영고양시일산동구백석 1 동 1232 국민건강보험공단일산병원안과 Tel: , Fax: khyeye@hanmail.net * 본논문의요지는 2009 년대한안과학회제 102 회학술대회에서포스터로발표하였음. 대상과방법 2008년 4월부터 2009년 4월까지본원발달지연클리닉에처음내원하는모든소아환자를대상으로안과검사의필요성에대해보호자에게설명한후 1차안과검진을시행하고, 이후안과외래에서 2차정밀검사를시행하였다. 발달지연클리닉에서시행한평가에서하나이상의발달영역에서발달지연이있는경우를대상군으로하였으며, 이중 2차안과검진을시행하지않은환자들은이번연구에서제
2 - 대한안과학회지 2010 년제 51 권제 12 호 - Table 1. Diagnosis of 89 pediatric patients Diagnosis Number of patients Intellectual disability 34 Nonsyndromic 23 Syndromic 11 MELAS syndrome 2 Saethre-Chotzen syndrome 1 Respiratory chain disorder 1 Opitz syndrome 1 Parry-Romberg syndrome 1 Congenital myopathy 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation 1 Edward syndrome 1 Jubert syndrome 1 Parry-Romberg syndrome 1 Global developmental delay 24 Nonsyndromic 14 Syndromic 10 Floppy infant syndrome 2 Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2 X chromosome translocation 1 Asperger syndrome 1 Cri-du-chat syndrome 1 Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome 1 Maple syrup urine disease 1 DeGeorge syndrome 1 Cerebral palsy 10 Borderline IQ 9 Autism 8 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 4 Table 2. Ocular diagnoses excluding refractive errors in 89 developmental delay patients Ocular diagnosis Number of patients (%) Strabismus 22 (24.8) Epiblepharon 20 (22.5) Blepharoptosis 4 (4.5) Nasolacrimal duct stenosis 3 (3.4) Congenital cataract 2 (2.2) Nasolacrimal fistula 1 (1.1) Optic atrophy 1 (1.1) Optic coloboma 1 (1.1) Duane retraction syndrome 1 (1.1) More than one finding can occur in a given subject. 외하였다. 1차안과검진으로는국소광원을이용한눈꺼풀위치이상여부, 동공반응검사, 육안적각막및결막검사, 안구운동검사를시행하였고 2차정밀검사는세극등현미경검사, 조절마비굴절검사, 간접검안경을이용한안저검사를시행하였다. 또한눈물흘림이있는경우코눈물관폐쇄를의심하여눈물소관관류술을시행하였다. 사시가있는환자의경우한눈운동및동향운동검사를시행하였으며, 안구편위도의측정은협조가되는경우프리즘가림검사를사용하였으며협조가되지않는환자에서는 Krimsky 검사와 Hirschberg 검사를사용하였다. 굴절이상을알아보기위해조절마비굴절검사를시행하였으며, 근시는구면렌즈대응치가 -0.5디옵터이상, 원시는구면렌즈대응치가 +2.0디옵터이상, 난시는 1디옵터이상, 그리고부등시는양안의구면렌즈대응치가 2디옵터이상차이가나는경우로정의하였다. 13 결과 연구기간중발달지연클리닉에내원하여 1차안과검진을시행한 189명의소아환자중 2차안과검진을받은 89명을대상으로연구를진행하였다. 남자 58명, 여자 41명이었으며내원당시평균연령은 48.7개월 (2개월 ~193개월, 표준편차 33.7개월 ) 이었다. 환자들은발달지연클리닉에내원하여소아청소년과, 소아정신과, 재활의학과전문의의진료후최종진단을받았으며, 가장많은빈도를보인것은지적장애와전반적발달지연으로각각 34명, 24명이진단받았다 (Table 1). 총 89명의대상환자중굴절이상을제외한안과질환은 55명 (61.8%) 에서관찰되었으며, 이중사시 (22명, 24.7%) 와덧눈꺼풀 (20명, 22.5%) 이가장빈도가높았다 (Table 2). 그외에도눈꺼풀처짐, 코눈물관폐쇄, 선천눈물샛길, 시신경위축, 시신경유두결손증, 듀안안구후퇴증후군등다양한안과질환을확인할수있었다. 진단별로살펴보면사시환자 22명중전반적발달지연은 11명, 지적장애는 8명, 자폐증, 뇌성마비, 경계성지능에서각 1명이었다. 덧눈꺼풀은 20명중 14명이전반적발달지연환자였으며, 3명은지적장애, 2명은자폐증, 1명은주의력결핍과잉행동장애였다. 눈꺼풀처짐은 4명중 2명이전반적발달지연, 다른 2명은지적장애였고, 코눈물관폐쇄는전반적발달지연, 지적장애, 경계성지능환자각 1명에서관찰되었다. 선천눈물샛길, 시신경위축, 시신경유두결손증은모두전반적발달지연환자에서나타났으며, 듀안안구후퇴증후군은지적장애환자에서나타났다. 선천백내장 2명은모두전반적발달지연환자였다. 조절마비굴절검사를시행한 60명의소아환자중본연구의정의에따른굴절이상을보인환자는 34명 (56.6%) 이었으며, 이중난시가 30% 로가장높은빈도를나타내었다 (Table 3). 본연구를통해안과질환을진단받고이에대한치료를시작한환자는총 24명으로, 4명은수술적치료를받았으며, 굴절이상이나타난 34명의환자중 20명이안경착용및약시에대한가림치료등비수술적치료를시작하였다 (Table 4)
3 - 강혜민 김혜영 : 발달지연소아환자의안과검진 - Table 3. Refractive errors of 60 patients who underwent cycloplegic refraction tests Number of Refractive errors patients (%) Astigmatism Hypermetropia Myopia Anisometropia More than one finding can occur in a given subject. 18 (30.0) 13 (21.7) 12 (20.0) 2 (3.3) Table 4. Treatment after ophthalmologic evaluation Treatment Number of patients Surgical treatment 4 Strabismus surgery 1 Silicone tube intubation 2 Levator resection with silicone tube intubation 1 Non-surgical treatment 20 Spectacles only 17 Spectacles with occlusion for amblyopia 2 Refractive accommodative esotropia 1 고 지적장애가있는환자들에서는일반인에비해시력장애나실명의위험이더높은것으로알려져있으며, 6 이전연구에의하면굴절이상, 사시, 백내장, 원추각막등의안과질환의빈도역시높게나타나는것을알수있다 성인지적장애환자들에비해소아환자들을대상으로한연구는많지않으나역시지적장애를가지는소아환자에서도난시, 사시, 원시등안과질환의빈도가높은것으로보고되었다. 14,15 Akinici et al 14 의연구에따르면, 굴절이상을제외한안과질환의빈도는지적장애소아환자에서 23.5% 로, 정상대조군의 2% 에비하여유의하게높은빈도로보고하였으며, 그중사시는환자군에서 14.0%, 대조군에서 1.3% 로큰차이가있었다. 굴절이상의경우난시 (46.0%), 원시 (40.3%), 근시 (20.5%), 부등시 (7.0%) 순으로높은빈도를보고하였으며, 특히난시와원시는대조군보다유의하게빈발하는것으로나타났다. 본연구에서는굴절이상을제외한안과질환의빈도가 61.5% 로, Akinici et al 14 의연구에서의 23.5% 보다높게나타났다. 또한사시와덧눈꺼풀이각각 24.8%, 22.5% 로가장많이나타났으며, 사시역시 Akinici et al 14 의연구결과인 14.0% 에비해높게나타났다. 굴절이상은 Akinici et al 14 의보고와동일한순서로나타났다. 이러한빈도의차이는이전연구가지적장애를가진소아환자만을대상으로했던반면, 본연구는지적장애뿐만아니라전반적발달지연, 자폐증등모든발달지연환자들 찰 을대상으로하여대상군의차이가있기때문으로생각된다. 덧눈꺼풀, 사시등의높은빈도와굴절이상의빈도차이는인종적인차이도일부기여했을것으로생각되며, 이중덧눈꺼풀은 5세이전의전반적발달지연소아환자에서많이나타나는것으로보아연령의영향도있을것으로생각된다. 안과질환과굴절이상이일반인에비해지적장애를가진경우높게나타남에도불구하고이에대한적절한검사와치료는잘이루어지지않는것으로보고되고있으며, 실제로한설문조사에의하면지적장애를가진환자들은그렇지않은사람들에비해이런검진의혜택을덜받는것으로나타났다. 16 지적장애를가진환자들의굴절이상을적절하게교정함으로써이로인한시력장애를개선할수있다고알려져있으나, 13 한연구에서는이환자들의 38% 에서굴절이상을적절하게교정받지못하고있는것으로나타났다. 10 본연구에도연구기간동안내원하여 1차안과검진을시행한환자는 189명이었으나, 2차안과검진까지시행한환자는 89명이었다. 이러한낮은참여율의가장큰이유는안과검진의필요성에대한이해가부족하고소아환자들의가족이겪는정서적, 육체적소모에대한거부감때문으로생각된다. 17 효과적인안과진료를위해서는보호자에게안과검진의필요성에대한교육이필요하며, 환자의상태를고려하여안과검진이보다쉽게연계가될수있는제도적인뒷받침또한필요할것으로사료된다. 특히소아의경우에는시력장애가개인의인지, 정서, 신경학적발달에부정적인영향을끼칠뿐아니라가족과사회공동체에도영향을미칠수있다는점 18,19 에서발달지연이나지적장애를가진소아환자에서의안과검진이중요하다고하겠다. 본연구는지적장애뿐만아니라모든발달지연소아환자를연구범위에포함시켰으며, 안과질환의분포를알아보고자한국내첫시도로의의를가진다. 이번연구를통해우리나라의발달지연소아환자에서도안과질환이빈번하게나타나는것을확인할수있었다. 각질환의빈도는기존보고와차이가있었으며이는대상군의차이, 그리고인종적인차이에서기인하는것으로생각된다. 향후발달지연을가진소아환자들에있어서보다대규모의안과검진및이에대한역학조사가필요할것으로생각되며, 이를바탕으로안과검진의중요성에대한인식의증진과보호자들을위한교육프로그램, 그리고더나아가서는지적, 발달장애를가진환자들을대상으로한의료제도적인뒷받침이마련되는것이필요하다고생각된다. 참고문헌 1) Shevell M. Global developmental delay and mental retardation or
4 - 대한안과학회지 2010 년제 51 권제 12 호 - intellectual disability: conceptualization, evaluation, and etiology. Pediatr Clin North Am 2008; 55: ) Peterson MC, Kube DA, Palmer FB. Classification of developmental delays. Semin Pediatr Neurol 1998;5: ) Rydz D, Shevell MI, Majnemer A, Oskoui M. Developmental screening. J Child Neurol 2005;20: ) Huang P, Blum NJ. Developmental and behavioral disorders grown-up-intellectual disability. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2010;31: ) Warburg M. Visual impairment in adult people with intellectual disability: literature review. J Intellect Disabil Res 2001;45: ) Van Splunder J, Stilma JS, Bernsen RM, Evenhuis HM. Prevalence of ocular diagnoses found on screening 1539 adults with intellectual disabilities. Ophthalmology 2004;111: ) Van Isterdael CE, Stilma JS, Bezemer PD, Tijmes NT. 6,220 institutionalised people with intellectual disability referred for visual assessment between 1993 and 2003: overview and trends. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90: ) Woodhouse JM, Griffiths C, Gedling A. The prevalence of ocular defects and the provision of eye care in adults with learning disabilities living in the community. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2000; 20: ) Warburg M. Visual impairment in adult people with moderate, severe, and profound intellectual disability. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001;79: ) McCulloch DL, Sludden PA, McKeown K, Kerr A. Vision care requirements among intellectually disabled adults: a residence-based pilot study. J Intellect Disabil Res 1996;40: ) Van Splunder J, Stilma JS, Bernsen RM, Evenhuis HM. Prevalence of visual impairment in adults with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands: cross-sectional study. Eye 2006;20: ) Van Splunder J, Stilma JS, Bernsen RM, et al. Refractive errors and visual impairment in 900 adults with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2003;81: ) Akinci A, Acaroglu G, Guven A, Degerliyurt A. Refractive errors in neurofibromatosis type 1 and type 2. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91: ) Akinci A, Oner O, Bozkurt OH, et al. Refractive errors and ocular findings in children with intellectual disability: a controlled study. J AAPOS 2008;12: ) Mervis CA, Boyle CA, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Prevalence and selected characteristics of childhood vision impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44: ) Levy B. Incidence of oculo-visual anomalies in an adult population of mentally retarded persons. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984;61: ) Bilgin S, Gozum S. Reducing burnout in mothers with an intellectually disabled child: an education programme. J Adv Nurs 2009;65: ) Kaminer RK, McMahon E. Blindness and visual impairment. Pediatr Rev 1995;16: ) Sonksen PM, Petrie A, Drew KJ. Promotion of visual development of severely visually impaired babies: evaluation of a developmentally based programme. Dev Med Child Neurol 1991;33:
5 - 강혜민 김혜영 : 발달지연소아환자의안과검진 - =ABSTRACT= Ophthalmologic Evaluation in Pediatric Developmental Delay Haemin Kang, MD 1, Hye Young Kim, MD 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University Medical Center 1, Seoul, Korea Department of Ophthalmology, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital 2, Goyang, Korea Purpose: To evaluate the ocular results and refractive errors in children with developmental delay and to determine the significance of ophthalmologic screening in children. Methods: The present study was conducted with children who visited the development delay clinic of National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan hospital in Goyang, Korea. Primary evaluation included external eye examination, pupil reflex, and ocular movement test with focal light, and secondary evaluation included slit-lamp examination, fundus examination, cycloplegic refraction, and lacrimal drainage test if necessary. Results: Out of 89 subjects included in the study, 61.8% had ocular abnormalities other than refractive errors, and the two most common results included strabismus and epiblepharon, with occurrence rates of 24.7% and 22.5%, respectively. Among the 60 subjects who underwent cycloplegic refraction, 56.6% had refractive errors, with astigmatism (30%) being the most common. Among the 24 subjects who received treatment, four underwent surgical treatment and 20 started wearing glasses. Conclusions: The present study revealed a high prevalence of ophthalmologic abnormalities in pediatric developmental delay patients, indicating that systemic and comprehensive ophthalmic examination is necessary for these patients. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2010;51(12): Key Words: Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Ocular findings, Refractive errors Address reprint requests to Hye Young Kim, MD Department of Ophthalmology, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital #1232 Baekseok 1-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang , Korea Tel: , Fax: , khyeye@hanmail.net
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