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1 Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 한국소음진동공학회논문집제 권제 호, pp. 89~98, ISSN 98-8(Print), ISSN 8-(Online) Binaural Recording 기법을이용한다양한철도차량의 Pass-by 소음의성가심분석 Analysis of Annoyance of Various Train Pass-by Noise Using Binaural Recording 박범 * 고효인 ** 박준홍 Buhm Park, Hyo-In Koh and Junhong Park (Received November, ; Revised March, ; Accepted March, ) Key Words : Train Pass-by Noise( 철도차량의 pass-by 소음 ), 성가심 (Annoyance), Binaural Recording( 바이노럴녹음 ), Sound Quality Metrics( 음질인자 ), Sound Pressure Level( 음압레벨 ) ABSTRACT Pass-by noises of various trains were recorded by binaural recorder. The measured noises were evaluated using a sound pressure level and psychoacoustic metrics objectively. To analyze a binaural effect on annoyance that can be caused by train noise, auditory experiments were performed. Through the experiments, the annoyance differences between monaural and binaural train noises, the annoyance differences due to measurement angle and the annoyance differences due to kinds of train and measurement distance were determined. A correlation analysis was conducted to determine which index can affect the annoyance more strongly. As the result, a maximum rate of change of sharpness difference between left and right channels was proposed to predict the annoyance. *. 서론철도차량은 년말기준영업거리 km에이르며 년호남고속철도 (8. km), 수도권고속철도 (. km) 에이어 년원주 강릉간고속철도 (. km) 등이개통될예정이다. 이처럼철도구간이늘어나고그에따른철도차량운행이많아짐에따라철도에인접한주민들의소음에대한민원도점차많아지고있다. 현재우리나라는환경부고시제 -호별표 에소음레벨에의해철도소음을명시된소음한도에 의해권고하고있다. 하지만기준치이내로제시된지역에서도지속적으로철도소음에대한민원이발생함으로써법적인 dba 산출량으로평가하는방법의한계성이제시되고있기때문에철도차량에의한성가심의원인을규명하고해소할수있는과학적근거자료가매우요구되고있다. 철도차량에의한성가심의원인을규명하고자여러연구들이진행되고있으며 Mellet 등 () 은 TGV의 pass-by 소음을측정하여철도차량의앞뒤에위치한동력차들이통과할때가장큰소음을방사하며특히앞쪽의동력차가뒤쪽의동력차보다더큰소음을방사함을밝혔고또한성가심을잘표현할수있 Corresponding Author ; Member, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University parkj@hanyang.ac.kr Tel : +8---, Fax : * Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University ** Member, Korea Railroad Research Institute Recommended by Editor Myung Jun Kim c The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 89
2 는인자를밝히기위한노력도지속중이며 D. Schömer () 는환경소음을평가하기위해 L Aeq 를개선한인자보다그자체가더정확함을밝혔지만강한저주파특성을갖는교통소음에대해서는 L Aeq 보다 loudness-level-weighted sound exposure level(llsel) 과 loudness-level-weighted equivalent level(ll-leq) 이유용함을밝혔다. Ma와 Yano () 는다양한거리에서측정된철도차량과자동차의 pass-by noise의음원에대하여 점단어척도를이용한청감실험을통하여철도소음보다자동차소음이더성가심을밝혔고청감실험방법또한척도법및의미미분법등의다양한방법에의한철도차량의성가심을평가한바있다 (~). 하지만이러한연구들은모두 monaural 측정에의한연구들이어서실제사람의청각특성을반영하기더유리한 binaural에의한측정및평가에대한연구는매우부족한상황이다. 따라서이연구에서는실제로주민들이느낄수있는성가심을분석하기위하여다양한종류의철도차량에대해 binaural 녹음을통해철도차량의 pass-by 소음을측정하고차종별, 거리별성가심을음질인자들과이들의시간변화율을사용한객관적, 주관적방법으로분석하였다.. Binaural recording을통한철도차량의 pass-by 소음측정이연구에서는여러지점에서철도차량의소음을측정하였다. 첫번째측정지점은천안시서북구성환읍이었으며 km/h 이하의비교적낮은속도로운행하는전철, 무궁화호, 새마을호, 화물차, 누리로, KTX의소음을측정하였다. 두번째측정지점은화성시봉담읍이었으며 ~ km/h의고속으로운행하는 KTX와 KTX산천에대해소음측정을진행하였다. 그리고화성시양감면용소리에서는비교적거리가먼곳에서 ( m) KTX와 KTX산천의상행선에대하여측정각도를다르게하며측정을하였다. 측정방법은헤드폰형태의 binaural recorder (Headacoustics, MHS-II) 대를동시에사용하여녹음을진행하였다. Fig. 에나타낸바와같이성환읍과봉담읍에서는,,, 9 m의측정거리에서레일을직각으로바라보는각도로 ( = ) 측정하였고용소리에서는 m 측정거리에서 Fig. 에나타낸바 와같이측정각도를,, 9 로다르게하여측정하였다. 측정높이는약 m로 대의장비가동일하도록측정하였다. 외부측정에서바람의영향을최소화하기위하여측정장비에모두방풍망을부착하였다. 차량의운행속도는속도측정계 (PR-) 로측정하였다. 측정된음원들은분석을위하여 Fig. 에서볼수 Fig. Measurement condition using binaural microphones for train pass-by noise Sound pressure level (dba) Sound pressure level (dba) KTX, km/h, 9deg 9 8 KTX, km/h, deg 9 8 KTX, km/h, deg KTX-Sancheon, km/h, 9deg KTX-Sancheon, km/h, deg (a) KTX-Sancheon, km/h, deg (b) Fig. Time history of sound pressure level due to measurement angle of (a) KTX, (b) KTX-Sancheon Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 9
3 있듯이음원의 L max 를기준으로차량통과전후로좌우레벨중더큰쪽에서 db 떨어지는부분을기준으로편집하였으며측정상 db 차이가나지않는저속운행차량의음원은 db 기준으로편집하였다. 이렇게편집된음원들은차종별로최대소음도를갖는음원들을대표음원으로선정하여분석을진행하였다.. 철도차량 pass-by 소음의물리적특성분석앞서편집된음원들은좌우채널을구별하여상용프로그램 (Headacoustics, Artemis.) 을사용해음압레벨및음질인자해석을수행하였다. Total loudness, N은 ISO B에따라다음과같이계산된다. 클수록경향이명확하였다. Fig. 에나타낸바와같이측정각도에따른좌우 sharpness의차이를살펴보면전체적인경향은 loudness와거의유사하지만 KTX의경우차량이측정지점을빠져나가는두번째충격소음부분에서첫번째충격소음보다더높은값을가지는점이특이하였다. 이는측정지점으로차량이진입할때소리의크기자체는크지만오히려나갈때더날카로운소리가발생하며고주파수대역성분이큰영향을미치는것을의미한다. 이를확인하기위하여시간대주파수분석을하였고그결과를나타낸 Fig. 를보면차량이측정지점을통과하는첫번째충격소음보다차량이측정지점을빠져나가는두번째충격소음부분에서지배적인 Bark N = N'( z)dz () 여기서 z는 critical band rate(bark) 이며 N' 은 specific loudness이다. Sharpness는 Aures method에따라계산되며모듈레이션의효과를대표하는 roughness와 fluctuation strength는 partial roughness 방법에의해계산되었다.. 측정각도에따른소음특성비교측정각도에따른좌우음압레벨차이를살펴보면 Fig. 에나타낸바와같이측정각도 가 9 일때가장큰차이를보이며 일때는가장차이가적었다. 반면레벨이역전되는현상은 가 9 일때거의없지만 일때는좌우레벨의역전현상이명확하게보였으며특히 KTX 산천의경우더뚜렷하였다. 특히차량의전면부 / 후면부가측정지점을지나가는충격소음부분에서각도에따른좌우레벨차이가크게측정되었고 가 의경우중간적인특성을보였다. 측정각도에따른좌우 loudness 차이를살펴보면 Fig. 에나타낸바와같이전체적인경향은음압레벨과비슷하지만차량이측정지점을통과하기전의경향이달랐다. 음압레벨의경우차량접근이인지되는멀리서부터좌우차이가나타나지만 loudness의경우좌우차이가거의없으며차량이통과한후에는좌우차이가관찰되었고이러한특성은측정각도가 Loudness (sone) Loudness (sone) KTX, km/h, 9 deg KTX, km/h, deg KTX, km/h, 9 deg 8 9 KTX-Sancheon, km/h, 9 deg KTX-Sancheon, km/h, deg KTX-Sancheon, km/h, 9 deg (a) 8 9 (b) Fig. Time history of loudness due to measurement angle of (a) KTX, (b) KTX-Sancheon Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 9
4 Sharpness (sone) Sharpness (acum) KTX, km/h, 9 deg KTX, km/h, deg KTX, km/h, 9 deg 8 9 KTX-Sancheon, km/h, 9 deg KTX-Sancheon, km/h, deg KTX-Sancheon, km/h, 9 deg (a) 8 9 (b) Fig. Time history of sharpness due to measurement angle of (a) KTX, (b) KTX-Sancheon 주파수가더높으며또한지배적인주파수영역이도플러효과에의해낮아지는것을확인할수있었다. 차량이측정지점을통과하는사이에는지배적인주파수영역이 ~ Hz 대역이었으며마찬가지로도플러효과에의한주파수가낮아지는현상이보였고이러한현상이주기적으로반복되는것을확인할수있었다. 그외의음질인자들은 loudness와경향이거의일치하였다.. 차종 / 측정거리에따른소음의특성비교차종별, 측정거리별음압레벨및음질인자들을비교한결과를 Fig. 에나타내었다. 차종과거리에따른분석은 가 일때를기준으로하였다. 차종별로측정된여러개의음원들중최대소음도를갖는음원들을대표적인음원들로선정하였다. KTX의경우저속운행하는음원을한개만확보하였고고속일때의음원은측정조건이달라약간의오차는있을수있지만대략적인비교는가능하였다. 대부분의소음원들이측정거리에반비례하여음의크기가줄어들지만줄어드는정도가차량별로차이가있었고음압레벨 (dba) 기준으로지하철이무궁화, 새마을, 화물차보다더큰소음도를갖지만 loudness 기준으로는역전되었다. 이러한현상에따라지하철의경우다른차량들에비해속도가낮음에도소음도가비슷한수준임을볼수있었다. Sharpness 특성을살펴보면고속으로운행하는 KTX를제외하면지하철이가장날카로운소리 impact noise impact noise Fig. Time-frequency analysis of KTX pass-by noise Annoyance point Sound pressure level and loudness (dba, sone) 9 Annoyance sound pressure level loudness sharpness roughness Nooriro Subway Freight Mugunghwa KTX-low speed Saemaeul KTX-high speed Fig. Single value of sound pressure level and sound quality metrics due to measurement distance, and obtained annoyance from an auditory experiment by magnitude estimation method in section Sharpness and roughness (Acum, asper) Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 9
5 특성을가지는것을알수있었다. KTX가다른열차와비슷한속도로운행될때는누리로보다도오히려 sharpness는낮았다. 모듈레이션과관련된기타음질인자들을살펴보면 roughness의경우비슷한속도에서의 KTX는기타차량보다훨씬부드럽게들릴수있으며누리로도속도는약간적지만거칠기의정도가적었다. 차종별차량의속도와측정거리에따른주파수특성의변화를 Fig. 에나타내었다. KTX의경우속도가증가하면 Hz 부분에서순음성분이발생하며이는차간공간에서발생하는공력소음의영향 Sound pressure level (db) Sound pressure level (db) Sound pressure level (db) Sound pressure level (db) 9 8 Kind of train, speed(km/h), distance(m) KTX,, KTX,, KTX,, KTX,, KTX,, KTX,, Kind of train, speed(km/h), distance(m) Subway,, Subway,, Subway,, 9 Subway,, Subway,, Subway,, Kind of train, speed(km/h), distance(m) Mugunghwa,, Mugunghwa,, Mugunghwa,, Mugunghwa,, Mugunghwa,, Mugunghwa,, Kind of train, speed(km/h), distance(m) Saemaeul,, Saemaeul,, Saemaeul,, 9 Frequency (Hz) Fig. Frequency characteristics with kind of trains and measurement distance 이었고 ~ khz 대역의증가또한두드러졌다. 속도가낮을때거리에대한레벨의감소가주로고주파쪽에서만있으며고속일때는전체적인감소가나타나지만마찬가지로고주파의감소가두드러졌다. 지하철의경우속도차가매우작아속도에의한영향은보기어려웠지만거리가멀어질수록 ~ 8 Hz 대역의감소가두드러지며 khz 이상의고주파영역에서도거리에비례하여매우큰감소가보였다. 지하철은 ~ Hz과 khz 이상의대역에서가장높은레벨을가지며 Hz 이하는매우낮았다. 이러한특성이앞서언급했던바와같이지하철의소음레벨값과 sharpness 값이높도록하는원인이되었다. 무궁화호와새마을호의경우또한속도분포가매우좁아거리에의한영향만관찰할수있었고두차량의소음특성은서로매우유사하였다. 두차량모두 ~ Hz 성분이매우지배적이며디젤차량들이대부분이러한특성을보였다.. Pass-by 철도소음의주관적성가심분석청감실험은 binaural 효과를고려한다양한기준의성가심의정도를측정함을목표로수행하였다. 배경소음이 db 이하인실험실에서고성능헤드폰 ( 젠하이져 HD) 을사용하였다. 실험은각기다른방법으로총 회에걸쳐진행되었으며첫번째실험은같은소음에대해서 monaural과 binaural 녹음에따른성가심분석을위해단순비교법으로실시하였고두번째실험은 binaural 녹음된소음에대해측정각도에따른성가심을순위법에의하여실시하였다. 마지막으로실제차량소음에대한성가심분석을위하여쌍대비교법과크기추정법에의한실험을각각실시하였다.. 녹음채널에따른성가심분석첫번째실험은 monaural과 binaural 녹음에따른성가심분석을위하여고속주행시의철도소음 개에대해같은조건에서 monaural과 binaural로동시에녹음된총 개음원에대해비교법으로실시하였다. 이때 monaural 음원은마이크로폰의방향이레일과직각일때녹음된음원이었고 binaural 음원은측정각도 가 일때의음원이었다. 실험에사용된음원은각각 8 km/h의 KTX, km/h의 KTX산 Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 9
6 천, km/h의 KTX산천, 9 km/h의 KTX, km/h의 KTX의 pass-by 소음이었다. 명의실험참가자들 ( 여 :, 남 :, 9~세 ) 에게동일차량에대한 monaural과 binaural로동시에녹음된음원을제시한후더성가신것을선택하게하였고실험참가자들이판단한더성가신음원은 점, 아닌음원은 점으로모든참가자들의응답의비율로결과분석하였다. 실험결과, monaural과 binaural 중더성가시다고응답한비율은 monaural이전체의 %, binaural이전체의 % 로거의비슷하였다. 하지만 Table 에나타낸바와같이음크기를비교해보면 monaural 음원이 binaural 음원의좌측보다 db 이상더컸다. 일반적으로 8 dba 이상의음원에대해서그음원의크기차이가 db 이하일때도그차이를감지할수있다고 () 알려져있으며성가심에주로영향을미치는인자가음크기인것을생각해보면 binaural 음원이더성가시다고응답한비율이매우높은것을알수있다. 이로미루어보아 binaural 효과에의한성가심기여도가존재한다고생각할수있고따라서성가심인덱스도출시 binaural 효과를고려해주는것이중요할것으로판단되었다. 각도를고려하여측정각도 가,, 9 각도로녹음된고속주행시의 KTX소음 개 ( 각도고려총 개 ) 에대해순위법으로실시하였다. 총 명의실험참가자들 ( 여 :, 남 :, 9~8세 ) 에게동일차량에대한세각도의음원들을무작위로제시한후성가신순서를결정하게하였다. 여기서순위법 (ranking method) 이란비교하고자하는두개이상음원의우열을순위를매겨판정하는실험방법이며방법이간단하기때문에잘이용되지만상대적인우열의정보만을얻을수있으며전에받은자극을잊어버리면정확도가떨어진다는단점이있다. 실험참가자들이판단한성가심의순위대로가장성가신음원은 점, 두번째 점, 마지막은 점을부여하여모든참가자들의응답의평균값과표준편차로결과를분석하였다. Table 에나타낸결과를보면음원마다차이가있으며순위법에의한결과이기때문에신뢰수준은낮은편이지만대략의경향을분석할수있었고각각의동일음원에대해 = 인음원의성가심이가장컸으며, 9 의순이었다. 앞서측정각도에따른소음특성을나타내었던 Figs. ~를보았을때좌우소음특성들의크기가충격음이발생되는지점. 녹음각도에따른성가심분석 두번째실험은철도소음이방사되는대표적인 Table Averaged point of annoyance due to measurement angle Sound pressure level Maximum Train (dba) difference between No (Running Binaural monaural and speed) Monaural binaural (dba) KTX (8 km/h) KTX-Sancheon ( km/h) KTX-Sancheon ( km/h) KTX (9 km/h) KTX ( km/h) Table Averaged point of annoyance due to measurement angle Train Running speed (km/h) KTX 8 KTX- Sancheon KTX- Sancheon KTX 9 KTX Measurement angle Averaged point of annoyance Standard deviation Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 9
7 에서역전되는현상이뚜렷하였던 = 와 = 의특성이매우유사하였고철도차량과가까운쪽이역전현상없이소음특성의크기가더큰 =9 보다성가심의크기가더크게나왔다는것은좌우소음의역전현상이성가심에기여하며따라서 =, 의음원이가장성가신경우라고할수있다.. 차종, 측정거리에따른성가심분석세번째실험은실제차량소음을 binaural 녹음된음원들로성가심을비교하였다. 총 개차종들을 ( 누리로 : km/h, 지하철 : km/h, 화물차 : 8 km/h, 무궁화호 : km/h, 저속운행 KTX: km/h, 새마을호 : 9 km/h, 고속운행 KTX: 9 km/h),, 9 m 거리에서녹음된음원들중각차종에서가장큰소음도를갖는경우를대표음원으로선정하였다. 실험은두개의서브세션으로나누어차종별소음특성에따른성가심과차종, 측정거리를모두고려한성가심을분석하였다. 첫번째실험은총 명의 9~8세의평가자들을 ( 여 명, 남 명 ) 대상으로 개차종에대해 m 거리에서측정된음원들을쌍대비교법으로성가심을비교하였고두번째실험은총 명의평가자들을 ( 여 명, 남 명 ) 대상으로 개차종에대해,, 9 m( 고속운행 KTX의경우,, m) 거리에서측정된 개음원에대해크기추정법으로성가심을측정하였다. 쌍대비교법으로실험한경우에는결과의신뢰성을높이기위하여실험참가자들의응답이얼마나일관되었는지와전체참가자간의경향성이잘맞는지를확인하였고크기추정법으로실험한경우에는 점척도법을사용하였으며 (~) 실험전기준음을선정하여 점이라고참가자들에게말한후 번반복하여들려주고실험후기준음의점수가 점에가까운지를확인하여결과의신뢰성을높였다. 쌍대비교법에의한차종별성가심분석결과는 Fig. 8(a) 와같다. 결과의신뢰성테스트결과실험참가자개인들의일관성평가와참가자들간의경향성이잘일치하였으며같은거리에서측정된고속의 KTX를제외한 종의차량들의성가심은새마을 > 무궁화 > 화물차 > 지하철 > KTX > 누리로의순이었다. 같은속도였지만새마을이무궁화에비해성가심이높았고화물차는지하철보다 km/h가량 느렸음에도성가심이더높았다. 반면 KTX가 km/h의속도로다른차량에비해빨랐음에도성가심이매우낮았으며누리로는성가심이가장낮게평가되었다. 종합적으로새마을과무궁화, 지하철과화물차, KTX저속과누리로가서로비슷한성가심의정도를지녔음을알수있었다. 크기추정법에따른차종별, 측정거리별성가심정도의결과는 Fig. 8(b) 와같다. 실험전무궁화 m 음원을 점이라말해주고 번반복하여들려준후실험하였고기준음의결과값이.8이며표준편차도모든음원이 이내이어서좋은결과라고판단되었다. 다만앞선쌍대비교법의결과와비교하면지하철의성가심이높게평가되었다. 고속의 KTX를제외하면지하철이속도가 km/h로낮음에도성가심의정도는가장높은수준이며새마을열차와비슷하였고화물차도속도가약 8 km/h로가장낮음에도성가심의정도가높았다. 지하철과화물차는거리가가까워질수록성가심의증가도커졌다. 누리로와 KTX는속도가각각, km/h 정도임에도가장낮은성가심정도를보이며거리에따른성가심의증가폭도크지않았다. 청감실험으로도출된성가심의정도와물리적인자와의관계를살펴보면 Fig. 9에서나타낸바와같이쌍대비교법결과성가심과가장유사한경향을보이는값들은음크기와관련된 dba나 loudness였다. Scale value of annoyance Point of annoyance Nooriro Subway Freight Mugunghwa KTX (low speed) 9m m m (a) Nooriro Subway Freight Mugunghwa KTX (low speed).9 Saemaeul Saemaeul. KTX (high speed)..8.9 KTX (high speed) (b) Fig. 8 Results of auditory experiment to analyze annoyance by (a) paired comparison method and (b) magnitude estimation method, with kind of trains and measurement distance Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 9
8 Scale value of annoyance Sound pressure level and loudness (dba, sone) 9 scale value Nooriro sound pressure level loudness sharpness roughness Subway Freight Mugunghwa KTX-low speed Saemaeul KTX-high speed Fig. 9 Comparison between obtained annoyance from auditory experiment by a paired comparison and sound quality metrics 앞서 Fig. 에서나타내었던크기추정법결과에서 번음원인고속운행시의 KTX 소음은측정조건상 9 m 대신 m 거리였고사선으로위치했었던이유로반대의경향이나온것을제외하고거리별로모든인자가반비례하고있으며음원별로거리에따른인자값들의감소비율이상이하다는것을알수있다. Sharpness and roughness (Acum, asper) Rate of chage (sone/s) Loudness (sone) Loudness (sone) (a) Original data: Original data: Filtered data: Filtered data: (b) (c) 8 Fig. Obtaining procedure of gradient values using moving average filter. (a) measured train noises using binaural recorder, black line: left, gray line: right noise, thin line: original, thick line: filtered data, respectively (b) noise difference between filtered left and right channel (c) obtained change rate of noise difference between left and right channel 에서원하는구간 t만큼평균값을구해출력신호를만들어주는간단한신호처리법이며 rolling average, rolling mean, running average 라고도불리며다음식과같이정의된다.. 성가심예측을위한인덱스도출. Binaural 효과를반영하기위한인자도출성가심예측을위한인자들은통상적으로널리사용되는 dba, loudness, sharpness, roughness, fluctuation strength를사용하였고음의크기를나타내는인자들에대하여통계적값인 percentile value, L, L, N, N들을고려하였다. Binaural effect 를고려한성가심예측을위하여우선가장단순한좌우채널의각인자별등가단일값의차이를우선적으로고려하였고나아가시간영역에서의좌우채널차이를계산한후이들이시간에대해변화하는비율의최대값을계산하였다. 물리적인자들의좌우차이의시간영역에서최대변화율을계산하는과정을 Fig. 에나타내었다. 좌우차이의시간변화율은시간에따른좌우데이터를보면시간에따른변동이매우심하기때문에 moving average filter를사용하여 smooth화하였다. Moving average filter는입력신호에대해시간영역 M yn [ ] = x n i M ( ), () i= 여기서 x는입력신호, y는출력신호이며 M은평균시간동안신호의개수이다. 필터창의크기는. 초로각인자별로동일하게적용하였으며이렇게필터처리된좌우데이터의차이를구한후이를최종적으로시간에대한변화율을계산하여최대값을도출하였고 Fig. 에서볼수있듯이시간에대한변화율의최대값은좌우의크기가반전되는부분에서주로나타나기때문에적합한인자라고판단되었다. Fluctuation strength는시간에대한변동강도를나타내는인자이기때문에분석에서제외하였다.. 주관적성가심과물리적인자간의상관관계분석성가심예측인덱스를도출하기위하여앞절에서언급하였던 dba나음질인자들과그의통계적값은좌우채널중더큰값을사용하였다. 쌍대비 Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 9
9 Table Correlation analysis result of auditory experiment by paired comparison method Annoyance Correlation coefficient Significance probability, p-value L Aeq Correlation coefficient Significance probability, p-value Annoyance..8 L Aeq..8 L L Loudness N N Sharpness Roughness Fluctuation strength ( L A) grad, max ( Loudness) grad max ( Sharpness) grad max ( Roughness) grad max Table Correlation analysis result of auditory experiment by magnitude estimation method Annoyance Correlation coefficient Significance probability, p-value L Aeq Correlation coefficient Significance probability, p-value Annoyance.8.9 L Aeq.8.9 L L Loudness N N Sharpness....9 Roughness.... Fluctuation strength ( L A) grad max ( Loudness) grad max ( Sharpness) grad max ( Roughness) grad max 교법에서도출된성가심은비교음원의개수는 개로적으나실험방법의특성상성가심의정확도는더높다고볼수있다. 하지만쌍대비교법은실험방법상많은음원을비교하는것은음원쌍의조합이너무많아져실험시간이길어지고이에따라평가자의집중도가떨어져나중에평가된결과들은신뢰성이떨어진다는문제가있다. 적정한음원개수를선정하기위해차종별로기준이되는 m의음원들만고려하였으나차종별음원의음크기가뚜렷하게나타났기때문에성가심측정결과에음크기가너무지배적이라는문제점이있었다. 따라서쌍대비교법에서사용된 개의음원중소음의크기가작은누리로와저속운행시의 KTX, 그리고소음의크기가큰고속운행시의 KTX음원을제외한서로비슷한음크기를갖는 개의음원들의성가심을계산하여물리적인자와의상관관계를분석하였고그결과는 Table 과같다. Table 에나타낸 ( L A) grad, max, ( Loudness) grad, max, ( Sharpness) grad, max, ( Roughness) grad, max 는각각앞서언급하였던각인자의좌우채널차이의최대시간변화율을뜻한다. 성가심과가장상관관계가높은인자는 N 이었으며유의확률도매우높았다. 좌우단일값의차이는유의한결과가나오지않았으며상관관계도낮았다. 하지만시간에따른좌우차의변화율의최대값은 loudness와 sharpness의경우매우유의하며상관관계가높은결과가나왔으며특히 sharpness의변화율최대값이매우높게나왔다. 쌍대비교법결과에서상관분석에사용한음원의개수가적었기때문에음크기들을갖는여러개의음원들을평가할수있는크기추정법에의한성가심측정결과와의비료를통해쌍대비교법의결과를검증하였다. 쌍대비교법과마찬가지로음크기의지배적인영향을최대한배제하기위하여앞서사용되었던총 개의음원중 Fig. 에나타낸바와같이,, 9 m의측정거리에서측정되어비슷한음크기를갖는 8 dba에서 ± dba 이내에들어오는 8개의음원들로상관분석을실시하였으며이렇게도출된성가심과물리적인자와의상관관계를 Table 에나타내었다. 쌍대비교법에의한결과와마찬가지로시간에따른좌우차의변화율의최대값은 Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 9
10 loudness와 sharpness의경우성가심과매우유의한관계가나왔다. 따라서앞서언급하였던바와같이 binaural효과에의한성가심기여가크다는것을확인할수있었다.. 결론이연구에서는 binaural방식으로다양한철도차량의소음을녹음하고특성분석후청감실험을통하여다양한환경에서의 binaural 소음측정및분석을통한성가심도에미치는영향을파악하였다. 동일한음원에대해 monaural 과 binaural로각각녹음된철도소음에대한성가심을비교하였고녹음각도가,, 9 일때성가심의차이를분석하였다. 또한다양한차종과측정거리등을고려하여쌍대비교법과크기추정법의두가지방법으로성가심을분석하여 loudness 및 sharpness 좌우차이의시간변화율이성가심에밀접한영향을미친다는것을밝혔다. 이연구에서분석된결과를통하여향후철도소음에대한민원의근거를분석하고객관적음질평가지표와청감적성가심도연계결과를제시하여소음저감방안을제시하는데기초적인정보를제공할수있을것으로기대된다. 후기이연구는한국철도기술연구원 철도친환경성향상기술개발 의지원으로수행되었습니다. References () Mellet, C., Létourneaux, F., Poisson, F. and Talotte, C.,, High Speed Train Noise Emission: Latest Investigation of the Aerodynamic/rolling Noise Contribution, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 9, No. -, pp. ~. () Schömer, D.,, Loudness-level Weighting for Environmental Noise Assessment, Acta Acoustica United with Acoustica, Vol. 8, No,, pp. 9~. () Ma, H. and Yano, T.,, An Experiment on Auditory and Non-auditory Disturbances Caused by Railway and Road Traffic Noises in Outdoor Conditions, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol., No., pp. ~9. () Fields, M., Dejong, G., Gjestland, T., Flindell, H., Job, S., Kurra, S., Lercher, P., Vallet, M., Yano, T., Guski, R., Felscher-Suhr, U. and Schumer, R.,, Standardized General-purpose Noise Reaction Questions for Community Noise Surveys: Research and a Recommendation, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol., No., pp. ~9. () Yun, H. and Kim, J.,, An Experimental Study on the Propagation Characteristics of Railway Noise Passing Urban Area, Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol., No., pp. ~8. () Chun, H., Kim, D., Ko, J. and Chang, S., 8, Jury Evaluation Test for Annoyance Response of KTX(Korea Train Express) and Ordinary Train Noise, Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 8, No., pp. ~. () Zwicker, E. and Fastl, H., 999, Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models, Springer nd Edition. Junhong Park received the Ph.D. degree in from Department of Mechanical Engineering in Purdue University. He is an associate professor of Mechanical Engineering at Hanyang University. His main research interests are in the fields of acoustics, noise and vibration. Transactions of the KSNVE, () : 89~98, 98
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