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1 Journal of the Society of Korea Vol. 31, No. 2 pp April A Review on the Relationship of and Industrial Hygiene Hee-Sok Park Department of Industrial Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this paper is to examine the scope of ergonomics in relation to the discipline of industrial hygiene. Background: There has been increasing recognition of the importance of ergonomics in the practice of industrial hygiene. As a result, quite a number of ergonomics-related research articles have been published in major industrial hygiene journals. And the professional engineers in industrial hygiene have conducted ergonomics-related activities. Method: This paper reports the results from the literature review of the ergonomics papers published in major industrial hygiene journals for the last 5 years, and the certification of industrial hygiene and ergonomics. Results: It was found that 7.7~13% of the total published papers were about ergonomics, and the number of the professional engineers in industrial hygiene is almost double of that of ergonomics. Conclusion: It should be understood that the work of ergonomic is complementary to industrial hygiene and not in competition with it. Application: Some suggestions were proposed hopefully helpful to colleague ergonomists for future research. Keywords: Industrial hygiene, Complementary relationship 1. Introduction 최근에는많은학문분야가학문간의경계가없는학제적인 (interdisciplinary) 성격을추구하고있다, 인간공학도마찬가지로서, 여러학문분야에서인간공학적원리와기법을연구및응용하고있다. 예를들어, 육체적인간공학 (physical ergonomics) 은안전공학, 산업의학, 산업위생, 기계공학등의분야에서, 그리고인지적인간공학 (cognitive ergonomics) 은심리학, 산업디자인, 컴퓨터공학등에서관심을가지고있다. 이러한현상은인간공학의적용범위를넓히고학문의위상을높이는측면에서바람직한것으로환영할만하다. 반면, 인간공학고유의영역이협소해지고인간공학전문가들의활동이위축될우려가있다. 이에본논문에서는인접학 문중국내외에서인간공학관련연구및응용활동을활발히하고있는산업위생 (industrial hygiene) 분야와인간공학과의관계를짚어보고자한다. 여기서고려대상이되는인간공학의영역으로인지적인간공학분야는제외한다. 미국산업위생학회 (American Industrial Hygiene Association: AIHA) 는산업위생을 ' 작업장에서근로자에게질병과건강 / 복지의손상을유발하고일반인의불편함을초래하는환경요인과스트레스를예측, 측정, 평가, 관리하는과학과기술 ' 이라고광범위하게정의하고있다 (AIHA Home page, 2011). 이정의는인간공학이추구하는바와크게다르지않다. 또한미국의노동부산하산업안전보건청 (Occupational Safety and Health Administration: OSHA) 은산업위생분야가다루어야하는위험요인으로서공기오염물질과화학적, 생물학적, 물리적, 인간공학적요인을거론하고있다 (OSHA, 1998). Corresponding Author: Hee-Sok Park. Department of Industrial Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Phone: , hspark@hongik.ac.kr Copyright@2012 by Society of Korea(pISSN: eissn: ). All right reserved. cc This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 408 Hee Sok Park JESK 그리고주요산업위생전문학술지의출판목적과범위 (aims and scope) 가인간공학을포함하고있어서많은인간공학관련논문이발표되고있다. 또한산업위생자격인증의출제범위에인간공학이포함되어있으며, 산업현장에서도산업위생전문가들이인간공학적응용활동을하고있는실정이다. 더구나최근작업관련성근골격계질환이문제시됨에따라많은산업위생종사자들이인간공학에대하여관심을가지고있다. AIHA에서는인간공학에대한입장 (Position statement on ergonomics) 을통하여근골격계질환의평가와관리를위한인간공학의역할과범위를정의하고, 관련연구의지원, 규제의개발등을포함하는 AIHA의역할을명기한바있다 (AIHA, 1997). 한편, 우리나라정부에서는근골격계질환의업무상질병인정여부를결정함에있어서인간공학전문가, 산업위생전문가, 산업의학전문의등관련전문가의의견을듣게하고있다 ( 노동부고시제 호 ). 즉, 근골격계질환의공식적인인정에있어인간공학전문가와산업위생전문가의권한이동일한것이다. 이렇듯산업위생분야에서는인간공학을구성분야로인식하고있으며, 활발한인간공학관련연구와응용활동을하고있다. 이에본연구에서는국내외산업위생전문학술지에발표되는인간공학관련논문의현황을분석하여산업위생연구계에서차지하고있는인간공학의비중을살펴보았다. 그리고미국과우리나라의자격인증제도의현황을조사하여양분야의전문가배출정도를비교하였다. 이를통하여산업위생과인간공학과의관계와인간공학분야의위상을고찰하고, 인간공학연구자들이지향해야할방향을제시하고자한다. 생과직접적인관련이없는 (1), (3), (6) 번을제외한 3개학술지를대상으로하였으나, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health는그범위에인간공학이포함되지않고실제인간공학논문의게재건수도미미하여조사대상에서제외하였다. 국내는한국산업위생학회지 ( 한국연구재단등재지, 년간 4호발간 ) 를조사대상으로하였다. 선정된 3개학술지에최근 5년간 (2007~2011) 게재된 original article 들을위주로분석하되, special issue 는제외하였다. 육체적인간공학과환경인간공학과관련된다양한주제어 ( 예 : ergonomic, musculoskeletal, low back, intervention, risk factor, noise, hearing, vibration, heat, cold, lighting 등 ) 를사용하여검색된결과를검토하였다. 그리고게재된모든논문들의제목과초록을검토하여그내용과중심어가상기한기준에해당되는논문들을추출하였다. 2.2 Certification in the US and Korea 미국에서산업위생전문자격을부여하는곳은 1960년에설립된 American Board of Industrial Hygiene(ABIH) 으로서, Certified Industrial Hygienist(CIH) 를포함한자격을부여하고있다 (ABIH Home page, 2011). 인간공학은 1990년에설립된 Board of Certification in Professional (BCPE) 에서수여하는 Certified Professional Ergonomist(CPE) 를조사하였다 (BCPE Home page, 2011). 국내자격제도는한국산업인력관리공단에서주관하는산업위생관리기술사와인간공학기술사제도를중심으로조사하였다 (HRD-Korea Home page, 2011). 2.1 Research articles 2. Method 3.1 Research articles 3. Results 해외에서발간되고있는주요산업위생전문학술지를조사하였다. 이를위하여 Journal Citation Records에수록된 SCI등재학술지중에서제목에 hygiene이포함된것들을검색한결과, 아래의 6종이검색되었다 : (1) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, (2) Annals of Occupational Hygiene, (3) Food Hygiene and Safety Science, (4) International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, (5) Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, (6) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 이중산업위 Annals of Occupational Hygiene은 1958년부터영국산업위생학회 (British Occupational Hygiene Society) 에서발간하여왔으며, 2010년기준 impact factor 는 이다. 년간 8호를출간하고있다. 최근 5년간게재된총논문수는 379편이며, 그중 29편 (7.7%) 이인간공학관련주제를다루는논문이었다 (Table 1). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene은 AIHA 와산업위생및보건관련한계치 (Threshold Limit Value: TLV) 를도출하는미국정부산업위생가협회 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists:

3 Vol. 31, No A Review on the Relationship of and Industrial Hygiene 409 ACGIH) 에서공동으로발간한다. 2010년 impact factor 는 이다. 과거에는다른명칭 (AIHA Journal, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene) 이었으며, 2004 년부터현재의명칭을갖는다. 매월발간하고있으며, 최근 5년동안게재된총 417 편의논문중 48편 (11.5%) 이인간공학논문이었다 (Table 2). Table 1. The number of the articles published in the Annals of Occupational Hygiene Table 2. The number of the articles published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene E/T Sum E/T * Sum *special issue 제외 한국산업위생학회지의경우에는인간공학논문들이전체의 13% 를차지하고있었다 (Table 3). Table 3. The number of the articles published in the Journal of Korea Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene E/T * Sum *2011 년 12 월현재, 3 호까지발간 3.2 Certification in the US and Korea 미국 CIH 의시험범위는 Air Sampling & Instrumentation 을비롯한 16개영역으로서, 인간공학이명기되어있다 ( 시간동작연구포함 ). 현재 1만여명이자격증을보유하고있으며, 그중 6,500 여명이현직에서활동하고있다고한다. 미국의인간공학기술사자격증인 CPE를보유하고있는사람들은따로집계되어있지않으며, 약 1,500 여명이다음자격증을보유하고있다 : Certified Professional Ergonomist, Certified Human Factors Professional, Certified User Experience Professional, Associate Professional, Associate Human Factors Professional, Associate User Experience Professional, Certified Associate. 국내의산업위생관리기술사는 1983년에안전관리기술사 ( 산업위생관리 ) 로시작하여 1991년도에산업위생관리기술사로독립하였다. 시험문제영역중산업위생학개론 ( 전체시험문제중에서 20%) 에인간공학 ( 들기작업, 단순및반복작업, VDT 증후군, 노동생리, 근골격계질환, 작업부하평가방법, 작업환경의개선 ) 과산업피로 ( 피로의정의및종류, 원인및증상, 에너지소비량, 작업강도, 작업시간과휴식, 교대작업, 산업피로의예방과대책 ) 부문이인간공학과직접적으로관련이있다. 인간공학기술사는 2005년부터실시되고있다. 양기술사시험의지원자, 합격자및합격률현황이 Table 4와 Table 5에나타나있다. Table 4. The number of Professional Engineer in Industrial Hygiene Management Applicants Written test Pass Oral test Sum

4 410 Hee Sok Park JESK Table 5. The number of Professional Engineer in Written test Oral test 4. Conclusion and Discussion Sum 국내외에서발간되는산업위생전문학술지를조사한결과, 전체논문의 7.7~13% 정도가인간공학관련논문이었다. 산업위생의다양한분야를고려하면이는결코적은비중이아니라고판단된다. 특히 AIHA 에서는 1994년부터 '' 라는전문칼럼을신설, 운영하여왔으며, 이칼럼이외에도많은인간공학논문이실리고있다. 더구나 2000년도는미국내인간공학연구및규제, 예방관리의괄목할만한해 (banner year) 로기념하는논문이게재된바있다 (Schneider, 2001). 전문자격과관련하여서는, 산업위생분야의오랜역사로인하여산업위생전문가들이인간공학기술사에비해수적으로 2배이상월등히많은것을알수있었다. 국내인간공학기술사의활용방안으로근골격계질환예방관리프로그램구축, 유해요인조사, 작업환경개선이가장큰비중을차지하는것으로조사되었으나 (Lee, 2007), 이는최근산업위생관리기술사들이참여하고있는영역이다. 특히최근국내에서는기술사면접관 3명중 1명을인간공학전문가로초빙하는등, 인간공학의비중이커지고있다. 학술지에발표되는논문의수와전문자격인증현황만을토대로그분야의위상을평가하는것은불충분하다. 그리고논문의분류가주관적으로, 대분류만으로이루어진한계점이있으나, 현재까지인간공학분야의분류법 (taxonomy) 이확립되지않은실정임을감안하여야한다. 그리고본논문에서채택된방법이외에도해당분야의대학 / 대학원학과수및규모, 졸업생수등을함께분석한다면보다충분한분석이가능하겠다. 결론적으로, 산업위생분야에서인간공학연구와응용이 활발히진행되고있음을알수있었다. 이러한현상은산업안전, 산업의학도비슷한추세일것이다. 그리고육체적인간공학에국한하여고찰하였으나인지적인간공학도같은입장일것으로여겨진다. 서론에서언급한바와같이이러한현상은고무적이지만, 인접학문과차별되는인간공학의정체성과위상을위하여아래와같이제안하고자한다. 1 여러인간공학적위험요인에대한양-반응관계 (dose-response relationship) 를규명하는보다근원적인연구가필요하다. 현재우리나라에서적용되고있는인간공학적규제또는지침은그내용이상당부분정성적이며, 비록정량적이라하더라도논란이많은실정이다 ( 예 : 고용노동부지정 11개근골격계부담작업 ). 따라서여러인간공학적위험요인의노출수준과그결과간의정량적인관계를확립하여보다과학적이며노사가모두동의할수있는합리적인규제를도출할필요가있다. 2 외국에서개발된지침, 평가도구또는표준에대한우리나라집단에대한적합성을검토해야한다. 예를들어, 들기작업에서의적정하중지침, 국제표준화기구 (ISO) 에서제정한여러인간공학관련표준등이우리나라사람들에게적합한지를검토하고, 필요한경우보정대책을제시할필요가있다. 나아가, 서비스업, 비정형적인작업등새로운형태의작업의분석에적합한도구의개발이요구된다. 3 다른공학분야에대한보다높은수준의이해와응용을통하여작업장의공학적개선 (engineering control) 조처를도출할필요가있다. 최근에는자동기계의발전이급속도로이루어지고있다. 이에인간공학연구자들은인접한공학분야에대한관심을통하여보다현실적이고경제적인개선안도출을주도할필요가있다. 아울러, 인간공학적개선프로그램에대한경제성분석을함께실시하여인접학문과의차별화를도모할필요가있다. 산업위생과인간공학과의관계는경쟁적이지않으며, 상호보완적이다 (Fraser, 1984). 상호에대한이해를높이고인접학문의접근방법을서로응용한다면보다폭넓은연구가가능하다 (Schneider, 1997). 인간공학이국내에도입된지 30여년이지났다. 그동안많은노력을통하여양적, 질적발전을이루어왔다. 이제는인접학문에대한이해를높이고융합적인접근방법으로광범위하고보다심도깊은인간공학연구와응용이필요한시점이다.

5 Vol. 31, No A Review on the Relationship of and Industrial Hygiene 411 Acknowledgements This work was supported by 2011 Hongik University Research Fund. References Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA 3143, Informational Booklet on Industrial Hygiene, U.S. Department of Labor, Schneider, S. P., Applying Industrial Hygiene Principles to Control Ergonomic Risks, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 11(10), , Schneider, S. P., The 2000 in, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 16(4), , The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol , American Board of Industrial Hygiene Home page, (retrieved December 1, 2011) American Industrial Hygiene Association, Position Statement on, AIHA Board of Directors, American Industrial Hygiene Association Home page, (retrieved December 1, 2011) Board of Certification in Professional Home page, December 1, 2011) Fraser, T. M., and Industrial Hygiene: A Complementary Relationship, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 45(7), B5-B6, B8, Human Resources Development Service of Korea Home page, December 1, 2011) Journal of Korea Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol , 2007~2011. Lee, D., A Job Analysis of the Certified Professional Ergonomists, Journal of the Ergonomic Society of Korea, 27(2), 67-72, Author listings Hee-Sok Park: hspark@hongik.ac.kr Highest degree: PhD, The University of Michigan Position title: Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Hongik University Areas of interest: Industrial, Musculoskeletal Disorders Date Received : Date Revised : Date Accepted :

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