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1 Korean J Med Educ 2008, Vol. 20, No. 4: DOI: /kjme Original Article 의료대화수업의실기시험과임상진료시험에서환자 - 의사관계점수의연관성 고려대학교의과대학의학교육학교실 이영미 김병수 Association Between Student Performance in a Medical Communication Skills Course and Patient-Physician Interaction Scores on a Clinical Performance Examination Young-Mee Lee and Byung Soo Kim Department of Medical Education, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: Since 2006, Korea University Medical College has offered a medical communication skills program for third-year medical students. This study examined the relationship between medical student interview performance in a medical communications skills course and students' patient-physician interaction (PPI) scores on the Clinical Performance Examination (CPX). Methods: Participants were 130 fourth-year students who took both the medical communication skills course in 2006 and the CPX in Students' scores in performance evaluation, assessed by SP interview, and their PPI scores were used for data analysis. Results: This study hypothesized that students who performed well in the medical communication skills course would have high PPI scores on the CPX. Students' PPI total and individual item scores showed statistically significant differences by the performance level of the medical communication skills course. Some of these differences were statistically significant, even after controlling for the influence of GPA. Conclusion: This study has practical implications for medical communications education, demonstrating that the knowledge and skills that are acquired in a communications skills course can be maintained. Key Words: Communication, Medical education, Clinical competence, Physician-patient relations 서 최근의료커뮤니케이션에대한관심이증대되면서국내에서도의과대학생들의커뮤니케이션능력과 론 Received: July 1, 2008 Accepted: December 4, 2008 Corresponding Author: Young-Mee Lee ymleehj@korea.ac.kr 기술을증진시키기위한교육프로그램이다양한형태로운영되고있다. 환자와의효과적인커뮤니케이션이치료계획에대한환자의순응도와환자-의사상호간의만족도를높일뿐만아니라궁극적으로긍정적인건강결과로연결된다는점 (Weinberger et al., 1981; Mumford et al., 1982; Steward, 1984; Wasserman et al., 1984) 을고려할때커뮤니케이션
2 Korean J Med Educ Vol. 20, No. 4: , December 2008 교육은의학교육에서중요한의미를지닌다. 선행연구에의하면, 의료커뮤니케이션교육프로그램은학생들로하여금효과적인의료커뮤니케이션의중요성과그가치를인식할수있도록도와줄뿐만아니라프로그램에대한학생들의만족도와효과성인식역시전반적으로높은것으로나타났다 (Towle & Hoffman, 2002; Lee et al., 2007; Anvik et al., 2008). 또한커뮤니케이션교육은실제학생들의커뮤니케이션능력을증진시키는데효과가있음이여러선행연구에서확인된바있는데, Winefield & Chur-Hansen (2000) 은커뮤니케이션교육을받기전에비해교육을받은후학생들의공감적반응능력이유의하게향상된것을보고하였다. 또다른연구에서는커뮤니케이션교육을받은학생들이그렇지않은학생들에비해더효과적인면담과대인관계기술을보였다 (Evans et al., 1991; Yedidia et al., 2003). 이와같은결과는커뮤니케이션능력이교육과정을통하여습득, 향상될수있음을보여준다. 고려대학교의과대학에서는의과대학생들의의사소통능력을향상시키기위하여 2006년부터의학과 3학년학생들을대상으로 의료대화 라는교과명으로커뮤니케이션교육과정을시행하였다. 의료대화 수업을받았던학생들을대상으로시행했던만족도조사에서학생들의전반적인만족도를확인할수있었고 (Lee et al., 2007), 수업전후에실시한실기시험에서학생들의커뮤니케이션기술이향상된것을관찰할수있었다 (Lee & Ahn, 2007). 그러나임상실습전교실수업에서배웠던커뮤니케이션교육이실제임상실습과진료에서활용되고유지될수있는지에대한종단적연구는아직시행된바없다. 외국의선행연구에의하면의과대학에서교육을받은 5년후의커뮤니케이션능력을추적조사한결과커뮤니케이션교육을받았던집단의커뮤니케이션능력이받지않았던집단보다높았음을보여주어학부의커뮤니케이션교육이유지됨을보여주었다 (Maguire et al., 1986). 또한커뮤니케이션교육을통해향상된의사의커뮤니케이션기술이교육을받은지 12~18개월이지난후에관찰했을때에도유지되는것으로나타나커뮤니케이션교육의효과가지속 될수있음을시사하였다 (Bowman et al., 1992; Fallowfield et al., 2003). 이연구는임상실습전시행되었던의료커뮤니케이션교육이일정시간이경과한후에도유지될수있는지를확인하는기초단계로서시행되었다. 즉, 의학과 3학년 의료대화 수업에서학생들이보여주었던커뮤니케이션능력과 1년후응시한임상진료시험 (Clinical Performance Examination: CPX) 에서환자-의사관계 (Physician Patient Interaction, PPI) 영역의연관성을분석함으로써의료커뮤니케이션교육의유지효과를간접적으로탐색하고자하였다. 선행연구에서는임상수행능력평가, 진료실기시험, 진료수행시험, 임상진료시험등으로다양하게표현하고있으나이연구에서는 임상진료시험 ' 이라는용어를사용하였다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상이연구의대상은 2007년 2학기당시고려대학교의과대학에재학중인 130명의의학과 4학년학생들이었다. 이들은 2006년 1학기에의료커뮤니케이션정규교육과정인 의료대화 수업을 16시간이수하였다. CPX는 2007년 9월에 3일간실시되었으며 6개의증례가사용되었다. 2007년 CPX에응시한학생은총 138명이었으나이중에서의료대화수업을수강한 130명의자료만이연구의분석에사용하였다. 2. 절차의료대화수업은매주 2시간씩 8주에걸쳐총 16 시간동안진행되었다. 8주간의수업주제는의료커뮤니케이션교육의필요성, 기초의학면담법, 화가난환자 / 폭력적인환자대하기, 수술전환자대하기, 환자교육, 나쁜소식전하기, 동료 s간직종간의료커뮤니케이션, 소아와보호자면담이었다. 교수방법으로는강의, 역할극 (role play), 표준화환자면담과토론등이활용되었으며, 기말시험으로마지막주에학생들이 7분동안실제로표준화환자와일대일면담을하게하고그장면을녹화하였다. 기말성적은
3 Young-Mee Lee and Byung Soo Kim: Performance in a Communication Skills Course & PPI of a CPX 총 40점만점으로하였으며녹화한면담내용을교수와학생동료가각각평가하였고교수의평가를 30%, 동료평가를 10% 반영하였다. 그러나이연구의분석을위해서는교수의평가만을사용하였다. 이수업의최종성적에는교수와동료평가외에도출석 (30%) 과조별프로젝트과제 (30%) 점수도포함되었으나이들점수는의료커뮤니케이션실기능력과직접적으로관련이없어이연구에는활용하지않았다. 3. 측정도구 1) 의료대화실기시험채점표의료대화실기시험의채점을위하여수업담당교수들이캘거리-캠브리지면담가이드 (Calgary-Cambridge Observation Guides, Kurtz et al., 2003) 를번역하고수정한채점표를이용하였다. 채점표는 면담시작하기, 정보수집, 환자의생각및감정파악하기, 면담의구조화, 관계형성, 설명과계획, 면담종료 의 7개하위영역과총 28문항으로구성하였고전반적평정을위한 1문항을추가하였다. 수업과정중에실시한커뮤니케이션훈련의평가및피드백에서동일한면담가이드가사용되었다. 학생들의성적은성적사정기준에따라면담과정전반에대한평가를수준미달 (1점) 에서부터최우수 (6점) 까지의 6점척도로평정하여, 5~6점은 A, 3~4점은 B, 2점은 C, 1점은불합격인재시험대상자로구분하였다. 수업을수강한학생들중 A를받은학생은 42명 (32%), B를받은학생은 64명 (49%), C를받은학생은 24 (19%) 명이었으며불합격을받은학생은한명도없었다. 면담과정전반에대한평가점수는 면담종료 를제외한 6개의하위영역점수와유의한상관이있었으며 (rs=.33~.58, p<.001), 이점수를 A, B, C로구분한성적이 의료대화 실기시험의최종성적으로반영되었다. 2) 환자-의사관계평점표 CPX의환자-의사관계를평가하기위한평점표인 PPI는 ' 편안함 ', ' 경청 ', ' 환자의관점에대한이해 ', ' 적절한비언어적행동 ', ' 존중과관심 ', ' 이해하기쉬운설명 ', ' 의사다움 ' 의총 7개항목으로구성되어 있다. 보완상의문제로 PPI의 7개항목에포함된구체적인평가내용은명시하지않고각항목을일반적인용어로기술하였다. 임상진료시험시표준화환자들은환자-의사상호작용의측면에서학생의수행을평가하기위해위의 7개항목에대해수준미달 (1) 부터최우수 (6) 까지의 6점척도로평정하였으며, 이연구에는 PPI 항목별평균점수와총점을산출하여사용하였다. 4. 자료분석의료대화수업중표준화환자면담에서 A를받은학생들을 의료대화수업의실기시험점수가높은집단 ( 상 ), B를받은학생들은 실기시험점수가중간인집단 ( 중 ), C를받은학생들을 의료대화수업의실기시험점수가낮은집단 ( 하 ) 의 3집단으로구분하였다. 이 3집단에따라학생들의 PPI 총점및개별평가항목의점수에차이가있는지를일원분산분석 (One-way ANOVA) 을통해검증하였다. 집단의차이가유의한변인에서는어떤집단간의차이가유의한지를구체적으로확인하기위해 Scheffé 사후검증을실시하였다. 또한학생의학업성적을통제한후에도집단간차이가유의한지를확인하기위하여학생들의 1학년 1학기부터 4학년 1학기까지의전학년평점평균 (GPA) 을공변인으로상정한공분산분석 (ANCOVA) 을수행하였다. 결과 1. 기술통계학생들의 CPX 총점과하위영역점수, 그리고 PPI 의개별항목점수의평균과표준편차를 Table 1에제시하였다. PPI 개별항목중에서학생들의 존중과관심 의평균점수가다른항목의평균에비해높았고 (M=3.30), 환자의관점에대한이해 의평균이낮은것으로나타났다 (M=2.87). 또한이연구에서통제변수로사용한학생들의전학년평점평균은 3.38점이었으며표준편차는.46이었다
4 Korean J Med Educ Vol. 20, No. 4: , December 2008 Table 1. Descriptive Statistics for Students CPX Scores (n=130) CPX Range Mean (SD) Total score Patient satisfaction Greeting History taking Physical examination Clinical courtesy Patient education Patient-physician interaction 1. Demonstrating interests and considering patients comfort 2. Listening attentively 3. Understanding patients perspectives 4. Demonstrating appropriate non-verbal behaviors 5. Showing respect and concern 6. Using easily understood questions and comments 7. Showing professional confidence 26.06~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (5.98) (8.20) (11.30) (8.82) (11.37) (13.20) (13.56) (6.20) (.39) (.31) (.36) (.42) (.32) (.38) (.38) 2. 의료대화실기시험성적수준에따른 PPI 총점및개별항목점수의차이우선 Levene의등분산가정을검정한결과, 세집단의분산에유의한차이가없었으며, 일원분산분석의등분산가정을충족시키는것으로나타났다 (Fs=.20~1.71, N.S.). 연구결과, 표준화환자면담으로평가한학생들의의료대화수행능력수준에따라환자-의사관계총점 (F[2,127]=4.89, p<.01) 과개별항목중 편안함 (F[2,127]=5.85, p<.01), 적절한비언어적행동 (F[2,127]=5.32, p<.01), 존중과관심 (F[2,127]=3.98, p<.05), 이해하기쉬운설명 (F[2,127]=3.34, p<.05), 의사다움 (F[2,127]=5.27, p<.01) 에서유의한차이가나타났다 (Table 2). 이들영역에서의점수의차이가어떤집단의차이에서기인한것인지를알아보기위하여 Scheffé 사후검증을실시하였다. 의료대화실기시험성적수준에따른 PPI 점수의사후비교분석을실시한결과, 편안함, 적절한비언어적행동, 존중과관심 점수에서는의료대화실기시험의성적이높은집단의점수가실기시험성적이낮은집단의점수보다유의 하게높은것으로나타났다 (p<.05). 이해하기쉬운설명 점수에서는의료대화성적이높은집단이성적이중간인집단과낮은집단에비해더높은경향성을보였으나그차이가통계적으로유의하지는않았다. PPI 총점에서는의료대화성적이높은집단의점수가성적이낮은집단의점수보다유의하게높은것으로나타났다 (Table 2). 3. 학생들의학점통제후의료대화성적수준에따른 PPI 점수의차이의료대화실기시험점수가높은집단 (M=3.52) 이낮은집단 (M=3.34) 이나중간인집단 (M=3.33) 에비해학점이높은경향을보였으나그차이가통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (F[2,127]=2.40, p=.10). 그러나학생들의학점이 PPI 문항별점수및전체점수와통계적으로유의한관계가있는것으로나타나 (rs=.22~.36, p<.05) 학생들의성적이 PPI 점수에미치는영향을통제한후에도 PPI의항목별점수및총점이의료대화실기시험성적수준에따라차이가있는지를알아보기위해공분산분석을실시하였다 (Table 3)
5 Young-Mee Lee and Byung Soo Kim: Performance in a Communication Skills Course & PPI of a CPX Table 2. Students' PPI Scores by Level of Student Performance in the Medical Communications Course Performance level Low (n=24) Medium (n=64) High (n=42) PPI Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) F Scheffé test a) 1. Demonstrating interest and 2.92 (.40) 3.06 (.39) 3.24 (.35) 5.85 b) L<H considering patients comfort 2. Listening attentively 3.03 (.40) 3.08 (.30) 3.13 (.27) Understanding patients 2.80 (.43) 2.85 (.33) 2.94 (.35) 1.50 perspectives 4. Demonstrating appropriate 2.94 (.50) 3.08 (.40) 3.26 (.34) 5.32 b) L<H non-verbal behaviors 5. Showing respect and concern 3.24 (.33) 3.25 (.33) 3.41 (.29) 3.98 c) L, M<H 6. Using easily understood 3.10 (.50) 3.16 (.37) 3.32 (.29) 3.34 c) questions and comments 7. Showing professional 2.98 (.49) 3.12 (.35) 3.28 (.32) 5.27 b) L<H confidence 8. Total Score (7.86) (5.8) (5.08) 4.89 b) L<H a) L: Low level, M: Medium level, H: High level, b) p<.01, c) p<.05 Table 3. Students' PPI Scores Adjusted for Their GPA by Level of Student Performance in the Medical Communications Course PPI 1. Demonstrating interest and considering patients comfort Performance level Low (n=24) Medium (n=64) High (n=42) Mean a) (SD) Mean a) (SD) Mean a) (SD) 2.94 (.08) 3.07 (.05) 3.21 (.06) 4.46 b) 2. Listening attentively 3.04 (.06) 3.09 (.04) 3.11 (.05) Understanding patients perspectives 2.81 (.07) 2.87 (.04) 2.92 (.05) Demonstrating appropriate non-verbal behaviors 2.95 (.08) 3.10 (.05) 3.23 (.06) 3.98 b) 5. Showing respect and concern 3.25 (.06) 3.26 (.04) 3.39 (.05) Using easily understood questions 3.11 (.08) 3.17 (.05) 3.30 (.06) 2.59 and comments 7. Showing professional confidence 2.99 (.07) 3.14 (.04) 3.24 (.06) 2.29 b) 8. Total Score (1.17) (.72) (.90) 3.88 b) a) Students' PPI Scores adjusted for their GPA, b) p<.05 F 그결과, 학생들의학점이 PPI의항목별점수및총점에미치는영향이유의하였으며 (Fs[1,126]=5.44~ 15.90, p<.05), 학생들의학점을통제하였을때 PPI 총점 (F[2,126]=3.42, p<.05), 편안함 (F[2,126]= 4.46, p<.05), 적절한비언어적행동 (F[2,126])= 3.98, p<.05), 의사다움 (F[2,126]=3.88, p<.05) 점
6 Korean J Med Educ Vol. 20, No. 4: , December 2008 수에서의집단간차이는여전히유의하였다. 그러나 존중과관심 (F[2,126]=2.59, N.S.) 과 이해하기쉬운설명 점수 (F[2,126]=2.28, N.S.) 에서의수준별차이는더이상통계적으로유의하지않았다. 즉, 학생들의학점을통제하였을때도의료대화실기시험점수가높은집단이그렇지않은집단에비해 PPI 총점, 편안함, 적절한비언어적행동, 의사다움점수에서유의하게높은점수를나타내었다. 고찰이연구는학생들의의료대화수업의실기시험점수와 CPX의환자-의사관계 (PPI) 점수관련성을조사함으로써의료대화수업의유지효과를간접적으로탐색하고자하였다. 의료대화수업의실기시험점수는학생들이의료대화수업을통해배운의료커뮤니케이션지식과기술을표준화환자와의면담상황에서얼마나잘활용하는지를평가한것으로서이연구에서는이실기시험점수의수준을임상실습직전학생들의보유하는의료커뮤니케이션능력지표로정하였다. 연구결과, 의료대화실기시험성적으로구분한상, 중, 하집단에따라 CPX의 환자-의사관계 (PPI) 총점에차이가있는것으로나타났다. 즉, 학기말실기시험에서의료대화수업에서학습한것을잘적용하여좋은점수를받은학생집단은 CPX의 PPI 점수에서도의료대화실기시험의점수가낮은집단에비해유의하게높은점수를보였다. 구체적으로이러한결과는 편안함, 적절한비언어적행동, 존중과관심, 의사다움 의점수에서나타났으며, 이중에서 존중과관심 과 이해하기쉬운설명 을제외한다른점수에서는학생들의학점의효과를통제한후에도여전히그차이가유의하였다. 위의결과는수업직후상대적으로높은커뮤니케이션수행력을보였던학생들이비교적장기적인결과변인의지표가될수있는 CPX의환자면담에서도우수한성적을나타낼가능성을보여준다. 즉, 수업에서학습한커뮤니케이션능력이일정기간이경과후에도유지될수있음을간접적으로시사한다. 그러나 의료대화수업사전및사후의학생들의실제행동변화에대한측정과비교를하지못했기때문에환자-의사관계의점수에의료대화수업이미친독립적인효과는확인할수없었다. 즉, 의료대화실기시험에서좋은점수를받은학생들이 CPX의 PPI 점수가높았다고해서이점수의차이를의료커뮤니케이션교육과정의직접적인효과가유지된것이라고는해석할수는없다. 의료커뮤니케이션교육과정이환자-의사관계에미치는효과를직접적으로확인하기위해서는의료대화수업이전과이후의수행을비교할수있도록사후검사와비교가능한사전검사를실시할필요가있으며, 선행연구 (Yedidia et al., 2003) 와같이의료대화수업을받은집단과받지않은통제집단과의비교가필요하다. 또한의료대화교육프로그램의효과성을보다면밀히평가하기위해서는환자와의의학면담의특성과질에영향을미칠수있는학생개인의성격적요인을통제하거나개인적요인과의료대화프로그램의상호작용효과를탐색할필요가있다. 한편, CPX의환자-의사관계개별항목중에서의료대화실기시험성적수준에따라 경청 과 환자의관점에대한이해 항목은유의한차이가나타나지않았다이항목들은의료대화실기시험성적상중하집단공히다른영역의점수에비하여평균점수도낮았다. 경청 이나 환자의견해이해 와같은요소는효과적인커뮤니케이션과환자중심적접근을위해가장중요한요소임에도불구하고교육을통해쉽게향상되기어려운영역임을시사하는소견이라고해석할수있다. 저자들의다른선행연구 (Lee et al., 2008) 에서학생들이일반적으로그중요성을높게인식하고있으나임상현장에서실제활용하는빈도가상대적으로낮은것으로나타난요소들이바로이러한요소들이었다. 학습자의태도변화가선행되어야하고실제적인행동변화를이루는데많은노력과훈련이필요한커뮤니케이션기술을어떻게체계적으로교육시킬것인가가의료커뮤니케이션교육과정의중요한과제가될수있음을시사한다. 이연구에서는커뮤니케이션교육을받은집단과
7 Young-Mee Lee and Byung Soo Kim: Performance in a Communication Skills Course & PPI of a CPX 받지않은집단간의비교를통해교육의효과성에대해서는확인할수없었으나동일한교육을받았다고할지라도학기말의료대화실기시험수준에따라 1년후 CPX 시험에서환자-의사관계에차이가있음을보여주었다. 따라서교육후상대적으로낮은커뮤니케이션수행능력을보이는학생들에게는임상실습기간동안에자신의취약한부분을보완할수있도록피드백을제공하는것이필요할것이다. 결론적으로저자들은의료대화수업종료직후측정한학생들의커뮤니케이션능력과일정기간경과후측정한임상진료평가의환자-의사관계형성능력사이에연관성이있음을확인할수있었다. 향후사전및사후검사또는대조군비교연구등을통하여의료커뮤니케이션교육프로그램의장단기효과및유지효과에대하여체계적연구가필요하다. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the Seoul and Gyeonggi CPX consortium for their access permission to the 2007 CPX data for this study. Also, the authors deeply appreciate Dr. Su Hyun Jeon, who contributed to the statical analysis of this study. REFERENCES Anvik, T., Grimstad, H., Baerheim, A., Bernt Fasmer, O., Gude, T., Hjortdahl, P., Holen, A., Risberg, T., & Vaglum, P.(2008). Medical students' cognitive and affective attitudes towards learning and using communication skills: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Med Teach, 30, Bowman, F.M., Goldberg, D.P., Millar, T., Gask, L., & McGrath, G.(1992). Improving the skills of established general practitioners: the long-term benefits of group teaching. Med Educ, 26, Evans, B.J., Stanley, R.O., Mestrovic, R., & Rose, L. (1991). Effects of communication skills training on students' diagnostic efficiency. Med Educ, 25, Fallowfield, L., Jenkins, V., Farewell, V., & Solis- Trapala, I.(2003). Enduring impact of communication skills training: results of a 12-month follow-up. Br J Cancer, 89, Kurtz, S., Silverman, J., Benson, J., & Draper, J. (2003). Marrying content and process in clinical method teaching: enhancing the Calgary-Cambridge guides. Acad Med, 78, Lee, Y.M., & Ahn, D.S.(2007). Evaluation of communication skills course for undergraduate medical students. Poster presented at the AMEE Conference on Clinical Competence. Oslo, Norway. Lee, Y.M., Jeon, S., Ahn, D.S., Kim, B.S., & Kim, B.T.(2008). Transfer of communication skills from classroom to clerkship. Poster presented at the 13th Ottawa International Conference on Clinical Competence. Melbourne, Australia. Lee, Y.M., Oh, Y.J., Ahn, D.S., & Yoon, S.M. (2007). Implementing a communication skills course for undergraduate medical students. Korean J Med Educ, 19, Maguire, P., Fairbairn, S., & Fletcher, C.(1986). Consultation skills of young doctors: I--Benefits of feedback training in interviewing as students persist. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 292, Mumford, E., Schlesinger, H.J., & Glass, G.V. (1982). The effects of psychological intervention on recovery from surgery and heart attacks: an analysis of the literature. Am Public Health Assoc, 72, Stewart, M.A.(1984). What is a successful doctorpatient interview? A study of interactions and outcomes. Soc Sci Med, 19, Towle, A., & Hoffman, J.(2002). An advanced communication skills course for fourth-year, post
8 Korean J Med Educ Vol. 20, No. 4: , December 2008 clerkship students. Acad Med, 77, Wasserman, R.C., Inui, T.S., Barriatua, R.D., Carter, W.B., & Lippincott, P.(1984). Pediatric clinicians' support for parents makes a difference: an outcome-based analysis of clinician-parent interaction. Pediatrics, 74, Weinberger, M., Greene, J.Y., & Mamlin, J.J.(1981). The impact of clinical encounter events on patient and physician satisfaction. Soc Sci Med [E], 15, Winefield, H.R., & Chur-Hansen, A.(2000). Evaluating the outcome of communication skill teaching for entry-level medical students: does knowledge of empathy increase? Med Educ, 34, Yedidia, M.J., Gillespie, C.C., Kachur, E., Schwartz, M.D., Ockene, J., Chepaitis, A.E., Snyder, C.W., Lazare, A., & Lipkin, M. Jr.(2003). Effect of communications training on medical student performance. JAMA, 290,
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