15-02-01

1. 15-02-01 2. PPS Company

. 2015 2

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Abstract 5 Abstract This research has been conducted as the main project for establishing the groundwork for national cohesion, one of the policy goals presented by the Presidential Committee for National Cohesion. Naturally, it has the characteristics of a policy research, and its objectives are not only to develop another set of indicators, but also to contribute to the policymaking process. A number of studies have already been conducted on social cohesion or national cohesion, some of which have attempted to systemize indicators that diagnose the current situation. This research tries to both embrace and complement the results of previous studies on social cohesion or national cohesion. While this research tries to continue the legacy of previous studies as much as possible, it also attempts differentiation in certain aspects. First, this research compared data with other OECD member countries, to gain an objective insight into national cohesion in our society. Also, to get closer to the purpose of the study, which is to enhance policy utilization, policy simulations were conducted using policy variables set in the subcategory level. Meanwhile, a problem faced by many studies on indicators is that there is a considerable gap between the data and actual sentiments. To overcome such limitations this research uses surveys to compare data and sentiment, aiming to determine which policies should be given priority and which direction the policies should take. The results can be summarized as follows: a comparative study with the OECD

6 member countries based on the national cohesion index showed that Korea s ranking has remained low in all of the main categories (social inclusion, social capital, foundation) since 1990. In the subcategories, Korea ranks low in all but twoequity and trust. In the subcategory equity, Korea was a top-ranking country prior to 2000, but the ranking continued to fall in the 2000s, eventually settling in the mid-tier. In government capacity, Korea s ranking remains low, but has surged between 2005 and 2012. In the minor categories, the most noticeable result is the decline in Korea s ranking in digital divide, which was high until 2000 but fell to the middle in 2012. In contrast, the ranking in economic safety rose from the middle to the top, while government execution has been steadily rising from the bottom. In addition to comparing the indicators with other nations, this research examines the correlation between the rankings and each country s economic size, democracy, policy stability, government capacity and corruption control. A noticeable point was that the correlation between economic size and national cohesion was relatively weak in the top 30% and bottom 30% economies, and this trend was consistent in all periods. However, an analysis of all countries showed a meaningful correlation between economic size and national cohesion, and the correlation is continuing to grow. In general, countries that are weak in terms of democracy, government capacity and corruption control continued to show a meaningful correlation with foundation. This shows that in order to achieve national cohesion through foundation, sociopolitical factors such as democracy, government capacity and transparency are more important than economic development. One important factor that distinguishes this research from previous studies is

Abstract 7 policy simulation. The conclusion drawn from the policy simulations is that it takes an enormous amount of effort to improve one s status through a surge in rankings, while no effort at all will worsen conditions. This research employs two methods to conduct the policy simulations. One method raises the raw data value for 2012 of Korea s policy variables by 10% and examines what effect this has on the national rankings. Another analysis makes a prediction of Korea s rankings in 2015 and 2020, assuming that the policy variables of all 31 OECD member countries improve as much as the yearly growth rates of 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2012. According to the policy simulation, when Korea s policy variables improve by 10%, the rankings in most of the minor categories either remain unchanged or move up only a few steps. However, in indicators such as tolerance for multiple cultures, economic equity and economic freedom, a 10% improvement results in Korea s status improving in the higher categories for the respective indicators. The simulation results suggest that policy approaches will become more effective by determining which policy focus will yield the best results. Although improving international rankings or status is important, this research is unique in that it ties the analysis of indicators with subjective perception, as national cohesion is closely related to sympathizing with national sentiment. This research seeks to differentiate in terms of policy responses by linking international comparisons with perception of importance and subjective sentiments. The most important indicators from a policy perspective are those that are perceived as important but show poor results in the analyses of objective data and subjective sentiments. Indicators such as equality of economic opportunity, social safety and psychological safety are examples of such, and policies should prioritize theses areas. Indicators such as law and order and government capacity seem to be

8 improving but the data and sentiments remain poor. Meanwhile, in areas where the objective results are good by the subjective results are bad, there should be efforts to form a social consensus by providing accurate information, as well as through PR efforts and education. According to the analysis, economic safety, economic equity and social equity are fields where such efforts are required. Social welfare, global contribution, tolerance for multiple cultures and participation show poor objective results but are perceived positively. In these fields, an improvement in the objective indicators is expected to amplify positive sentiments. Follow-up studies should aim for the enhancement of policy utilization, instead of fixating on the index itself. In order to do so, follow-up studies should examine policy responses for national cohesion and predict the outcomes of those responses. More specifically, they need to look into the national cohesion-related policies implemented by each government ministry and classify those policies by the categories presented in this research, after which they should gauge and predict the possible impact of the policies in each category. Also, it is imperative that the index is constantly examined and analyzed. The details and the framework of the surveys conducted in this research should be constantly updated, while the indicators should be subjected to periodic research and analysis.

9 1 1 19 1 19 2 23 1. 23 2. : 24 2 29 1 (Social Cohesion) 29 1. 29 2. 32 3. 34 2 37 1. OECD 38 2. EU 41 3. UN ECLAC 46 4. (2010) 48 5. - () (2010) 52 6. (, 2011) 54

10 7. (2014) 57 8. 59 3 60 1 60 1. 60 2. 63 2 66 1. 66 2. 71 3. 73 4. 77 4 80 1 80 1. 80 2. 82 2 91 1. 91 2. 93 3. 98 3 110 1. 110 2. 112 3. 116 4 128

11 1. 128 2. 130 3. 138 5 156 5 163 1 163 2 167 1. 167 2. 168 3 186 1. 186 2. 191 3. 196 4. 200 5. 204 6 209 1 210 2 213 3 216 4 218 1. 218 2. 220 3. 222 5 223

12 6 228 7 229 1 229 2 234 237

13 < 21> 2014 OECD 38 < 22> 2014 OECD 40 < 23> EU (Berger-Schmitt ) 42 < 24> (CoE, 2005) 43 < 25> 45 < 26> UN ECLAC : 46 < 27> ECLAC 47 < 28> 50 < 29> 50 < 210> 53 < 211> 55 < 212> 58 < 31> 62 < 32> 67 < 33> : 68 < 34> : 69 < 35> : 70 < 36> : 73 < 37> : 75 < 38> : 76

14 < 41> OECD 85 < 42> 90 < 43>, 91 < 44>, 93 < 45>, 95 < 46> 97 < 47>, 98 < 48>, 100 < 49>, 101 < 410>, 103 < 411>, 104 < 412>, 106 < 413>, 107 < 414>, 109 < 415>, 110 < 416>, 112 < 417>, 114 < 418>, 115 < 419>, 117 < 420>, 118 < 421>, 120 < 422>, 121 < 423>, 122 < 424>, 124 < 425>, 126 < 426>, 127

15 < 427>, 129 < 428>, 131 < 429>, 132 < 430>, 134 < 431>, 135 < 432>, 137 < 433>, 138 < 434>, 140 < 435>, 141 < 436>, 143 < 437>, 144 < 438>, 146 < 439>, 147 < 440>, 149 < 441>, 150 < 442>, 152 < 443>, 153 < 444>, 155 < 445> 158 < 446> 161 < 51> 164 < 52> ( ) 165 < 53> (1990) 165 < 54> (2000) 166 < 55> 1 167

16 < 56> 168 < 57> 169 < 58> 172 < 59> 172 < 510> 173 < 511> () 173 < 512> 174 < 513> () 174 < 514> 175 < 515> () 175 < 516> 176 < 517> 176 < 518> () 176 < 519> 177 < 520> () 177 < 521> 178 < 522> 178 < 523> 179 < 524> (2015, 2020 ) 182 < 525> 184 < 526> 187 < 527> 30% 30% 189 < 528> 190 < 529> 192 < 530> 30% 30% 194 < 531> 195

17 < 532> 196 < 533> 30% 30% 198 < 534> 199 < 535> 200 < 536> 30% 30% 202 < 537> 203 < 538> 205 < 539> 30% 30% 207 < 540> 208 < 61> 211 < 62> 212 < 63> 214 < 64> 215 < 65> : 216 < 66> : 217 < 67> 219 < 68> 220 < 69> 221 < 610> 222

18 [ 11] 21 [ 21] 49 [ 22] 52 [ 23] 55 [ 24] 58 [ 31] 61 [ 41] OECD GDP 81 [ 42] OECD 81 [ 43] OECD 83 [ 44] OECD 84 [ 45] OECD 84 [ 46] OECD 85 [ 47] 88 [ 48] 89 [ 49] 89 [ 410] 90 [ 411] 1 159 [ 61] - 224

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84 44 45

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86 41 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 () 0.524 0.537 0.558 0.557 0.37 () 0.708 0.730 0.761 0.748 0.32 () 0.588 0.580 0.585 0.573-0.15 () 0.509 0.510 0.520 0.492-0.19 () 0.395 0.407 0.446 0.493 1.30 () 0.419 0.460 0.480 0.482 0.82. OECD,, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2012 (coefficient of variation).., (unit free).. [ 4-7],,, 1 GDP., 1990 2000

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90 410 42 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 1 GDP 0.416 0.427 0.414 0.373-0.65 () 0.125 0.124 0.132 0.108-0.86 () 0.285 0.262 0.249 0.220-1.51 () 0.153 0.156 0.149 0.106-2.16 () 0.098 0.100 0.105 0.099 0.04 () 0.300 0.309 0.318 0.382 1.42 () 0.276 0.276 0.276 0.368 1.69 () 0.358 0.394 0.450 0.457 1.44 () 0.443 0.443 0.443 0.469 0.33 () 0.293 0.273 0.251 0.246-1.03 () 0.212 0.169 0.144 0.166-1.46 () 0.389 0.389 0.398 0.362-0.42 () 0.446 0.431 0.363 0.386-0.84 () 0.361 0.341 0.330 0.306-0.99 () 0.372 0.356 0.342 0.347-0.40

4 91 2 1.,,. 2012 3,,, 3,,. 1995 2012 4,,, 16. 4,,,,,, 9. 30%, 40%, 30%. 1995 2012,,.. 1995 2012. 1995 26 2012 27 1. 43 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 1995 2012 Change OECD Mean 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.67 1.23 - - - - - - - Australia 0.56 0.61 0.66 0.70 1.30 11 10 7 10 1 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

92 43 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 1995 2012 Change OECD Mean 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.67 1.23 - - - - - - - Austria 0.57 0.63 0.66 0.72 1.40 9 6 8 6 3 H H Belgium 0.51 0.61 0.66 0.72 2.03 23 9 10 7 16 L H Canada 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.68 0.67 6 8 17 15-9 H M Chile 0.39 0.40 0.43 0.54 1.96 29 29 29 28 1 L L Czech Rep. 0.55 0.54 0.60 0.65 0.96 13 22 19 18-5 M M Denmark 0.65 0.71 0.79 0.81 1.36 2 2 1 1 1 H H Finland 0.61 0.63 0.69 0.74 1.09 5 7 5 5 0 H H France 0.57 0.60 0.64 0.67 0.96 8 12 15 16-8 H M Germany 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.69 1.33 14 13 16 13 1 M M Greece 0.47 0.50 0.55 0.57 1.14 25 26 25 26-1 L L Hungary 0.55 0.58 0.65 0.66 1.08 16 18 13 17-1 M M Iceland 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.79 1.35 4 3 2 3 1 H H Ireland 0.53 0.59 0.65 0.72 1.74 19 15 11 8 11 M H Italy 0.52 0.56 0.61 0.64 1.19 22 21 18 21 1 L L Japan 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.57 0.96 24 24 26 25-1 L L Korea 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.56 1.19 26 27 27 27-1 L L Luxembourg 0.52 0.58 0.65 0.70 1.71 21 17 14 11 10 L M Mexico - - - - - - - - - - L L Netherlands 0.58 0.63 0.68 0.69 1.05 7 5 6 12-5 H M New Zealand - - - - - - - - - - L L Norway 0.70 0.71 0.76 0.79 0.73 1 1 3 2-1 H H Poland 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.65 0.96 15 20 23 19-4 M M Portugal 0.53 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.84 20 16 21 24-4 M L Slovakia 0.54 0.54 0.59 0.64 1.02 17 23 22 20-3 M M Spain 0.46 0.50 0.56 0.63 1.90 27 25 24 22 5 L L Sweden 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76 1.00 3 4 4 4-1 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 93 43 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 1995 2012 Change OECD Mean 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.67 1.23 - - - - - - - Switzerland 0.55 0.61 0.65 0.68 1.22 12 11 12 14-2 M M Turkey 0.40 0.44 0.46 0.52 1.66 28 28 28 29-1 L L UK 0.56 0.59 0.66 0.72 1.42 10 14 9 9 1 M H USA 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.86 18 19 20 23-5 M L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle) 2.., 1995 29, 2000 29, 2005 28, 2012 28 1. 2012,,,,,,,. 44, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 1995 2012 Change OECD Mean 0.51 0.52 0.56 0.61 1.12 - - - - - - - Australia 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.63 0.86 11 13 16 12-1 M M Austria 0.51 0.54 0.55 0.62 1.19 14 14 18 14 0 M M Belgium 0.41 0.62 0.65 0.75 3.56 24 7 9 6 18 L H Canada 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.61-0.09 7 12 17 17-10 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

94 44 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 1995 2012 Change OECD Mean 0.51 0.52 0.56 0.61 1.12 - - - - - - - Chile 0.25 0.35 0.34 0.47 3.64 28 27 27 27 1 L L Czech Rep. 0.50 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.02 17 23 23 26-9 M L Denmark 0.75 0.82 0.83 0.89 1.06 2 1 1 1 1 H H Finland 0.69 0.62 0.67 0.71 0.16 4 8 6 8-4 H H France 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.32 6 9 10 9-3 H H Germany 0.47 0.49 0.52 0.58 1.32 23 19 21 20 3 L M Greece 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.52 2.21 26 26 26 24 2 L L Hungary 0.57 0.57 0.67 0.59 0.29 9 11 7 18-9 H M Iceland 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.80 2.11 10 5 2 3 7 M H Ireland 0.48 0.44 0.53 0.76 2.80 22 24 19 5 17 L H Italy 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.41 16 16 20 23-7 M L Japan 0.28 0.30 0.31 0.38 1.73 27 28 29 29-2 L L Korea 0.23 0.29 0.33 0.40 3.18 29 29 28 28 1 L L Luxembourg 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.54 2.03 25 25 25 22 3 L L Mexico - - - - - - - - - - L L Netherlands 0.50 0.51 0.58 0.62 1.26 19 15 12 16 3 M M New Zealand 0.65 0.73 0.69 0.80 1.19 5 3 5 2 3 H H Norway 0.80 0.72 0.76 0.79-0.08 1 4 3 4-3 H H Poland 0.58 0.63 0.66 0.63 0.40 8 6 8 13-5 H M Portugal 0.54 0.58 0.58 0.64 0.98 12 10 11 11 1 M M Slovakia 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.18 20 20 24 25-5 M L Spain 0.48 0.46 0.48 0.62 1.52 21 22 22 15 6 M M Sweden 0.71 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.25 3 2 4 7-4 H H Switzerland 0.50 0.50 0.57 0.57 0.76 18 18 13 21-3 M M Turkey 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.26 1.73 30 30 30 30 0 L L UK 0.50 0.47 0.56 0.65 1.51 15 21 14 10 5 M M USA 0.51 0.51 0.56 0.59 0.85 13 17 15 19-6 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 95.,, 1995 1, 2000 2, 2005 8, 2012 12. 2012,,,,,,,. 45 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.42 0.50 0.58 0.64 2.50 - - - - - - - Australia 0.39 0.51 0.63 0.66 3.03 23 14 12 16 7 L M Austria 0.45 0.57 0.64 0.71 2.76 12 4 9 7 5 M H Belgium 0.43 0.51 0.61 0.66 2.53 17 16 14 15 2 M M Canada 0.45 0.53 0.59 0.63 1.91 9 11 19 23-14 H L Chile 0.32 0.28 0.37 0.48 2.49 29 31 30 31-2 L L Czech Rep. 0.47 0.50 0.61 0.69 2.31 7 19 13 8-1 H H Denmark 0.44 0.49 0.70 0.72 2.96 14 21 3 4 10 M H Finland 0.49 0.55 0.66 0.74 2.37 3 7 6 1 2 H H France 0.43 0.50 0.58 0.63 2.24 16 17 21 20-4 M M Germany 0.45 0.53 0.64 0.67 2.31 11 10 10 14-3 M M Greece 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.58 2.64 26 27 26 25 1 L L Hungary 0.45 0.50 0.58 0.68 2.44 10 20 20 11-1 M M Iceland 0.52 0.63 0.71 0.72 1.89 2 1 1 5-3 H H Ireland 0.41 0.52 0.60 0.64 2.67 21 13 17 19 2 M M Italy 0.36 0.47 0.55 0.63 3.32 28 25 23 22 6 L M Japan 0.43 0.50 0.52 0.56 1.52 15 18 24 27-12 M L Korea 0.57 0.63 0.65 0.68 1.04 1 2 8 12-11 H M Luxembourg 0.41 0.53 0.66 0.73 3.41 20 9 7 3 17 M H Mexico 0.24 0.29 0.37 0.50 4.27 31 30 31 30 1 L L Netherlands 0.47 0.58 0.67 0.67 2.09 6 3 4 13-7 H M New Zealand 0.44 0.53 0.59 0.65 2.26 13 12 18 18-5 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

96 45 Country Status Rank Level 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.42 0.50 0.58 0.64 2.50 - - - - - - - Norway 0.49 0.57 0.67 0.72 2.28 4 6 5 6-2 H H Poland 0.42 0.44 0.52 0.63 2.33 18 26 25 21-3 M M Portugal 0.38 0.47 0.50 0.55 2.26 25 24 27 28-3 L L Slovakia 0.46 0.49 0.63 0.69 2.42 8 22 11 9-1 H H Spain 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.62 2.76 24 23 22 24 0 L L Sweden 0.48 0.57 0.70 0.73 2.42 5 5 2 2 3 H H Switzerland 0.40 0.54 0.60 0.68 3.17 22 8 16 10 12 M M Turkey 0.30 0.39 0.42 0.57 3.78 30 29 29 26 4 L L UK 0.41 0.51 0.60 0.65 2.73 19 15 15 17 2 M M USA 0.36 0.43 0.47 0.51 2.11 27 28 28 29-2 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle).,, 1995 29, 2000 30, 2005 30, 2012 30. 2012,,,,,,.

4 97 46 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.40 - - - - - - - Australia 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.81 0.50 10 12 7 8 2 M H Austria 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.84 0.59 7 10 9 4 3 H H Belgium 0.69 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.49 19 17 19 19 0 M M Canada 0.74 0.77 0.77 0.80 0.41 11 9 11 10 1 M M Chile 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.67 0.73 28 28 29 25 3 L L Czech Rep. 0.70 0.69 0.72 0.77 0.56 17 22 18 15 2 M M Denmark 0.75 0.82 0.84 0.83 0.55 8 2 1 7 1 H H Finland 0.65 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.93 25 19 16 16 9 L M France 0.66 0.67 0.71 0.72 0.59 24 24 20 22 2 L L Germany 0.74 0.76 0.75 0.83 0.64 12 13 13 6 6 M H Greece 0.69 0.66 0.70 0.62-0.62 20 25 24 28-8 M L Hungary 0.62 0.68 0.70 0.69 0.63 27 23 22 23 4 L L Iceland 0.80 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.32 2 6 5 3-1 H H Ireland 0.72 0.81 0.83 0.76 0.25 14 3 3 17-3 M M Italy 0.71 0.71 0.74 0.75 0.36 16 18 15 18-2 M M Japan 0.74 0.72 0.73 0.78 0.27 13 16 17 13 0 M M Korea 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.60 0.30 29 30 30 30-1 L L Luxembourg 0.78 0.79 0.83 0.83 0.36 3 7 4 5-2 H H Mexico 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.60-0.60 23 21 21 29-6 L L Netherlands 0.77 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.16 5 5 8 12-7 H M New Zealand - - - - - - - - - - L L Norway 0.82 0.84 0.84 0.87 0.40 1 1 2 1 0 H H Poland 0.64 0.63 0.58 0.69 0.40 26 26 28 24 2 L L Portugal 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.65-0.25 21 20 23 27-6 M L Slovakia 0.67 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.50 22 27 26 21 1 L M Spain 0.50 0.58 0.64 0.65 1.53 30 29 27 26 4 L L Sweden 0.72 0.75 0.74 0.80 0.59 15 14 14 9 6 M H Switzerland 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.24 6 8 10 11-5 H M Turkey 0.69 0.72 0.69 0.74 0.41 18 15 25 20-2 M M UK 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.54 4 4 6 2 2 H H USA 0.75 0.77 0.76 0.77 0.16 9 11 12 14-5 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

98 3.., 1995 30, 2000 30, 2005 29, 2012 30. 2012,,,,,,,. 47, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.64 0.66 0.70 0.76 1.06 - - - - - - - Australia 0.68 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.87 12 14 13 15-3 M M Austria 0.56 0.59 0.65 0.73 1.57 25 26 25 22 3 L L Belgium 0.68 0.72 0.78 0.89 1.57 11 11 8 4 7 M H Canada 0.65 0.66 0.72 0.78 1.03 15 15 15 16-1 M M Chile 0.42 0.48 0.51 0.61 2.12 27 27 27 27 0 L L Czech Rep. 0.65 0.65 0.69 0.71 0.55 16 16 19 26-10 M L Denmark 0.76 0.81 0.84 0.90 1.02 5 5 4 3 2 H H Finland 0.74 0.73 0.77 0.79 0.44 9 10 10 14-5 H M France 0.74 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.57 8 7 9 11-3 H M Germany 0.60 0.65 0.73 0.76 1.41 21 18 14 18 3 M M Greece 0.58 0.62 0.60 0.77 1.71 22 22 26 17 5 L M Hungary 0.75 0.75 0.88 0.81 0.47 6 6 1 12-6 H M Iceland 0.74 0.73 0.83 0.86 0.88 7 9 5 6 1 H H Ireland 0.56 0.59 0.71 0.95 3.08 23 25 17 1 22 L H Italy 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.75 0.58 13 13 11 20-7 M M Japan 0.37 0.39 0.42 0.53 2.09 28 28 28 28 0 L L Korea 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.40 1.52 30 30 29 30 0 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 99 47 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 1995 2012 Change OECD Mean 0.64 0.66 0.70 0.76 1.06 - - - - - - - Luxembourg 0.55 0.62 0.68 0.85 2.64 26 21 20 7 19 L H Mexico - - - - - - - - - - L L Netherlands 0.61 0.64 0.70 0.72 0.95 19 19 18 24-5 M L New Zealand 0.81 0.83 0.82 0.89 0.57 4 3 7 5-1 H H Norway 0.83 0.84 0.88 0.94 0.72 2 2 2 2 0 H H Poland 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.84-0.10 1 1 3 9-8 H H Portugal 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.80 0.55 10 8 12 13-3 M M Slovakia 0.67 0.71 0.67 0.72 0.45 14 12 23 23-9 M L Spain 0.62 0.62 0.68 0.85 1.84 18 20 22 8 10 M H Sweden 0.83 0.81 0.83 0.83-0.03 3 4 6 10-7 H M Switzerland 0.56 0.60 0.67 0.71 1.41 24 24 24 25-1 L L Turkey 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.40 0.79 29 29 30 29 0 L L UK 0.60 0.61 0.68 0.75 1.29 20 23 21 19 1 M M USA 0.64 0.65 0.72 0.74 0.83 17 17 16 21-4 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 27, 2000 26, 2005 25, 2012 21. 2012,,,,,,.

100 48, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.46 1.28 - - - - - - - Australia 0.41 0.38 0.38 0.47 0.85 10 16 18 14-4 M M Austria 0.46 0.49 0.45 0.51 0.69 8 8 13 11-3 H M Belgium 0.13 0.52 0.51 0.60 8.92 29 6 7 7 22 L H Canada 0.59 0.47 0.38 0.44-1.64 5 10 17 16-11 H M Chile 0.08 0.22 0.16 0.33 8.25 30 28 30 24 6 L L Czech Rep. 0.35 0.24 0.27 0.29-1.09 17 25 26 26-9 M L Denmark 0.73 0.83 0.83 0.88 1.10 2 1 1 1 1 H H Finland 0.65 0.51 0.56 0.64-0.17 3 7 6 6-3 H H France 0.51 0.48 0.48 0.51-0.05 6 9 8 12-6 H M Germany 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.40 1.14 20 18 21 20 0 M M Greece 0.14 0.18 0.27 0.27 3.91 28 30 25 28 0 L L Hungary 0.38 0.39 0.45 0.38-0.09 15 15 12 23-8 M L Iceland 0.37 0.61 0.73 0.73 3.99 16 4 2 2 14 M H Ireland 0.39 0.29 0.36 0.58 2.36 12 22 20 8 4 M H Italy 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.04 21 20 22 25-4 M L Japan 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.23 0.99 26 29 29 29-3 L L Korea 0.16 0.23 0.28 0.40 5.48 27 26 24 21 6 L M Luxembourg 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.19 25 27 28 30-5 L L Mexico 0.24 0.27 0.38 0.42 3.35 24 23 19 18 6 L M Netherlands 0.38 0.39 0.46 0.51 1.72 13 14 10 10 3 M M New Zealand 0.50 0.62 0.57 0.71 2.07 7 3 5 3 4 H H Norway 0.77 0.60 0.65 0.64-1.09 1 5 3 5-4 H H Poland 0.32 0.39 0.45 0.41 1.58 22 13 11 19 3 M M Portugal 0.35 0.42 0.42 0.47 1.80 18 11 15 13 5 M M Slovakia 0.31 0.25 0.24 0.29-0.43 23 24 27 27-4 L L Spain 0.33 0.30 0.29 0.39 0.89 19 21 23 22-3 M M Sweden 0.59 0.68 0.64 0.65 0.63 4 2 4 4 0 H H Switzerland 0.44 0.40 0.46 0.42-0.20 9 12 9 17-8 H M Turkey 0.03 0.07 0.14 0.11 7.72 31 31 31 31 0 L L UK 0.41 0.32 0.44 0.55 1.82 11 19 14 9 2 M H USA 0.38 0.37 0.40 0.45 0.89 14 17 16 15-1 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 101. 1995 7, 2000 11, 2005 17, 2012 16 2012 1. 2012,,,,,,. 49, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.74 0.22 - - - - - - - Australia 0.57 0.65 0.80 0.77 1.80 27 26 15 14 13 L M Austria 0.80 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.50 12 5 4 6 6 M H Belgium 0.79 0.75 0.83 0.83 0.31 13 14 12 11 2 M M Canada 0.74 0.71 0.73 0.73-0.11 16 20 20 20-4 M M Chile 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.26 1.45 31 31 31 31 0 L L Czech Rep. 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.90-0.01 3 4 9 4-1 H H Denmark 0.74 0.61 0.92 0.90 1.18 18 27 2 3 15 M H Finland 0.84 0.78 0.87 0.86 0.14 8 12 4 9-1 H H France 0.78 0.82 0.83 0.77-0.07 14 7 12 15-1 M M Germany 0.81 0.83 0.87 0.85 0.28 10 6 4 10 0 M M Greece 0.66 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.17 21 18 21 25-4 M L Hungary 0.92 0.90 0.83 0.91-0.07 2 3 11 2 0 H H Iceland 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.87-0.31 1 1 3 6-5 H H Ireland 0.65 0.73 0.73 0.69 0.35 24 17 19 23 1 L L Italy 0.66 0.67 0.71 0.74 0.67 23 24 21 19 4 L M Japan 0.74 0.74 0.59 0.60-1.25 17 16 27 26-9 M L Korea 0.85 0.78 0.75 0.76-0.62 7 11 17 16-9 H M Luxembourg 0.81 0.81 0.87 0.83 0.15 11 9 4 11 0 M M Mexico 0.24 0.22 0.28 0.35 2.30 30 30 30 30 0 L L Netherlands 0.82 0.80 0.85 0.76-0.42 9 10 10 17-8 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

102 49 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.74 0.22 - - - - - - - New Zealand 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.70-0.08 19 22 23 22-3 M M Norway 0.88 0.76 0.83 0.90 0.11 6 13 12 5 1 H H Poland 0.75 0.68 0.63 0.68-0.52 15 23 25 24-9 M L Portugal 0.61 0.67 0.59 0.58-0.26 26 25 26 27-1 L L Slovakia 0.88 0.91 0.87 0.87-0.07 5 2 4 8-3 H H Spain 0.66 0.71 0.74 0.76 0.81 22 19 18 18 4 M M Sweden 0.89 0.82 0.95 0.95 0.37 4 7 1 1 3 H H Switzerland 0.64 0.75 0.76 0.81 1.38 25 15 16 13 12 L M Turkey 0.41 0.55 0.43 0.54 1.60 29 28 28 28 1 L L UK 0.69 0.71 0.69 0.73 0.26 20 21 24 21-1 M M USA 0.50 0.50 0.39 0.43-0.96 28 29 29 29-1 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle).,, (young) (old) 1995 1, 2000 1, 2005 1, 2012 3 2012 3. 2012,,,,,,.

4 103 410, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.51-0.10 - - - - - - - Australia 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.53-0.38 6 9 9 9-3 H H Austria 0.51 0.49 0.50 0.46-0.67 14 21 16 28-14 M L Belgium 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.48-0.23 19 22 23 19 0 M M Canada 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.52-0.49 3 6 8 11-8 H M Chile 0.74 0.56 0.60 0.53-1.92 2 7 4 6-4 H H Czech Rep. 0.49 0.45 0.50 0.48-0.11 25 29 19 20 5 L M Denmark 0.51 0.52 0.51 0.48-0.41 15 12 14 22-7 M M Finland 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.47-0.62 10 13 17 25-15 M L France 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.48-0.34 18 19 21 23-5 M L Germany 0.52 0.47 0.46 0.45-0.76 13 27 29 30-17 M L Greece 0.43 0.40 0.48 0.47 0.44 28 31 26 26 2 L L Hungary 0.43 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.88 29 24 25 14 15 L M Iceland 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.55-0.15 5 4 6 5 0 H H Ireland 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.57 0.19 7 3 5 4 3 H H Italy 0.40 0.42 0.46 0.45 0.81 30 30 31 29 1 L L Japan 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43-1.27 9 20 30 31-22 H L Korea 0.85 0.74 0.65 0.59-2.12 1 1 1 3-2 H H Luxembourg 0.39 0.51 0.48 0.53 1.85 31 15 22 7 24 L H Mexico 0.49 0.58 0.64 0.76 2.54 23 2 2 1 22 L H Netherlands 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.49-0.63 8 10 12 15-7 H M New Zealand 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.53-0.40 4 5 7 8-4 H H Norway 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.10 22 14 13 13 9 M M Poland 0.52 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.05 12 8 10 10 2 M M Portugal 0.51 0.50 0.47 0.48-0.40 16 16 27 24-8 M L Slovakia 0.49 0.46 0.53 0.52 0.42 26 28 11 12 14 L M Spain 0.51 0.49 0.50 0.49-0.19 17 18 18 16 1 M M Sweden 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.46-0.16 27 25 24 27 0 L L Switzerland 0.52 0.47 0.47 0.49-0.40 11 26 28 17-6 M M Turkey 0.49 0.53 0.60 0.72 2.27 24 11 3 2 22 L H UK 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.48-0.16 21 17 20 18 3 M M USA 0.50 0.49 0.51 0.48-0.24 20 23 15 21-1 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

104. 1995 21, 2000 7, 2005 11, 2012 15 2000 2012. 2012,,,,,,. 411, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.03 0.27 0.50 0.68 18.08 - - - - - - - Australia 0.04 0.34 0.53 0.67 15.88 8 10 13 19-11 H M Austria 0.02 0.36 0.55 0.81 21.51 15 8 12 3 12 M H Belgium 0.01 0.28 0.50 0.68 24.84 22 18 16 16 6 M M Canada 0.04 0.32 0.48 0.62 15.82 9 13 21 27-18 H L Chile 0.00 0.14 0.32 0.65 29.35 27 26 29 22 5 L M Czech Rep. 0.01 0.16 0.47 0.69 26.73 25 25 22 14 11 L M Denmark 0.06 0.35 0.66 0.78 15.23 6 9 4 4 2 H H Finland 0.12 0.37 0.62 0.89 11.82 1 6 8 1 0 H H France 0.01 0.20 0.41 0.65 23.06 20 23 26 23-3 M L Germany 0.02 0.29 0.57 0.69 20.93 17 16 10 13 4 M M Greece 0.01 0.19 0.36 0.58 24.21 23 24 28 29-6 L L Hungary 0.01 0.11 0.43 0.65 25.04 24 27 25 24 0 L L Iceland 0.08 0.41 0.66 0.74 12.88 4 2 2 10-6 H M Ireland 0.02 0.25 0.47 0.66 21.85 18 20 23 21-3 M M Italy 0.02 0.30 0.49 0.70 20.92 16 15 18 12 4 M M Japan 0.03 0.28 0.52 0.66 17.89 13 19 15 20-7 M M Korea 0.01 0.36 0.56 0.69 23.44 21 7 11 15 6 M M Luxembourg 0.02 0.29 0.62 0.82 20.74 14 17 6 2 12 M H Mexico 0.00 0.06 0.19 0.40 32.57 30 31 31 31-1 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 105 411 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.03 0.27 0.50 0.68 18.08 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.04 0.39 0.64 0.75 17.39 10 5 5 8 2 M H New Zealand 0.05 0.33 0.52 0.71 15.82 7 11 14 11-4 H M Norway 0.09 0.44 0.66 0.76 12.59 2 1 3 6-4 H H Poland 0.00 0.08 0.38 0.68 32.37 28 30 27 17 11 L M Portugal 0.02 0.25 0.45 0.60 21.66 19 21 24 28-9 M L Slovakia 0.00 0.10 0.48 0.67 33.48 29 28 20 18 11 L M Spain 0.01 0.22 0.49 0.63 26.17 26 22 19 26 0 L L Sweden 0.08 0.41 0.67 0.77 13.10 3 3 1 5-2 H H Switzerland 0.03 0.39 0.57 0.75 18.41 12 4 9 7 5 M H Turkey 0.00 0.08 0.24 0.45 33.43 31 29 30 30 1 L L UK 0.03 0.32 0.62 0.74 18.08 11 12 7 9 2 M H USA 0.08 0.30 0.50 0.64 12.48 5 14 17 25-20 H L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 23, 2000 27, 2005 27, 2012 22 2000 2012. 2012,,,,,,.

106 412, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.74 0.76 0.75 0.71-0.21 - - - - - - - Australia 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.89 0.31 7 5 2 2 5 H H Austria 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.86-0.38 2 4 8 4-2 H H Belgium 0.82 0.82 0.79 0.81-0.03 8 13 14 8 0 H H Canada 0.73 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.10 20 16 16 14 6 M M Chile 0.51 0.47 0.49 0.53 0.18 29 29 28 26 3 L L Czech Rep. 0.87 0.77 0.80 0.81-0.36 4 15 12 7-3 H H Denmark 0.77 0.84 0.84 0.81 0.30 17 11 9 10 7 M M Finland 0.52 0.66 0.68 0.71 1.80 28 25 24 18 10 L M France 0.67 0.66 0.71 0.67-0.02 24 24 20 24 0 L L Germany 0.77 0.75 0.66 0.78 0.03 15 18 25 12 3 M M Greece 0.76 0.68 0.72 0.47-2.85 18 22 19 29-11 M L Hungary 0.78 0.85 0.84 0.73-0.41 13 10 10 15-2 M M Iceland 0.80 0.86 0.87 0.77-0.19 11 9 6 13-2 M M Ireland 0.70 0.92 0.94 0.65-0.45 21 3 1 25-4 M L Italy 0.75 0.72 0.75 0.67-0.60 19 20 17 23-4 M L Japan 0.87 0.81 0.79 0.80-0.47 5 14 13 11-6 H M Korea 0.67 0.63 0.62 0.69 0.13 23 27 27 22 1 L L Luxembourg 0.98 0.98 0.91 0.87-0.70 1 1 4 3-2 H H Mexico 0.63 0.74 0.72 0.69 0.55 27 19 18 20 7 L M Netherlands 0.78 0.83 0.77 0.70-0.66 14 12 15 19-5 M M New Zealand - - - - - - - - - - L L Norway 0.80 0.88 0.85 0.89 0.67 12 6 7 1 11 M H Poland 0.65 0.60 0.37 0.50-1.54 25 28 30 27-2 L L Portugal 0.80 0.71 0.65 0.48-2.98 10 21 26 28-18 M L Slovakia 0.77 0.64 0.69 0.71-0.49 16 26 23 17-1 M M Spain 0.14 0.35 0.43 0.26 3.70 30 30 29 30 0 L L Sweden 0.69 0.75 0.70 0.69-0.01 22 17 22 21 1 L M Switzerland 0.85 0.86 0.81 0.81-0.28 6 8 11 9-3 H H Turkey 0.64 0.66 0.71 0.73 0.74 26 23 21 16 10 L M UK 0.81 0.87 0.90 0.83 0.18 9 7 5 6 3 H H USA 0.89 0.93 0.91 0.86-0.23 3 2 3 5-2 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 107., 1995 31, 2000 31, 2005 28, 2012 29 2005 2012 29 1. 2012,,,,,,. 413, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.74 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.92 - - - - - - - Australia 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.74 15 13 10 16-1 M M Austria 0.72 0.77 0.82 0.87 1.09 17 16 13 18-1 M M Belgium 0.70 0.71 0.78 0.83 1.04 21 24 21 24-3 M L Canada 0.77 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.60 13 12 18 21-8 M M Chile 0.77 0.81 0.75 0.93 1.11 12 10 25 4 8 M H Czech Rep. 0.70 0.71 0.76 0.85 1.16 22 23 24 22 0 M M Denmark 0.79 0.82 0.87 0.90 0.83 10 9 5 10 0 M M Finland 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.88 0.62 9 11 11 15-6 H M France 0.71 0.74 0.81 0.87 1.16 20 20 16 17 3 M M Germany 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.92 1.04 11 8 9 7 4 M H Greece 0.65 0.65 0.72 0.81 1.30 27 29 30 28-1 L L Hungary 0.69 0.75 0.75 0.84 1.19 25 19 26 23 2 L L Iceland 0.81 0.77 0.87 0.95 0.97 8 17 8 1 7 H H Ireland 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.89 0.89 14 14 12 12 2 M M Italy 0.76 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.74 16 15 15 19-3 M M Japan 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.92 0.64 6 6 7 8-2 H H Korea 0.50 0.58 0.72 0.80 2.78 31 31 28 29 2 L L Luxembourg 0.69 0.68 0.81 0.89 1.51 26 26 17 13 13 L M Mexico 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.47-2.28 23 25 27 31-8 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

108 413 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.74 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.92 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.83 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.61 5 4 3 9-4 H H New Zealand 0.69 0.76 0.80 0.83 1.08 24 18 19 25-1 L L Norway 0.86 0.85 0.90 0.93 0.46 2 5 1 5-3 H H Poland 0.64 0.67 0.72 0.82 1.45 28 27 29 26 2 L L Portugal 0.56 0.66 0.77 0.82 2.27 30 28 22 27 3 L L Slovakia 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.86 1.05 18 21 23 20-2 M M Spain 0.72 0.72 0.82 0.89 1.27 19 22 14 14 5 M M Sweden 0.86 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.47 1 2 2 3-2 H H Switzerland 0.81 0.84 0.88 0.93 0.79 7 7 4 5 2 H H Turkey 0.83 0.90 0.79 0.90 0.48 4 1 20 11-7 H M UK 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.95 0.63 3 3 6 2 1 H H USA 0.61 0.63 0.63 0.72 0.96 29 30 31 30-1 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 26, 2000 29, 2005 31, 2012 31. 2012,,,,,,.

4 109 414, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.68 0.44 - - - - - - - Australia 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.44 19 21 18 17 2 M M Austria 0.63 0.65 0.70 0.78 1.25 15 18 10 5 10 M H Belgium 0.56 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.49 24 23 24 26-2 L L Canada 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.80 0.51 4 5 5 4 0 H H Chile 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.56 0.64 30 30 30 29 1 L L Czech Rep. 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.64 1.10 28 26 23 22 6 L M Denmark 0.71 0.79 0.81 0.77 0.49 5 2 1 9-4 H H Finland 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.51 17 16 13 16 1 M M France 0.58 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.51 23 22 22 21 2 L M Germany 0.68 0.72 0.73 0.78 0.83 9 8 7 6 3 H H Greece 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.58-0.74 13 13 17 28-15 M L Hungary 0.39 0.42 0.52 0.49 1.44 31 31 28 30 1 L L Iceland 0.79 0.74 0.74 0.81 0.11 1 4 6 2-1 H H Ireland 0.70 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.17 6 7 8 13-7 H M Italy 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.72 0.93 20 20 19 15 5 M M Japan 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.61 0.77 27 28 29 25 2 L L Korea 0.54 0.49 0.30 0.31-3.22 26 29 31 31-5 L L Luxembourg 0.67 0.70 0.77 0.73 0.47 12 10 3 12 0 M M Mexico 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.64-0.29 11 12 14 20-9 M M Netherlands 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.76 0.45 7 9 9 10-3 H M New Zealand 0.54 0.59 0.54 0.62 0.86 25 25 27 24 1 L L Norway 0.79 0.80 0.77 0.80 0.03 2 1 2 3-1 H H Poland 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.73 0.92 18 19 20 11 7 M M Portugal 0.68 0.73 0.68 0.65-0.26 8 6 11 19-11 H M Slovakia 0.53 0.52 0.56 0.63 1.02 29 27 26 23 6 L L Spain 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.81 1.23 14 14 15 1 13 M H Sweden 0.61 0.65 0.63 0.77 1.35 21 15 21 8 13 M H Switzerland 0.63 0.65 0.66 0.65 0.16 16 17 16 18-2 M M Turkey 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.60-0.07 22 24 25 27-5 M L UK 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.78 0.83 10 11 12 7 3 M H USA 0.74 0.75 0.74 0.72-0.10 3 3 4 14-11 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

110 3 1.,,., 2012 3,,,,. 1995 2012 4,,,, 5 1995 2012 4,,, 5. 4. 1995 2012,. 1995,. 1995 24 2012 23 1. 415, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.51-0.22 - - - - - - - Australia 0.70 0.70 0.74 0.71 0.06 6 6 3 9-3 H H Austria 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.54-0.37 14 15 15 16-2 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 111 415 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.51-0.22 - - - - - - - Belgium 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.47-0.71 15 17 17 18-3 M M Canada 0.72 0.67 0.69 0.73 0.07 4 8 8 4 0 H H Chile 0.49 0.50 0.45 0.38-1.48 20 20 21 22-2 M M Czech Rep. 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.23-1.95 28 29 29 29-1 L L Denmark 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.73-0.35 1 1 1 6-5 H H Finland 0.50 0.56 0.58 0.61 1.14 19 16 14 14 5 M M France 0.52 0.52 0.50 0.37-2.10 16 18 19 24-8 M L Germany 0.52 0.57 0.53 0.59 0.70 17 14 16 15 2 M M Greece 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.08-7.17 31 31 31 31 0 L L Hungary 0.35 0.34 0.36 0.33-0.34 26 26 24 25 1 L L Iceland 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.00 3 3 2 2 1 H H Ireland 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.13 7 7 7 8-1 H H Italy 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50-0.20 18 19 18 17 1 M M Japan 0.41 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.00 22 23 23 21 1 M M Korea 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.38 0.40 24 24 25 23 1 L L Luxembourg 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.62-0.45 9 9 11 12-3 H M Mexico 0.35 0.29 0.30 0.20-3.46 25 27 26 30-5 L L Netherlands 0.76 0.76 0.68 0.72-0.35 2 2 10 7-5 H H New Zealand 0.67 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.69 10 10 6 3 7 M H Norway 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.77 0.56 5 5 5 1 4 H H Poland 0.33 0.35 0.29 0.23-2.09 27 25 27 28-1 L L Portugal 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.43 0.47 23 22 22 19 4 L M Slovakia 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.62 30 30 30 26 4 L L Spain 0.46 0.49 0.46 0.43-0.47 21 21 20 20 1 M M Sweden 0.68 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.37 8 4 4 5 3 H H Switzerland 0.63 0.63 0.69 0.65 0.20 12 12 9 11 1 M M Turkey 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.26-0.52 29 28 28 27 2 L L UK 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.07 11 11 12 10 1 M M USA 0.59 0.61 0.60 0.61 0.18 13 13 13 13 0 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

112 2..,, 1995 30, 2000 30, 2005 30, 2012 25 2012. 2012,,,,,,. 416, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.58-0.21 - - - - - - - Australia 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.80-0.31 1 1 1 4-3 H H Austria 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.52 1.68 27 27 27 21 6 L M Belgium 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.64-0.23 15 15 15 16-1 M M Canada 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.86 0.52 4 4 4 1 3 H H Chile 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46-0.20 22 22 22 23-1 M L Czech Rep. 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.32-0.69 28 28 28 26 2 L L Denmark 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.02 9 9 9 9 0 H H Finland 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.78 20 20 20 17 3 M M France 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.57-0.37 16 16 16 19-3 M M Germany 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.69 0.97 18 18 18 14 4 M M Greece 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.06-11.66 24 24 24 31-7 L L Hungary 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.46-1.21 19 19 19 22-3 M M Iceland 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.82 0.34 6 6 6 3 3 H H Ireland 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.74-0.18 7 7 7 8-1 H H Italy 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.56-0.32 17 17 17 20-3 M M Japan 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.38 26 26 26 24 2 L L Korea 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.40 1.23 30 30 30 25 5 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 113 416 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.58-0.21 - - - - - - - Luxembourg 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.74-0.46 3 3 3 7-4 H H Mexico 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.24-3.99 23 23 23 29-6 L L Netherlands 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71-0.15 10 10 10 11-1 M M New Zealand 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.02 2 2 2 2 0 H H Norway 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.77 11 11 11 5 6 M H Poland 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.18-5.41 25 25 25 30-5 L L Portugal 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68-0.01 12 12 12 15-3 M M Slovakia 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.83 31 31 31 27 4 L L Spain 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.70-0.37 8 8 8 12-4 H M Sweden 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.04 5 5 5 6-1 H H Switzerland 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.59 0.82 21 21 21 18 3 M M Turkey 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.24-2.37 29 29 29 28 1 L L UK 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.70 0.26 14 14 14 13 1 M M USA 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.72 0.31 13 13 13 10 3 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle).,, 1995 13, 2000 16, 2005 17, 2012 18. 2012,,,,,,.

114 417, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.17 - - - - - - - Australia 0.37 0.37 0.47 0.52 2.07 18 20 12 11 7 M M Austria 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.00 12 10 11 14-2 M M Belgium 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.00 16 18 18 19-3 M M Canada 0.61 0.46 0.51 0.51-1.05 6 12 10 13-7 H M Chile 0.33 0.33 0.20 0.18-3.66 25 25 27 27-2 L L Czech Rep. 0.26 0.15 0.15 0.15-3.32 28 31 30 30-2 L L Denmark 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.00 1 1 2 2-1 H H Finland 0.52 0.71 0.76 0.76 2.24 9 4 3 4 5 H H France 0.36 0.36 0.28 0.28-1.46 19 21 25 24-5 M L Germany 0.32 0.48 0.36 0.58 3.51 26 11 19 9 17 L H Greece 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.00 31 30 29 28 3 L L Hungary 0.32 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.28 27 26 24 23 4 L L Iceland 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.00 3 5 6 6-3 H H Ireland 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.00 7 7 7 10-3 H M Italy 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.35-0.18 20 23 21 21-1 M M Japan 0.51 0.36 0.43 0.44-0.91 11 22 13 15-4 M M Korea 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.38-0.36 13 16 17 18-5 M M Luxembourg 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.00 10 9 9 12-2 M M Mexico 0.35 0.18 0.18 0.12-6.31 21 29 28 31-10 M L Netherlands 0.66 0.66 0.42 0.62-0.36 4 6 14 8-4 H H New Zealand 0.39 0.39 0.53 0.62 2.79 15 17 8 7 8 M H Norway 0.80 0.80 0.86 0.86 0.45 2 2 1 1 1 H H Poland 0.24 0.28 0.12 0.17-2.18 30 27 31 29 1 L L Portugal 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.00 22 24 22 22 0 M M Slovakia 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.16 29 28 26 25 4 L L Spain 0.33 0.41 0.33 0.24-1.98 24 14 23 26-2 L L Sweden 0.64 0.73 0.76 0.78 1.23 5 3 4 3 2 H H Switzerland 0.52 0.52 0.70 0.70 1.75 8 8 5 5 3 H H Turkey 0.33 0.37 0.35 0.42 1.35 23 19 20 16 7 L M UK 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40-0.05 14 15 16 17-3 M M USA 0.38 0.43 0.41 0.38-0.04 17 13 15 20-3 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 115.,, 1995 22, 2000 22, 2005 22, 2012 22. 2012,,,,,,. 418, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.51-0.55 - - - - - - - Australia 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.80-0.63 2 2 2 5-3 H H Austria 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.61-1.91 5 5 5 13-8 H M Belgium 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.38-2.00 19 19 19 19 0 M M Canada 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.82 0.39 10 10 10 4 6 M H Chile 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.52-1.60 13 13 13 16-3 M M Czech Rep. 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.22-2.55 21 21 21 28-7 M L Denmark 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.63-1.14 9 9 9 11-2 H M Finland 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.05 20 20 20 18 2 M M France 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.25-5.26 17 17 17 26-9 M L Germany 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.49-1.72 14 14 14 17-3 M M Greece 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.01-18.90 29 29 29 31-2 L L Hungary 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.86 28 28 28 29-1 L L Iceland 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.76-0.35 6 6 6 7-1 H H Ireland 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.85 0.50 8 8 8 2 6 H H Italy 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.58-0.09 18 18 18 15 3 M M Japan 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.83 25 25 25 21 4 L M Korea 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.36 0.42 22 22 22 22 0 M M Luxembourg 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.60-0.81 12 12 12 14-2 M M Mexico 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23-0.19 27 27 27 27 0 L L Netherlands 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.83-0.51 1 1 1 3-2 H H New Zealand 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.09 7 7 7 6 1 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

116 418 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.51-0.55 - - - - - - - Norway 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.66 0.45 16 16 16 9 7 M H Poland 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.75 24 24 24 23 1 L L Portugal 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.28 2.64 30 30 30 25 5 L L Slovakia 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.81 23 23 23 20 3 L M Spain 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.34 0.62 26 26 26 24 2 L L Sweden 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.62-0.18 15 15 15 12 3 M M Switzerland 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.66-1.52 4 4 4 10-6 H M Turkey 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.10-1.84 31 31 31 30 1 L L UK 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87-0.03 3 3 3 1 2 H H USA 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.18 11 11 11 8 3 M H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle) 3.. 1995 23, 2000 19, 2005 23, 2012 23 2000. 2012,,,,,,.

4 117 419, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.51 0.56 0.61 0.58 0.76 - - - - - - - Australia 0.63 0.63 0.81 0.73 0.80 8 8 2 6 2 M H Austria - - - - - - - - - - L L Belgium - - - - - - - - - - L L Canada 0.63 0.63 0.67 0.67 0.30 9 9 11 10-1 M M Chile 0.31 0.56 0.61 0.66 4.37 18 14 12 12 6 L M Czech Rep. 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.00 16 20 21 20-4 M L Denmark - - - - - - - - - - L L Finland 0.66 0.66 0.73 0.73 0.58 6 6 6 5 1 H H France 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.00 3 3 5 4-1 H H Germany 0.76 0.76 0.53 0.40-3.71 2 2 16 18-16 H L Greece - - - - - - - - - - L L Hungary 0.35 0.35 0.56 0.56 2.73 17 22 15 14 3 L M Iceland - - - - - - - - - - L L Ireland - - - - - - - - - - L L Italy 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.00 14 15 18 16-2 M M Japan 0.29 0.48 0.53 0.37 1.51 19 16 17 19 0 L L Korea 0.08 0.37 0.24 0.24 6.76 23 19 23 23 0 L L Luxembourg - - - - - - - - - - L L Mexico 0.24 0.47 0.59 0.59 5.16 22 17 14 13 9 L M Netherlands 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.03 5 5 7 7-2 H H New Zealand 0.59 0.59 0.67 0.67 0.80 11 12 10 9 2 M M Norway 0.39 0.39 0.81 0.81 4.29 15 18 4 2 13 M H Poland 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.67 0.16 7 7 9 10-3 H M Portugal - - - - - - - - - - L L Slovakia 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 21 23 22 22-1 L L Spain 0.55 0.57 0.49 0.53-0.27 12 13 19 15-3 M M Sweden 0.79 0.83 0.85 0.74-0.43 1 1 1 3-2 H H Switzerland 0.61 0.61 0.81 0.81 1.69 10 11 2 1 9 M H Turkey 0.27 0.36 0.46 0.32 0.92 20 21 20 21-1 L L UK 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.71-0.11 4 4 8 8-4 H M USA 0.54 0.61 0.59 0.49-0.60 13 10 13 17-4 M L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

118. 1995 30, 2000 30, 2005 30, 2012 25 2005 2012 5. 2012,,,,,,. 420, Status Rank Level Country 95-12 1995 2000 2005 2012 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.58-0.21 - - - - - - - Australia 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.80-0.31 1 1 1 4-3 H H Austria 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.52 1.68 27 27 27 21 6 L M Belgium 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.64-0.23 15 15 15 16-1 M M Canada 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.86 0.52 4 4 4 1 3 H H Chile 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46-0.20 22 22 22 23-1 M L Czech Rep. 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.32-0.69 28 28 28 26 2 L L Denmark 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.02 9 9 9 9 0 H H Finland 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.62 0.78 20 20 20 17 3 M M France 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.57-0.37 16 16 16 19-3 M M Germany 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.69 0.97 18 18 18 14 4 M M Greece 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.06-11.66 24 24 24 31-7 L L Hungary 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.46-1.21 19 19 19 22-3 M M Iceland 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.82 0.34 6 6 6 3 3 H H Ireland 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.74-0.18 7 7 7 8-1 H H Italy 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.56-0.32 17 17 17 20-3 M M Japan 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.38 26 26 26 24 2 L L Korea 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.40 1.23 30 30 30 25 5 L L Luxembourg 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.74-0.46 3 3 3 7-4 H H Mexico 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.24-3.99 23 23 23 29-6 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 119 420 Status Rank Level Country 95-12 1995 2000 2005 2012 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.58-0.21 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71-0.15 10 10 10 11-1 M M New Zealand 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.02 2 2 2 2 0 H H Norway 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.77 11 11 11 5 6 M H Poland 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.18-5.41 25 25 25 30-5 L L Portugal 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68-0.01 12 12 12 15-3 M M Slovakia 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.83 31 31 31 27 4 L L Spain 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.70-0.37 8 8 8 12-4 H M Sweden 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.04 5 5 5 6-1 H H Switzerland 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.59 0.82 21 21 21 18 3 M M Turkey 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.24-2.37 29 29 29 28 1 L L UK 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.70 0.26 14 14 14 13 1 M M USA 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.72 0.31 13 13 13 10 3 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 20, 2000 20, 2005 20, 2012 20. 2012,,,,,,.

120 421, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.41 0.08 - - - - - - - Australia 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.61 1.70 11 10 7 8 3 M H Austria 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.00 14 16 15 15-1 M M Belgium 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.00 19 18 16 16 3 M M Canada 0.62 0.45 0.50 0.50-1.31 5 11 9 10-5 H M Chile 0.23 0.24 0.11 0.11-4.32 27 24 29 28-1 L L Czech Rep. 0.31 0.25 0.25 0.25-1.25 22 22 22 22 0 M M Denmark 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.00 1 1 3 3-2 H H Finland 0.57 0.69 0.71 0.71 1.21 7 5 4 5 2 H H France 0.23 0.23 0.19 0.19-1.25 26 25 26 26 0 L L Germany 0.37 0.43 0.42 0.53 2.04 15 12 13 9 6 M H Greece 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 24 23 23 23 1 L L Hungary 0.24 0.23 0.32 0.32 1.79 25 26 18 18 7 L M Iceland 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.00 9 8 10 11-2 H M Ireland 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.00 12 13 14 13-1 M M Italy 0.37 0.37 0.32 0.32-0.76 16 17 18 18-2 M M Japan 0.54 0.50 0.45 0.45-1.12 8 7 12 12-4 H M Korea 0.34 0.30 0.30 0.29-0.91 20 20 20 20 0 M M Luxembourg 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.00 23 21 21 21 2 L M Mexico 0.35 0.22 0.14 0.10-7.12 17 27 28 29-12 M L Netherlands 0.72 0.72 0.53 0.82 0.76 3 4 8 2 1 H H New Zealand 0.58 0.58 0.68 0.68 0.94 6 6 5 6 0 H H Norway 0.79 0.79 0.90 0.90 0.80 2 3 1 1 1 H H Poland 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.24 1.79 29 28 25 24 5 L L Portugal 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.00 30 31 30 31-1 L L Slovakia 0.22 0.15 0.15 0.15-2.47 28 29 27 27 1 L L Spain 0.33 0.38 0.20 0.20-3.02 21 15 24 25-4 M L Sweden 0.72 0.80 0.82 0.74 0.22 4 2 2 4 0 H H Switzerland 0.47 0.47 0.64 0.64 1.78 10 9 6 7 3 M H Turkey 0.03 0.15 0.01 0.10 7.81 31 29 31 30 1 L L UK 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.34-0.11 18 19 17 17 1 M M USA 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.40-0.10 13 13 11 14-1 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 121. 1995 14, 2000 15, 2005 13, 2012 15. 2012,,,,,,. 422, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.50 0.24 - - - - - - - Australia 0.28 0.28 0.41 0.44 2.63 27 26 17 17 10 L M Austria 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.00 10 11 11 12-2 M M Belgium 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.00 19 21 16 19 0 M M Canada 0.60 0.47 0.52 0.52-0.78 9 16 12 14-5 H M Chile 0.43 0.43 0.30 0.24-3.34 18 20 26 27-9 M L Czech Rep. 0.21 0.04 0.04 0.04-9.25 29 31 31 31-2 L L Denmark 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.00 2 2 2 2 0 H H Finland 0.47 0.72 0.82 0.82 3.32 17 5 3 4 13 M H France 0.50 0.50 0.38 0.38-1.55 13 14 21 22-9 M M Germany 0.27 0.52 0.29 0.64 5.09 28 13 27 10 18 L M Greece 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.00 31 30 29 30 1 L L Hungary 0.39 0.34 0.34 0.34-0.86 20 25 24 25-5 M L Iceland 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Ireland 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.00 5 6 9 9-4 H H Italy 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.37 23 24 22 23 0 L L Japan 0.48 0.22 0.40 0.43-0.68 15 27 18 18-3 M M Korea 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.00 14 15 13 15-1 M M Luxembourg 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.00 4 4 6 7-3 H H Mexico 0.36 0.13 0.21 0.14-5.62 22 29 28 28-6 M L Netherlands 0.60 0.60 0.31 0.42-2.05 8 10 25 20-12 H M New Zealand 0.20 0.20 0.38 0.57 6.25 30 28 20 13 17 L M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

122 422 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.50 0.24 - - - - - - - Norway 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.09 3 3 4 5-2 H H Poland 0.31 0.37 0.06 0.10-6.86 25 23 30 29-4 L L Portugal 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.00 7 8 10 11-4 H M Slovakia 0.30 0.39 0.39 0.39 1.56 26 22 19 21 5 L M Spain 0.34 0.43 0.46 0.28-1.13 24 19 15 26-2 L L Sweden 0.55 0.66 0.69 0.82 2.33 12 7 7 3 9 M H Switzerland 0.57 0.57 0.76 0.76 1.73 11 12 5 6 5 M H Turkey 0.64 0.60 0.69 0.74 0.84 6 9 8 8-2 H H UK 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.00 16 17 14 16 0 M M USA 0.36 0.45 0.36 0.36 0.02 21 18 23 24-3 M L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 18, 2000 18, 2005 18, 2012 18. 2012,,,,,,. 423, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 1995 2012 Change OECD Mean 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.48 0.31 - - - - - - - : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 123 423 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.48 0.31 - - - - - - - Australia 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.63-0.53 7 7 7 8-1 M M Austria - - - - - - - - - - L L Belgium - - - - - - - - - - L L Canada 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.00 5 5 5 5 0 H H Chile 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.32 5.53 16 16 16 14 2 L M Czech Rep. - - - - - - - - - - L L Denmark - - - - - - - - - - L L Finland 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.00 9 9 9 7 2 M M France 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.00 4 4 4 4 0 H H Germany 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.45 2.94 15 15 15 12 3 L M Greece - - - - - - - - - - L L Hungary 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.00 10 10 10 10 0 M M Iceland - - - - - - - - - - L L Ireland - - - - - - - - - - L L Italy 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.00 13 13 13 15-2 M L Japan 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 20 20 20 20 0 L L Korea 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.14 3.09 18 18 18 18 0 L L Luxembourg - - - - - - - - - - L L Mexico 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.03-4.33 19 19 19 19 0 L L Netherlands 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27-0.05 14 14 14 16-2 M L New Zealand - - - - - - - - - - L L Norway 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.00 2 2 2 2 0 H H Poland 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.50 2.70 12 12 12 11 1 M M Portugal - - - - - - - - - - L L Slovakia - - - - - - - - - - L L Spain 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.14 11 11 11 13-2 M M Sweden 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.82-0.43 1 1 1 1 0 H H Switzerland 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.00 8 8 8 6 2 M H Turkey 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.22 5.54 17 17 17 17 0 L L UK 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.00 3 3 3 3 0 H H USA 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.59-0.98 6 6 6 9-3 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

124. 1995 14, 2000 14, 2005 16, 2012 16 2005 2012. 2012,,,,,,. 424, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.43 0.43 0.39 0.37-0.77 - - - - - - - Australia 0.75 0.75 0.56 0.57-1.61 3 3 7 5-2 H H Austria - - - - - - - - - - L L Belgium - - - - - - - - - - L L Canada 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.00 2 2 1 1 1 H H Chile 0.41 0.41 0.31 0.31-1.64 9 9 13 13-4 M M Czech Rep. - - - - - - - - - - L L Denmark - - - - - - - - - - L L Finland 0.19 0.19 0.37 0.37 3.86 18 18 11 9 9 L M France 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.00 13 13 12 12 1 M M Germany 0.36 0.36 0.30 0.31-0.88 12 12 14 14-2 M M Greece - - - - - - - - - - L L Hungary 0.16 0.16 0.07 0.07-5.34 19 19 20 20-1 L L Iceland - - - - - - - - - - L L Ireland - - - - - - - - - - L L Italy 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.00 15 15 15 15 0 M M Japan 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.15-2.05 17 17 17 18-1 L L Korea 0.28 0.28 0.21 0.25-0.76 14 14 16 16-2 M L Luxembourg - - - - - - - - - - L L Mexico 0.70 0.70 0.59 0.53-1.60 5 5 5 7-2 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 125 424 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.43 0.43 0.39 0.37-0.77 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.35-2.18 8 8 8 11-3 M M New Zealand 0.72 0.72 0.75 0.75 0.20 4 4 2 2 2 H H Norway 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.13 10 10 9 8 2 M M Poland 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.18 1.41 20 20 19 17 3 L L Portugal - - - - - - - - - - L L Slovakia - - - - - - - - - - L L Spain 0.25 0.25 0.16 0.10-5.22 16 16 18 19-3 L L Sweden 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.35-0.38 11 11 10 10 1 M M Switzerland 0.51 0.51 0.61 0.61 1.04 7 7 4 4 3 M H Turkey 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.01-14.46 21 21 21 21 0 L L UK 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.00 6 6 3 3 3 H H USA 0.90 0.90 0.57 0.53-3.12 1 1 6 6-5 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 15, 2000 15, 2005 20, 2012 19 2005 2012 1. 2012,,,,,,.

126 425, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.15-1.32 - - - - - - - Australia 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.08-1.50 16 16 16 14 2 L M Austria - - - - - - - - - - L L Belgium - - - - - - - - - - L L Canada 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.00 5 5 4 4 1 H H Chile 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.07-3.20 12 12 17 15-3 M M Czech Rep. - - - - - - - - - - L L Denmark - - - - - - - - - - L L Finland 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.14 2.00 16 16 8 7 9 L M France 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.00 13 13 12 12 1 M M Germany 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.12-1.03 9 9 13 11-2 M M Greece - - - - - - - - - - L L Hungary 0.11 0.11 0.00 0.00-28.21 13 13 21 21-8 M L Iceland - - - - - - - - - - L L Ireland - - - - - - - - - - L L Italy 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.00 8 8 7 6 2 M H Japan 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.04-3.72 18 18 15 16 2 L L Korea 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.03-7.76 15 15 20 19-4 M L Luxembourg - - - - - - - - - - L L Mexico 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.35-0.82 2 2 2 2 0 H H Netherlands 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.04-8.07 7 7 6 16-9 M L New Zealand 0.08 0.08 0.14 0.14 2.86 18 18 8 7 11 L M Norway 0.13 0.13 0.18 0.18 1.83 11 11 5 5 6 M H Poland 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.00 21 21 18 18 3 L L Portugal - - - - - - - - - - L L Slovakia - - - - - - - - - - L L Spain 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.03-5.65 20 20 18 19 1 L L Sweden 0.20 0.20 0.12 0.12-2.90 6 6 11 10-4 H M Switzerland 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.35 2.68 4 4 3 3 1 H H Turkey 0.25 0.25 0.09 0.10-5.46 3 3 13 13-10 H M UK 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.00 9 9 8 7 2 M M USA 0.91 0.91 0.71 0.64-2.06 1 1 1 1 0 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 127. (Helping others) 1995 22, 2000 22, 2005 22, 2012 22. 2012,,,,,,. 426, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.51-0.55 - - - - - - - Australia 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.80-0.63 2 2 2 5-3 H H Austria 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.61-1.91 5 5 5 13-8 H M Belgium 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.38-2.00 19 19 19 19 0 M M Canada 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.82 0.39 10 10 10 4 6 M H Chile 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.52-1.60 13 13 13 16-3 M M Czech Rep. 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.22-2.55 21 21 21 28-7 M L Denmark 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.63-1.14 9 9 9 11-2 H M Finland 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.05 20 20 20 18 2 M M France 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.25-5.26 17 17 17 26-9 M L Germany 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.49-1.72 14 14 14 17-3 M M Greece 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.01-18.90 29 29 29 31-2 L L Hungary 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.86 28 28 28 29-1 L L Iceland 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.76-0.35 6 6 6 7-1 H H Ireland 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.85 0.50 8 8 8 2 6 H H Italy 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.58-0.09 18 18 18 15 3 M M Japan 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.83 25 25 25 21 4 L M Korea 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.36 0.42 22 22 22 22 0 M M Luxembourg 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.60-0.81 12 12 12 14-2 M M Mexico 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23-0.19 27 27 27 27 0 L L Netherlands 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.83-0.51 1 1 1 3-2 H H New Zealand 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.09 7 7 7 6 1 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

128 426 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.51-0.55 - - - - - - - Norway 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.66 0.45 16 16 16 9 7 M H Poland 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.75 24 24 24 23 1 L L Portugal 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.28 2.64 30 30 30 25 5 L L Slovakia 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.81 23 23 23 20 3 L M Spain 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.34 0.62 26 26 26 24 2 L L Sweden 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.62-0.18 15 15 15 12 3 M M Switzerland 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.66-1.52 4 4 4 10-6 H M Turkey 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.10-1.84 31 31 31 30 1 L L UK 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87-0.03 3 3 3 1 2 H H USA 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.18 11 11 11 8 3 M H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle) 4 1.,,,,. 2012 3,,,,. 1995 2012 4,,. 4. 1995 2012 4 1995 12 2012 17 5. 4.

4 129 1995 2012 1995 2012. 1995 28 2012 27 1. 427, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.56 0.37 - - - - - - - Australia 0.60 0.63 0.62 0.65 0.43 14 12 14 10 4 M M Austria 0.63 0.63 0.66 0.64 0.06 11 11 8 12-1 M M Belgium 0.58 0.58 0.64 0.63 0.46 17 17 13 13 4 M M Canada 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.15 13 15 18 14-1 M M Chile 0.44 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.51 23 23 23 22 1 L M Czech Rep. 0.40 0.38 0.42 0.44 0.65 25 27 26 24 1 L L Denmark 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.15 1 1 1 1 0 H H Finland 0.66 0.67 0.71 0.72 0.59 6 5 3 3 3 H H France 0.58 0.56 0.61 0.61 0.27 16 18 16 16 0 M M Germany 0.64 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.17 9 8 10 8 1 H H Greece 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.37-0.22 27 25 25 29-2 L L Hungary 0.38 0.42 0.44 0.41 0.40 26 24 24 26 0 L L Iceland 0.56 0.62 0.66 0.56 0.05 18 13 9 18 0 M M Ireland 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.28 15 16 17 15 0 M M Italy 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.44-0.17 22 22 22 25-3 M L Japan 0.47 0.47 0.52 0.53 0.69 21 21 21 19 2 M M Korea 0.31 0.31 0.36 0.40 1.59 28 28 29 27 1 L L Luxembourg 0.65 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.36 8 2 4 4 4 H H Mexico 0.16 0.20 0.21 0.20 1.45 30 30 31 31-1 L L Netherlands 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.06 4 4 6 6-2 H H New Zealand 0.66 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.05 5 9 11 7-2 H H Norway 0.68 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.04 3 7 5 5-2 H H Poland 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.47 0.92 24 26 27 23 1 L L Portugal 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.42 20 20 20 21-1 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

130 427 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.56 0.37 - - - - - - - Slovakia 0.27 0.29 0.38 0.38 1.95 29 29 28 28 1 L L Spain 0.51 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.21 19 19 19 20-1 M M Sweden 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.75 0.50 2 3 2 2 0 H H Switzerland 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.66 0.05 7 6 7 9-2 H H Turkey 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.28 3.81 31 31 30 30 1 L L UK 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.02 10 10 12 11-1 M M USA 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.60-0.12 12 14 15 17-5 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle) 2..,, 1995 21, 2000 24, 2005 28, 2012 26 2005 2012. 2012,,,,,,.

4 131 428, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.75 0.32 - - - - - - - Australia 0.85 0.86 0.84 0.86 0.06 3 3 9 3 0 H H Austria 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.77-0.28 7 13 18 19-12 H M Belgium 0.78 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.13 11 17 14 14-3 M M Canada 0.75 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.66 15 11 12 5 10 M H Chile 0.67 0.70 0.80 0.78 0.90 23 22 15 17 6 L M Czech Rep. 0.72 0.71 0.73 0.77 0.41 20 20 22 18 2 M M Denmark 0.80 0.81 0.85 0.85 0.37 9 9 7 4 5 H H Finland 0.75 0.75 0.82 0.83 0.60 17 15 11 9 8 M H France 0.65 0.64 0.70 0.71 0.54 24 27 25 24 0 L L Germany 0.73 0.73 0.77 0.79 0.48 18 18 16 16 2 M M Greece 0.59 0.59 0.62 0.50-1.01 26 29 29 29-3 L L Hungary 0.57 0.66 0.72 0.64 0.76 28 25 23 27 1 L L Iceland 0.81 0.83 0.87 0.80-0.04 6 7 4 13-7 H M Ireland 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.84 0.51 13 8 3 6 7 M H Italy 0.63 0.64 0.67 0.60-0.29 25 26 27 28-3 L L Japan 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.73-0.30 14 19 24 23-9 M L Korea 0.70 0.66 0.66 0.69-0.15 21 24 28 26-5 M L Luxembourg 0.83 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.04 5 4 6 7-2 H H Mexico 0.36 0.47 0.54 0.41 0.75 30 30 30 30 0 L L Netherlands 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.83 0.28 10 12 10 8 2 M H New Zealand 0.89 0.90 0.89 0.88-0.10 1 1 1 2-1 H H Norway 0.80 0.84 0.77 0.80 0.02 8 6 17 12-4 H M Poland 0.59 0.67 0.69 0.70 1.03 27 23 26 25 2 L L Portugal 0.73 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.04 19 16 21 22-3 M M Slovakia 0.50 0.59 0.75 0.74 2.30 29 28 19 20 9 L M Spain 0.69 0.70 0.74 0.73 0.32 22 21 20 21 1 M M Sweden 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.56 16 14 13 10 6 M M Switzerland 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.09 2 2 2 1 1 H H Turkey 0.16 0.30 0.36 0.38 5.00 31 31 31 31 0 L L UK 0.78 0.80 0.84 0.80 0.10 12 10 8 15-3 M M USA 0.84 0.84 0.86 0.82-0.14 4 5 5 11-7 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

132., 1995 28, 2000 27, 2005 23, 2012 23. 2012,,,,,,. 429, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57-0.15 - - - - - - - Australia 0.77 0.73 0.76 0.75-0.18 10 12 10 8 2 M H Austria 0.71 0.71 0.77 0.66-0.41 14 13 9 14 0 M M Belgium 0.51 0.53 0.62 0.62 1.19 22 21 18 17 5 M M Canada 0.79 0.78 0.74 0.74-0.38 8 7 12 9-1 H H Chile 0.56 0.59 0.58 0.60 0.41 18 17 20 20-2 M M Czech Rep. 0.36 0.30 0.32 0.40 0.55 26 26 25 25 1 L L Denmark 0.86 0.83 0.85 0.79-0.48 1 2 3 4-3 H H Finland 0.85 0.87 0.85 0.81-0.25 2 1 2 1 1 H H France 0.59 0.57 0.62 0.60 0.11 17 19 17 19-2 M M Germany 0.71 0.67 0.72 0.69-0.16 15 15 14 12 3 M M Greece 0.40 0.37 0.31 0.21-3.73 23 24 27 30-7 L L Hungary 0.38 0.39 0.36 0.36-0.24 24 23 24 26-2 L L Iceland 0.79 0.81 0.88 0.71-0.61 7 3 1 11-4 H M Ireland 0.72 0.63 0.65 0.64-0.63 13 16 16 16-3 M M Italy 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.24-2.60 25 25 26 28-3 L L Japan 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.75 19 20 19 18 1 M M Korea 0.31 0.30 0.38 0.43 1.90 28 27 23 23 5 L L Luxembourg 0.74 0.78 0.77 0.72-0.13 12 9 8 10 2 M M Mexico 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.04-1.35 31 31 31 31 0 L L Netherlands 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.76-0.23 9 10 11 7 2 H H New Zealand 0.84 0.80 0.84 0.80-0.27 3 5 4 2 1 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 133 429 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57-0.15 - - - - - - - Norway 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.78-0.29 4 6 6 5-1 H H Poland 0.33 0.29 0.19 0.41 1.32 27 28 29 24 3 L L Portugal 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.49-0.50 20 22 22 22-2 M M Slovakia 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.28 2.15 29 29 28 27 2 L L Spain 0.53 0.59 0.54 0.50-0.32 21 18 21 21 0 M M Sweden 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.80-0.16 6 4 7 3 3 H H Switzerland 0.82 0.78 0.81 0.76-0.42 5 8 5 6-1 H H Turkey 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.23 3.35 30 30 30 29 1 L L UK 0.76 0.75 0.72 0.67-0.78 11 11 13 13-2 M M USA 0.67 0.68 0.65 0.65-0.23 16 14 15 15 1 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 27, 2000 28, 2005 26, 2012 21 2000 1 2012. 2012,,,,,,.

134 430, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.49-0.19 - - - - - - - Australia 0.54 0.65 0.67 0.66 1.19 16 10 9 9 7 M H Austria 0.69 0.65 0.64 0.59-0.93 9 12 13 14-5 H M Belgium 0.59 0.54 0.56 0.52-0.68 15 18 17 17-2 M M Canada 0.66 0.65 0.68 0.66 0.04 11 13 7 7 4 M H Chile 0.50 0.49 0.51 0.54 0.46 17 19 20 15 2 M M Czech Rep. 0.37 0.27 0.42 0.37 0.03 23 26 23 23 0 L L Denmark 0.76 0.72 0.73 0.72-0.31 5 6 2 3 2 H H Finland 0.67 0.74 0.74 0.77 0.80 10 4 1 1 9 M H France 0.48 0.45 0.52 0.45-0.43 18 20 18 20-2 M M Germany 0.64 0.64 0.59 0.59-0.47 13 14 16 12 1 M M Greece 0.23 0.28 0.30 0.13-3.30 26 25 28 29-3 L L Hungary 0.28 0.37 0.36 0.30 0.34 25 22 25 27-2 L L Iceland 0.48 0.68 0.72 0.47-0.16 19 9 3 18 1 M M Ireland 0.64 0.70 0.61 0.59-0.49 14 8 15 13 1 M M Italy 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.20-2.39 24 24 27 28-4 L L Japan 0.41 0.34 0.48 0.46 0.80 22 23 21 19 3 M M Korea 0.22 0.23 0.33 0.37 3.00 27 28 26 21 6 L M Luxembourg 0.75 0.77 0.68 0.66-0.71 6 3 6 8-2 H H Mexico 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.13 5.90 30 30 31 31-1 L L Netherlands 0.78 0.82 0.69 0.69-0.77 3 1 4 5-2 H H New Zealand 0.80 0.65 0.68 0.71-0.73 1 11 8 4-3 H H Norway 0.70 0.56 0.64 0.65-0.43 8 16 11 10-2 H M Poland 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.30 1.83 28 27 29 26 2 L L Portugal 0.44 0.38 0.44 0.33-1.67 21 21 22 25-4 M L Slovakia 0.17 0.16 0.39 0.35 4.07 29 29 24 24 5 L L Spain 0.47 0.56 0.51 0.37-1.33 20 17 19 22-2 M M Sweden 0.65 0.64 0.66 0.74 0.81 12 15 10 2 10 M H Switzerland 0.77 0.78 0.69 0.68-0.75 4 2 5 6-2 H H Turkey 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.13 11.68 31 31 30 30 1 L L UK 0.79 0.73 0.64 0.61-1.51 2 5 12 11-9 H M USA 0.72 0.70 0.63 0.52-1.85 7 7 14 16-9 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 135. 1995 31, 2000 31, 2005 31, 2012 29 2005 2012 2. 2012,,,,,,. 431, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.49 1.30 - - - - - - - Australia 0.30 0.33 0.26 0.39 1.49 26 26 27 27-1 L L Austria 0.58 0.62 0.65 0.75 1.45 3 3 3 1 2 H H Belgium 0.53 0.55 0.61 0.62 0.93 6 5 5 6 0 H H Canada 0.36 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.44 20 25 25 26-6 M L Chile 0.20 0.24 0.18 0.18-0.65 28 28 29 30-2 L L Czech Rep. 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.51 1.04 15 12 17 14 1 M M Denmark 0.48 0.49 0.56 0.62 1.46 8 8 9 7 1 H H Finland 0.49 0.44 0.53 0.58 1.03 7 13 10 11-4 H M France 0.65 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.63 1 1 1 2-1 H H Germany 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.65 0.33 2 2 4 5-3 H H Greece 0.47 0.51 0.60 0.70 2.32 9 7 6 4 5 H H Hungary 0.46 0.43 0.48 0.47 0.14 10 15 13 20-10 M M Iceland 0.35 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.69 21 20 20 25-4 M L Ireland 0.29 0.26 0.34 0.40 1.76 27 27 26 24 3 L L Italy 0.55 0.61 0.65 0.71 1.44 5 4 2 3 2 H H Japan 0.34 0.37 0.43 0.53 2.72 25 21 18 13 12 L M Korea 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.20 12.01 31 31 31 29 2 L L Luxembourg 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.46 0.88 18 14 14 21-3 M M Mexico 0.07 0.09 0.16 0.14 4.59 30 30 30 31-1 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

136 431 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.49 1.30 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.43 0.39 0.47 0.54 1.30 14 19 16 12 2 M M New Zealand 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.47 1.92 24 22 24 18 6 L M Norway 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.63 11 10 11 15-4 M M Poland 0.43 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.25 13 17 19 22-9 M M Portugal 0.39 0.46 0.56 0.59 2.50 19 9 8 9 10 M H Slovakia 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.41 0.02 16 18 23 23-7 M L Spain 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.58 1.69 12 11 15 10 2 M M Sweden 0.55 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.48 4 6 7 8-4 H H Switzerland 0.40 0.42 0.49 0.48 1.17 17 16 12 17 0 M M Turkey 0.14 0.16 0.21 0.29 4.45 29 29 28 28 1 L L UK 0.35 0.34 0.40 0.49 2.04 22 24 21 16 6 M M USA 0.35 0.36 0.40 0.47 1.77 23 23 22 19 4 L M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle).,, 1995 26, 2000 27, 2005 25 2012 25 2000 1 2012 25. 2012,,,,,,.

4 137 432, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.42 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.82 - - - - - - - Australia 0.55 0.56 0.55 0.58 0.37 5 7 12 9-4 H H Austria 0.37 0.41 0.49 0.42 0.81 21 21 15 22-1 M M Belgium 0.50 0.54 0.59 0.57 0.85 11 10 9 10 1 M M Canada 0.45 0.44 0.47 0.46 0.06 14 18 20 18-4 M M Chile 0.28 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.60 25 25 26 26-1 L L Czech Rep. 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.18 2.52 30 30 30 30 0 L L Denmark 0.80 0.89 0.81 0.82 0.11 1 1 1 1 0 H H Finland 0.53 0.57 0.62 0.64 1.09 7 6 6 5 2 H H France 0.53 0.51 0.56 0.55 0.25 6 12 11 12-6 H M Germany 0.50 0.54 0.56 0.56 0.68 10 11 10 11-1 M M Greece 0.21 0.31 0.30 0.29 1.92 29 24 27 27 2 L L Hungary 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.27 1.00 28 29 29 29-1 L L Iceland 0.35 0.39 0.42 0.43 1.16 22 22 22 21 1 M M Ireland 0.51 0.56 0.59 0.61 1.01 9 8 8 7 2 H H Italy 0.38 0.43 0.48 0.43 0.70 19 20 17 20-1 M M Japan 0.33 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.02 23 23 23 24-1 L L Korea 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.32 1.06 26 27 25 25 1 L L Luxembourg 0.52 0.67 0.69 0.75 2.20 8 3 4 3 5 H H Mexico 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.48 27 28 28 28-1 L L Netherlands 0.57 0.62 0.62 0.59 0.16 4 5 5 8-4 H H New Zealand 0.43 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.57 17 16 19 17 0 M M Norway 0.63 0.64 0.69 0.69 0.51 3 4 3 4-1 H H Poland 0.43 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.60 15 17 18 15 0 M M Portugal 0.38 0.50 0.48 0.50 1.65 20 13 16 14 6 M M Slovakia 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.13 2.12 31 31 31 31 0 L L Spain 0.43 0.48 0.49 0.46 0.38 16 15 14 19-3 M M Sweden 0.68 0.74 0.78 0.79 0.87 2 2 2 2 0 H H Switzerland 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.47 1.00 18 19 21 16 2 M M Turkey 0.29 0.30 0.34 0.38 1.58 24 26 24 23 1 L L UK 0.49 0.55 0.60 0.62 1.37 12 9 7 6 6 M H USA 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.52 0.66 13 14 13 13 0 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

138 3.. 1995 8, 2000 14, 2005 21, 2012 18 2005 2012. 2012,,,,,,. 433, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.92 - - - - - - - Australia 0.62 0.69 0.73 0.82 1.61 6 3 6 1 5 H H Austria 0.53 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.07 11 16 16 17-6 M M Belgium 0.45 0.39 0.51 0.51 0.80 18 24 15 21-3 M M Canada 0.52 0.54 0.66 0.75 2.15 14 11 10 4 10 M H Chile 0.56 0.64 0.70 0.71 1.44 9 8 7 5 4 H H Czech Rep. 0.49 0.50 0.42 0.53 0.53 16 15 24 18-2 M M Denmark 0.47 0.50 0.65 0.67 2.02 17 17 11 8 9 M H Finland 0.40 0.41 0.56 0.58 2.28 21 23 13 12 9 M M France 0.41 0.26 0.33 0.39-0.39 20 30 28 27-7 M L Germany 0.53 0.44 0.49 0.56 0.28 12 19 17 15-3 M M Greece 0.34 0.34 0.29 0.21-2.72 26 27 30 31-5 L L Hungary 0.21 0.41 0.39 0.47 4.72 30 22 26 23 7 L L Iceland 0.54 0.62 0.68 0.55 0.09 10 9 8 16-6 M M Ireland 0.50 0.67 0.77 0.68 1.83 15 7 2 6 9 M H Italy 0.34 0.36 0.42 0.29-0.98 26 26 23 30-4 L L Japan 0.64 0.55 0.47 0.57-0.72 5 10 18 14-9 H M Korea 0.58 0.53 0.45 0.53-0.49 8 14 21 18-10 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 139 433 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.92 - - - - - - - Luxembourg 0.59 0.67 0.67 0.63 0.42 7 5 9 9-2 H H Mexico 0.38 0.30 0.43 0.43 0.69 22 29 22 25-3 M L Netherlands 0.53 0.54 0.60 0.61 0.82 13 12 12 11 2 M M New Zealand 0.71 0.77 0.80 0.80 0.68 1 1 1 2-1 H H Norway 0.43 0.54 0.41 0.51 0.93 19 13 25 22-3 M M Poland 0.11 0.32 0.31 0.41 7.56 31 28 29 26 5 L L Portugal 0.37 0.44 0.37 0.38 0.21 24 20 27 28-4 L L Slovakia 0.32 0.18 0.46 0.47 2.16 28 31 20 24 4 L L Spain 0.38 0.44 0.47 0.51 1.83 23 18 19 20 3 L M Sweden 0.35 0.43 0.53 0.57 2.94 25 21 14 13 12 L M Switzerland 0.68 0.68 0.74 0.78 0.76 3 4 4 3 0 H H Turkey 0.28 0.39 0.11 0.37 1.63 29 25 31 29 0 L L UK 0.71 0.69 0.73 0.62-0.73 2 2 5 10-8 H M USA 0.68 0.67 0.75 0.67-0.08 4 5 3 7-3 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 26, 2000 27, 2005 27, 2012 25 2000 2012 2. 2012,,,,,, 7 24,,.

140 434, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.87 0.88 0.95 0.93 0.39 - - - - - - - Australia 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Austria 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Belgium 0.98 0.87 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 16 1 1 0 H H Canada 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Chile 0.76 0.76 0.98 0.98 1.48 26 27 1 1 25 L H Czech Rep. 0.87 0.87 0.98 0.98 0.69 17 16 1 1 16 M H Denmark 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Finland 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H France 0.87 0.87 0.98 0.98 0.69 17 16 1 1 16 M H Germany 0.87 0.87 0.98 0.98 0.69 17 16 1 1 16 M H Greece 0.76 0.76 0.87 0.76 0.00 26 27 27 29-3 L L Hungary 0.87 0.87 0.98 0.87 0.00 17 16 1 25-8 M L Iceland 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Ireland 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Italy 0.87 0.87 0.98 0.87 0.00 17 16 1 25-8 M L Japan 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.00 17 16 27 25-8 M L Korea 0.76 0.76 0.87 0.87 0.79 26 27 27 25 1 L L Luxembourg 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Mexico 0.33 0.65 0.76 0.54 3.00 30 30 30 30 0 L L Netherlands 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H New Zealand 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Norway 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Poland 0.87 0.87 0.98 0.98 0.69 17 16 1 1 16 M H Portugal 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Slovakia 0.65 0.87 0.98 0.98 2.39 29 16 1 1 28 L H Spain 0.87 0.87 0.98 0.98 0.69 17 16 1 1 16 M H Sweden 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Switzerland 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Turkey 0.11 0.22 0.54 0.43 8.15 31 31 31 31 0 L L UK 0.87 0.87 0.98 0.98 0.69 17 16 1 1 16 M H USA 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 141. 1995 21, 2000 25, 2005 28, 2012 25 2005 2012. 2012,,,,,,. 435, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.77-0.15 - - - - - - - Australia 0.95 0.93 0.81 0.79-1.15 3 6 16 17-14 H M Austria 0.90 0.88 0.79 0.79-0.82 9 11 21 17-8 H M Belgium 0.93 0.94 0.92 0.92-0.08 6 4 6 3 3 H H Canada 0.76 0.86 0.82 0.80 0.29 23 13 15 16 7 L M Chile 0.69 0.71 0.72 0.66-0.34 24 25 26 25-1 L L Czech Rep. 0.81 0.75 0.80 0.81 0.00 17 23 18 15 2 M M Denmark 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.90-0.25 5 4 3 6-1 H H Finland 0.86 0.88 0.94 0.92 0.34 13 11 1 3 10 M H France 0.67 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.85 26 21 21 20 6 L M Germany 0.79 0.89 0.85 0.84 0.38 18 10 13 12 6 M M Greece 0.68 0.67 0.69 0.53-1.53 25 29 27 29-4 L L Hungary 0.62 0.69 0.79 0.59-0.25 28 28 21 28 0 L L Iceland 0.90 0.90 0.94 0.88-0.17 9 9 1 9 0 H H Ireland 0.82 0.82 0.86 0.85 0.18 16 18 12 10 6 M M Italy 0.67 0.71 0.60 0.63-0.35 26 25 29 27-1 L L Japan 0.79 0.76 0.80 0.75-0.30 18 22 18 22-4 M M Korea 0.77 0.71 0.67 0.66-0.97 21 25 28 25-4 M L Luxembourg 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.90-0.17 6 6 6 6 0 H H Mexico 0.38 0.46 0.43 0.27-2.15 30 30 30 31-1 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

142 435 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.77-0.15 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.88 0.86 0.92 0.92 0.26 11 13 6 3 8 M H New Zealand 0.98 0.95 0.89 0.85-0.84 2 2 10 10-8 H M Norway 0.99 0.99 0.93 0.93-0.40 1 1 3 1 0 H H Poland 0.79 0.81 0.79 0.72-0.51 18 19 21 23-5 M L Portugal 0.84 0.84 0.88 0.84 0.00 14 16 11 12 2 M M Slovakia 0.53 0.72 0.80 0.77 2.27 29 24 18 20 9 L M Spain 0.84 0.80 0.79 0.71-0.99 14 20 21 24-10 M L Sweden 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.00 6 6 3 1 5 H H Switzerland 0.95 0.95 0.92 0.90-0.33 3 2 6 6-3 H H Turkey 0.10 0.30 0.43 0.33 7.25 31 31 30 30 1 L L UK 0.77 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.10 21 16 16 17 4 M M USA 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.82-0.36 11 13 13 14-3 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 27, 2000 26, 2005 23, 2012 24 2000 2012 1. 2012,,,,,,.

4 143 436, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65-0.21 - - - - - - - Australia 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.80-0.15 8 11 11 11-3 H M Austria 0.86 0.83 0.82 0.83-0.14 5 5 8 6-1 H H Belgium 0.72 0.67 0.68 0.68-0.28 18 20 17 18 0 M M Canada 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.01 11 12 10 10 1 M M Chile 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.67 0.28 21 21 20 19 2 M M Czech Rep. 0.49 0.44 0.47 0.55 0.66 26 27 24 23 3 L L Denmark 0.85 0.82 0.88 0.84-0.08 6 8 2 5 1 H H Finland 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.03 4 3 3 2 2 H H France 0.72 0.68 0.67 0.70-0.23 17 18 18 17 0 M M Germany 0.80 0.77 0.78 0.77-0.28 12 14 13 15-3 M M Greece 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.34-2.81 23 25 26 28-5 L L Hungary 0.50 0.50 0.46 0.41-1.20 25 24 25 26-1 L L Iceland 0.80 0.86 0.93 0.78-0.15 13 2 1 14-1 M M Ireland 0.78 0.74 0.74 0.80 0.11 14 16 15 12 2 M M Italy 0.55 0.51 0.38 0.33-2.99 24 23 27 29-5 L L Japan 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.66-0.47 19 17 19 20-1 M M Korea 0.47 0.48 0.50 0.54 0.75 27 26 23 24 3 L L Luxembourg 0.76 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.40 16 4 6 9 7 M H Mexico 0.05 0.09 0.04 0.02-5.72 31 31 31 31 0 L L Netherlands 0.82 0.80 0.79 0.83 0.11 9 10 12 7 2 H H New Zealand 0.87 0.81 0.85 0.85-0.17 3 9 7 4-1 H H Norway 0.89 0.83 0.86 0.87-0.12 2 6 5 1 1 H H Poland 0.45 0.43 0.33 0.46 0.18 28 28 29 25 3 L L Portugal 0.62 0.61 0.58 0.56-0.61 22 22 21 22 0 M M Slovakia 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.36 1.59 29 29 28 27 2 L L Spain 0.67 0.68 0.57 0.56-1.01 20 19 22 21-1 M M Sweden 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.87 0.30 7 7 9 3 4 H H Switzerland 0.90 0.86 0.87 0.82-0.52 1 1 4 8-7 H H Turkey 0.21 0.19 0.24 0.22 0.37 30 30 30 30 0 L L UK 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.78-0.20 10 13 14 13-3 M M USA 0.78 0.76 0.72 0.75-0.20 15 15 16 16-1 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

144. 1995 28, 2000 28, 2005 23, 2012 24 2005 2012 1. 2012,,,,,,. 437, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.50-0.09 - - - - - - - Australia 0.71 0.66 0.73 0.69-0.21 10 12 8 6 4 M H Austria 0.56 0.59 0.71 0.49-0.84 15 14 9 19-4 M M Belgium 0.30 0.39 0.55 0.56 3.66 22 22 17 13 9 M M Canada 0.78 0.78 0.68 0.68-0.81 6 5 13 8-2 H H Chile 0.48 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.58 17 16 19 17 0 M M Czech Rep. 0.23 0.17 0.17 0.24 0.31 25 26 26 26-1 L L Denmark 0.88 0.85 0.81 0.75-0.90 1 2 4 1 0 H H Finland 0.83 0.88 0.83 0.75-0.56 2 1 2 1 1 H H France 0.46 0.46 0.56 0.51 0.60 18 19 16 18 0 M M Germany 0.61 0.58 0.65 0.61 0.00 14 15 14 12 2 M M Greece 0.24 0.24 0.17 0.08-6.59 24 24 26 30-6 L L Hungary 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.32 1.30 23 23 23 25-2 L L Iceland 0.79 0.76 0.84 0.65-1.12 5 6 1 10-5 H M Ireland 0.65 0.53 0.55 0.49-1.68 13 17 17 19-6 M M Italy 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.15-1.66 26 25 23 29-3 L L Japan 0.35 0.43 0.54 0.55 2.64 21 20 19 14 7 M M Korea 0.15 0.13 0.25 0.33 4.47 28 28 23 24 4 L L Luxembourg 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.63-0.77 10 10 12 11-1 M M Mexico 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.05 1.56 31 31 29 31 0 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 145 437 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.50-0.09 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.75 0.74 0.70 0.68-0.62 7 8 10 8-1 H H New Zealand 0.80 0.80 0.83 0.75-0.38 4 3 2 1 3 H H Norway 0.75 0.76 0.74 0.69-0.51 7 6 7 6 1 H H Poland 0.20 0.14 0.05 0.35 3.25 26 27 31 23 3 L L Portugal 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.41-0.34 19 20 22 22-3 M M Slovakia 0.12 0.07 0.17 0.20 3.30 29 30 26 28 1 L L Spain 0.39 0.50 0.50 0.44 0.71 20 18 21 21-1 M M Sweden 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.73-0.67 3 3 5 4-1 H H Switzerland 0.74 0.70 0.76 0.70-0.31 9 10 6 5 4 H H Turkey 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.24 8.83 30 29 29 26 4 L L UK 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.55-1.51 10 9 10 14-4 M M USA 0.56 0.60 0.58 0.54-0.27 15 13 15 16-1 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 23, 2000 25, 2005 24, 2012 21 2000. 2012,,,,,,.

146 438, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.54 0.51 0.51 0.47-0.83 - - - - - - - Australia 0.58 0.64 0.67 0.56-0.18 18 14 10 10 8 M M Austria 0.72 0.68 0.59 0.54-1.61 12 8 14 13-1 M M Belgium 0.70 0.61 0.62 0.56-1.33 14 16 12 11 3 M M Canada 0.73 0.68 0.71 0.61-1.05 10 11 5 8 2 M H Chile 0.31 0.41 0.43 0.44 2.08 25 20 21 20 5 L M Czech Rep. 0.34 0.28 0.39 0.33-0.30 22 26 22 24-2 M L Denmark 0.76 0.69 0.75 0.68-0.67 6 7 3 2 4 H H Finland 0.73 0.70 0.76 0.77 0.28 9 6 2 1 8 H H France 0.62 0.57 0.55 0.47-1.70 16 19 18 19-3 M M Germany 0.72 0.68 0.56 0.55-1.62 11 10 17 12-1 M M Greece 0.24 0.27 0.24 0.12-4.14 26 27 27 31-5 L L Hungary 0.24 0.33 0.29 0.23-0.28 27 23 26 27 0 L L Iceland 0.55 0.71 0.76 0.52-0.31 19 4 1 17 2 M M Ireland 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.53-0.96 15 15 15 14 1 M M Italy 0.31 0.32 0.24 0.15-4.15 24 24 28 28-4 L L Japan 0.58 0.40 0.46 0.49-1.00 17 22 20 18-1 M M Korea 0.32 0.28 0.36 0.42 1.63 23 25 24 21 2 L M Luxembourg 0.77 0.72 0.67 0.58-1.69 4 3 9 9-5 H H Mexico 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.12 19.70 31 30 31 30 1 L L Netherlands 0.79 0.74 0.68 0.63-1.38 2 2 8 6-4 H H New Zealand 0.75 0.58 0.66 0.62-1.08 8 18 11 7 1 H H Norway 0.78 0.68 0.69 0.66-0.99 3 9 7 4-1 H H Poland 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.24 0.28 28 28 29 26 2 L L Portugal 0.35 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.21 21 21 23 23-2 M L Slovakia 0.20 0.16 0.32 0.30 2.36 29 29 25 25 4 L L Spain 0.48 0.60 0.49 0.39-1.26 20 17 19 22-2 M M Sweden 0.76 0.71 0.70 0.67-0.69 7 5 6 3 4 H H Switzerland 0.91 0.76 0.73 0.65-1.96 1 1 4 5-4 H H Turkey 0.02 0.00 0.08 0.15 11.00 30 31 30 29 1 L L UK 0.71 0.67 0.60 0.53-1.67 13 12 13 15-2 M M USA 0.77 0.66 0.58 0.53-2.20 5 13 16 16-11 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 147. 1995 29, 2000 28, 2005 28, 2012 26 2000 1 2005 2012 2. 2012,,,,,,. 439, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.52 0.45 - - - - - - - Australia 0.49 0.67 0.67 0.75 2.47 17 10 10 5 12 M H Austria 0.66 0.62 0.68 0.63-0.26 9 12 7 15-6 H M Belgium 0.47 0.47 0.50 0.49 0.17 18 18 20 17 1 M M Canada 0.59 0.62 0.65 0.71 1.16 13 13 11 8 5 M H Chile 0.69 0.58 0.59 0.64-0.44 6 15 17 12-6 H M Czech Rep. 0.39 0.25 0.44 0.41 0.31 21 27 24 21 0 M M Denmark 0.76 0.75 0.71 0.76 0.03 4 7 2 4 0 H H Finland 0.61 0.77 0.71 0.78 1.37 12 6 1 3 9 M H France 0.35 0.34 0.49 0.43 1.32 22 22 22 19 3 M M Germany 0.56 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.74 14 14 15 13 1 M M Greece 0.21 0.29 0.35 0.14-2.47 26 25 27 29-3 L L Hungary 0.32 0.41 0.44 0.37 0.77 23 20 25 23 0 L L Iceland 0.41 0.65 0.67 0.41 0.05 20 11 9 20 0 M M Ireland 0.66 0.78 0.64 0.65-0.07 8 5 13 11-3 H M Italy 0.30 0.29 0.36 0.25-0.97 24 24 26 28-4 L L Japan 0.23 0.29 0.49 0.44 3.80 25 23 21 18 7 L M Korea 0.13 0.18 0.29 0.33 5.43 29 28 28 26 3 L L Luxembourg 0.72 0.81 0.69 0.75 0.18 5 2 4 6-1 H H Mexico 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.13 2.16 30 31 30 30 0 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

148 439 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.48 0.51 0.53 0.52 0.45 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.77 0.90 0.71 0.74-0.21 3 1 3 7-4 H H New Zealand 0.85 0.72 0.69 0.79-0.44 2 9 5 2 0 H H Norway 0.62 0.44 0.60 0.64 0.20 11 19 16 14-3 M M Poland 0.21 0.25 0.29 0.36 3.15 27 26 29 24 3 L L Portugal 0.52 0.36 0.51 0.29-3.42 16 21 19 27-11 M L Slovakia 0.15 0.16 0.47 0.40 5.79 28 29 23 22 6 L M Spain 0.45 0.51 0.52 0.35-1.41 19 17 18 25-6 M L Sweden 0.54 0.56 0.63 0.81 2.43 15 16 14 1 14 M H Switzerland 0.63 0.79 0.64 0.70 0.65 10 4 12 9 1 M H Turkey 0.01 0.07 0.03 0.10 12.89 31 30 31 31 0 L L UK 0.87 0.79 0.68 0.69-1.38 1 3 6 10-9 H M USA 0.67 0.74 0.68 0.52-1.46 7 8 8 16-9 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 30, 2000 30, 2005 30, 2012 30. 2012,,,,,,.

4 149 440, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.44 0.43 0.45 0.51 0.87 - - - - - - - Australia 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.33 0.58 27 26 25 27 0 L L Austria 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.77 0.48 2 2 3 3-1 H H Belgium 0.60 0.59 0.61 0.71 0.92 7 5 6 4 3 H H Canada 0.35 0.32 0.32 0.35-0.07 23 25 24 25-2 L L Chile 0.33 0.35 0.26 0.24-1.88 25 23 28 29-4 L L Czech Rep. 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.51 1.14 17 15 17 16 1 M M Denmark 0.54 0.50 0.52 0.59 0.55 9 11 12 12-3 H M Finland 0.63 0.54 0.59 0.70 0.53 6 9 10 6 0 H H France 0.74 0.73 0.77 0.85 0.81 1 1 1 1 0 H H Germany 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.67-0.06 3 4 4 8-5 H H Greece 0.53 0.56 0.62 0.70 1.62 10 8 5 5 5 M H Hungary 0.48 0.48 0.54 0.57 0.97 12 12 11 14-2 M M Iceland 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.60 28 28 29 28 0 L L Ireland 0.30 0.23 0.28 0.43 2.08 26 27 26 21 5 L M Italy 0.65 0.70 0.74 0.83 1.48 4 3 2 2 2 H H Japan 0.37 0.40 0.48 0.58 2.68 21 17 15 13 8 M M Korea 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.14 10.39 30 30 30 30 0 L L Luxembourg 0.48 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.50 13 13 14 15-2 M M Mexico 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.08 7.43 31 31 31 31 0 L L Netherlands 0.45 0.39 0.40 0.46 0.09 14 20 20 18-4 M M New Zealand 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.41 0.64 22 22 23 24-2 M L Norway 0.44 0.40 0.41 0.44 0.00 15 18 19 20-5 M M Poland 0.60 0.57 0.60 0.61 0.08 8 7 8 11-3 H M Portugal 0.43 0.46 0.60 0.69 2.86 16 14 9 7 9 M H Slovakia 0.41 0.40 0.37 0.43 0.18 18 19 21 22-4 M M Spain 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.63 1.05 11 10 13 9 2 M H Sweden 0.64 0.59 0.61 0.61-0.27 5 6 7 10-5 H M Switzerland 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.41 0.14 19 16 16 23-4 M L Turkey 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.34 3.13 29 29 27 26 3 L L UK 0.40 0.38 0.42 0.49 1.16 20 21 18 17 3 M M USA 0.35 0.33 0.36 0.44 1.39 24 24 22 19 5 L M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

150. 1995 31, 2000 31, 2005 30, 2012 28 2000. 2012,,,,,,. 441, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.35 0.38 0.44 0.48 1.80 - - - - - - - Australia 0.31 0.35 0.24 0.45 2.24 23 22 28 21 2 L M Austria 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.72 2.70 8 4 7 1 7 H H Belgium 0.46 0.50 0.61 0.54 0.94 6 6 1 12-6 H M Canada 0.37 0.36 0.38 0.43 0.89 16 20 25 22-6 M M Chile 0.08 0.13 0.10 0.13 2.72 29 30 31 31-2 L L Czech Rep. 0.43 0.44 0.48 0.50 0.94 10 12 14 15-5 M M Denmark 0.43 0.47 0.59 0.65 2.43 11 9 3 3 8 M H Finland 0.34 0.35 0.46 0.46 1.86 20 23 15 20 0 M M France 0.56 0.55 0.59 0.60 0.40 1 2 4 6-5 H H Germany 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.63 0.79 2 1 5 4-2 H H Greece 0.42 0.47 0.58 0.71 3.10 12 10 6 2 10 M H Hungary 0.43 0.39 0.42 0.37-0.95 9 18 19 25-16 H L Iceland 0.47 0.55 0.57 0.53 0.73 4 3 8 13-9 H M Ireland 0.28 0.28 0.39 0.36 1.39 26 26 21 26 0 L L Italy 0.46 0.52 0.57 0.58 1.39 7 5 9 8-1 H H Japan 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.49 2.78 24 24 24 19 5 L M Korea 0.03 0.08 0.16 0.25 13.13 31 31 30 28 3 L L Luxembourg 0.31 0.40 0.45 0.40 1.43 21 14 16 24-3 M L Mexico 0.11 0.15 0.24 0.20 3.72 28 28 27 30-2 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 151 441 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.35 0.38 0.44 0.48 1.80 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.41 0.39 0.54 0.62 2.38 13 16 10 5 8 M H New Zealand 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.53 3.15 22 21 23 14 8 M M Norway 0.47 0.50 0.59 0.57 1.16 3 7 2 9-6 H H Poland 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.29 0.61 27 27 26 27 0 L L Portugal 0.35 0.45 0.52 0.49 2.04 18 11 13 18 0 M M Slovakia 0.41 0.39 0.40 0.40-0.14 14 17 20 23-9 M L Spain 0.35 0.40 0.44 0.54 2.55 17 15 18 11 6 M M Sweden 0.46 0.48 0.52 0.59 1.39 5 8 12 7-2 H H Switzerland 0.39 0.44 0.53 0.55 2.07 15 13 11 10 5 M M Turkey 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.25 6.95 30 29 29 29 1 L L UK 0.30 0.31 0.39 0.50 3.06 25 25 22 16 9 L M USA 0.35 0.38 0.45 0.50 2.13 19 19 17 17 2 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 13, 2000 13, 2005 13, 2012 13. 2012,,,,,.

152 442, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.00 - - - - - - - Australia 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.00 3 3 3 3 0 H H Austria 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.00 21 21 21 21 0 M M Belgium 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.00 13 13 13 13 0 M M Canada 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.00 19 19 19 19 0 M M Chile 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.00 21 21 21 21 0 M M Czech Rep. 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.00 26 26 26 26 0 L L Denmark 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Finland 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.00 4 4 4 4 0 H H France 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.00 4 4 4 4 0 H H Germany 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.00 8 8 8 8 0 H H Greece 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.00 31 31 31 31 0 L L Hungary 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.00 30 30 30 30 0 L L Iceland 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.00 13 13 13 13 0 M M Ireland 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.00 8 8 8 8 0 H H Italy 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.00 21 21 21 21 0 M M Japan 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.00 21 21 21 21 0 M M Korea 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.00 13 13 13 13 0 M M Luxembourg 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.00 8 8 8 8 0 H H Mexico 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.00 21 21 21 21 0 M M Netherlands 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.00 26 26 26 26 0 L L New Zealand 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.00 8 8 8 8 0 H H Norway 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.00 13 13 13 13 0 M M Poland 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.00 4 4 4 4 0 H H Portugal 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.00 13 13 13 13 0 M M Slovakia 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.00 29 29 29 29 0 L L Spain 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.00 8 8 8 8 0 H H Sweden 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.00 1 1 1 1 0 H H Switzerland 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.00 26 26 26 26 0 L L Turkey 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.00 19 19 19 19 0 M M UK 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.00 13 13 13 13 0 M M USA 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.00 4 4 4 4 0 H H : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

4 153. ODA 1995 22, 2000 24, 2005 27, 2012 23 2005 2012 4. 2012,,,,,,. 443, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.24 0.24 0.30 0.31 1.59 - - - - - - - Australia 0.29 0.23 0.21 0.31 0.34 9 13 19 13-4 H M Austria 0.23 0.20 0.45 0.24 0.21 15 18 7 16-1 M M Belgium 0.33 0.31 0.45 0.40 1.25 6 6 6 8-2 H H Canada 0.33 0.21 0.29 0.27-1.01 6 16 14 14-8 H M Chile 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00-30 30 29 30 0 L L Czech Rep. 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.10 8.15 22 26 25 26-4 M L Denmark 0.82 0.91 0.69 0.71-0.86 1 1 4 4-3 H H Finland 0.27 0.27 0.39 0.45 3.15 11 9 10 7 4 M H France 0.47 0.26 0.40 0.39-1.18 5 10 8 11-6 H M Germany 0.27 0.23 0.31 0.32 1.04 11 13 13 12-1 M M Greece 0.03 0.17 0.15 0.11 8.63 22 20 23 25-3 M L Hungary 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.09 7.08 22 26 25 27-5 M L Iceland 0.03 0.09 0.15 0.19 11.72 22 22 22 19 3 M M Ireland 0.25 0.25 0.36 0.40 2.84 13 11 11 8 5 M H Italy 0.13 0.11 0.25 0.12-0.41 19 21 15 23-4 M L Japan 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.15-2.72 15 12 16 21-6 M M Korea 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.12 9.06 22 24 27 23-1 M L Luxembourg 0.31 0.60 0.68 0.86 6.01 8 5 5 1 7 H H Mexico 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00-30 30 29 30 0 L L : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

154 443 Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.24 0.24 0.30 0.31 1.59 - - - - - - - Netherlands 0.69 0.72 0.70 0.61-0.78 3 2 3 5-2 H H New Zealand 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.24 1.16 18 16 17 16 2 M M Norway 0.74 0.65 0.81 0.80 0.46 2 4 1 3-1 H H Poland 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.08 6.46 22 29 28 28-6 M L Portugal 0.03 0.22 0.18 0.24 13.14 22 15 21 16 6 M M Slovakia 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.08 6.46 22 26 29 28-6 M L Spain 0.21 0.19 0.23 0.14-2.39 17 19 17 22-5 M M Sweden 0.66 0.69 0.81 0.83 1.36 4 3 1 2 2 H H Switzerland 0.29 0.29 0.36 0.40 1.90 9 7 11 8 1 H H Turkey 0.05 0.03 0.15 0.27 9.85 21 24 23 14 7 M M UK 0.25 0.27 0.40 0.48 3.87 13 8 8 6 7 M H USA 0.09 0.09 0.20 0.16 3.78 20 22 20 20 0 M M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle). 1995 29, 2000 29, 2005 29, 2012 29. 2012,,,,.

4 155 444, Status Rank Level Country 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 CAGR 1995 2000 2005 2012 95-12 Change 1995 2012 OECD Mean 0.51 0.63 0.63 0.63 1.18 - - - - - - - Australia 0.58 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.84 13 16 16 16-3 M M Austria 0.49 0.65 0.65 0.65 1.62 20 18 18 18 2 M M Belgium 0.62 0.78 0.78 0.78 1.31 6 6 6 6 0 H H Canada 0.58 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 13 18 18 18-5 M M Chile 0.45 0.53 0.53 0.53 1.07 24 25 25 25-1 L L Czech Rep. 0.02 0.14 0.14 0.14 10.08 30 30 30 30 0 L L Denmark 0.73 0.89 0.89 0.89 1.13 1 1 1 1 0 H H Finland 0.62 0.76 0.76 0.76 1.14 6 8 8 8-2 H H France 0.42 0.58 0.58 0.58 1.84 25 21 21 21 4 L M Germany 0.62 0.76 0.76 0.76 1.14 6 8 8 8-2 H H Greece 0.53 0.69 0.69 0.69 1.50 17 14 14 14 3 M M Hungary 0.51 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.72 19 21 21 21-2 M M Iceland 0.49 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.75 20 23 23 23-3 M L Ireland 0.67 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.07 4 4 4 4 0 H H Italy 0.65 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.27 5 4 4 4 1 H H Japan 0.38 0.47 0.47 0.47 1.24 27 26 26 26 1 L L Korea 0.25 0.31 0.31 0.31 1.41 29 29 29 29 0 L L Luxembourg 0.62 0.78 0.78 0.78 1.31 6 6 6 6 0 H H Mexico 0.40 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.90 26 26 26 26 0 L L Netherlands 0.71 0.84 0.84 0.84 1.01 2 2 2 2 0 H H New Zealand 0.47 0.56 0.56 0.56 1.02 22 23 23 23-1 M L Norway 0.62 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.96 6 10 10 10-4 H M Poland 0.58 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.84 13 16 16 16-3 M M Portugal 0.58 0.73 0.73 0.73 1.40 13 10 10 10 3 M M Slovakia 0.02 0.09 0.09 0.09 7.74 30 31 31 31-1 L L Spain 0.47 0.62 0.62 0.62 1.69 22 20 20 20 2 M M Sweden 0.53 0.69 0.69 0.69 1.50 17 14 14 14 3 M M Switzerland 0.60 0.71 0.71 0.71 1.00 12 12 12 12 0 M M Turkey 0.36 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.69 28 28 28 28 0 L L UK 0.69 0.84 0.84 0.84 1.19 3 2 2 2 1 H H USA 0.62 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.78 6 12 12 12-6 H M : Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

156 5,,.,,,.. (1995, 2000, 2005, 2012) OECD OECD. 1995 26 2012 27 1. 1990 (1995-2000) 2000 (2000-2005) 2005-2012., OECD. 1995 2005 10. OECD. 1995 24 2012 23 1. 1990 OECD.,. OECD 1995 28

4 157 2012 27 1. 1990 OECD. 1995-2005 1995-2000., 1 GDP OECD 3,,. OECD OECD. 1 GDP 3 OECD 1 GDP OECD 3.

158 445 1 GDP (%) OECD OECD 1995 27,660 16,798 1995-2000 3.17 4.23 2000 32,416 20,757 2000-2005 1.90 4.15 2005 35,645 25,541 2005-2012 0.48 3.18 2012 36,861 31,901 1995-2012 1.69 3.77 1995 0.544 0.458 1995-2000 1.35 1.55 2000 0.582 0.495 2000-2005 1.46 0.59 2005 0.626 0.510 2005-2012 0.99 1.35 2012 0.671 0.560 1995-2012 1.23 1.19 1995 0.531 0.355 1995-2000 0.00-0.37 2000 0.531 0.349 2000-2005 -0.04 0.00 2005 0.530 0.349 2005-2012 -0.49 1.25 2012 0.512 0.380 1995-2012 -0.22 0.40 1995 0.524 0.308 1995-2000 0.51 0.34 2000 0.537 0.313 2000-2005 0.76 2.82 2005 0.558 0.360 2005-2012 -0.02 1.59 2012 0.557 0.403 1995-2012 0.37 1.59

4 159 411.,, OECD 31 23. 1995 26 2012 27. 1995 29 2012 28 1 12 29 30. 6 30% 40%. 11 1995 7 2012 16 9 OECD 30%

160 40%. 1 2. 5. OECD 1., 1995 2000 24 2005 2012 23. 1995 30 2012 25 5 1995 13 2012 18 5. 5. 1995 2012 5 1995., 31 1995 28 2012 27. 1995 21 2012 26 5 2012 29, 25, 23, 21 20.,,,,,, 1995 2012. 3 2012 25 (28), (30), (25), (26), (26), (30), (28), (29).,,

4 161 1995 2012 10. OECD.. 446 rank level 95-12 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 (30) 26 27 27 27-1 L L (30) 29 29 28 28 1 L L (30) 30 30 29 30 0 L L (31) 27 26 24 21 6 L M (30) 1 2 8 12-11 H M (30) 7 11 17 16-9 H M (31) 1 1 1 3-2 H H (31) 21 7 11 15 6 M M (31) 29 30 30 30-1 L L (31) 23 27 27 22 1 L M (31) 31 31 28 29 2 L L (31) 26 29 31 31-5 L L (31) 24 24 25 23-1 L L (31) 30 30 30 25 5 L L 1) (25) 23 19 23 23 0 L L (31) 30 30 30 25 5 L L (31) 13 16 17 18-5 M M (31) 20 20 20 20 0 M M (31) 14 15 13 15-1 M M 1 ) (20) 18 18 18 18 0 L L : 1) OECD (). 2). Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

162 446 rank level 95-12 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 (31) 24 24 25 23-1 L L (31) 22 22 22 22 0 M M 1) (21) 14 14 16 16-2 M L 1) (21) 15 15 20 20-5 M L (31) 22 22 22 22 0 M M (31) 28 28 29 27 1 L L (31) 21 24 28 26-5 M L (31) 8 14 21 18-10 H M (31) 28 29 27 26 2 L L (31) 21 25 28 26-5 M L (31) 28 27 23 23 5 L L (31) 27 26 23 24 3 L L (31) 28 28 24 24 4 L L (31) 27 28 26 21 6 L M (31) 23 25 24 21 2 L M (31) 29 28 28 26 3 L L (31) 31 31 31 29 2 L L (31) 30 30 30 30 0 L L (31) 31 31 30 28 3 L L (31) 26 27 25 25 1 L L (31) 18 13 16 16 2 M M (31) 29 24 27 24 5 L L (31) 29 29 29 29 0 L L : 1) OECD (). 2). Level 30% H(High), 30% L(Low), M(Middle)

5 163 5 1. 31 OECD 1990(1995, 2000), 2000(2005, 2012), (1995~2012)., 1990 2000 0.58 0.85,,., 1990, 2000,., 1990 2000.,,,,. 2000,,.

164 51 (1995, 2000, 2005, 2012) 1990 (1995, 2000) 2000 (2005, 2012) 1 1 1 0.58* 1 0.65* 1 0.69* 1 0.68* 0.85* 1 0.7* 0.87* 1 0.75* 0.85* 1 *p<0.05 1990 2000, 0.95. 0.86.,,,.,,,,,,,,.,,..,,,,. 1990 2000..,.

5 165,,,. 1990 2000. 52 ( ) 1 - - - - - - - - - - 0.47* 1 - - - - - - - - - 0.44* 0.43* 1 - - - - - - - - 0.54* 0.15 0.52* 1 - - - - - - - 0.52* 0.39* 0.63* 0.56* 1 - - - - - - 0.36* 0.18 0.61* 0.64* 0.55* 1 - - - - - 0.52* 0.43* 0.52* 0.63* 0.5* 0.71* 1 - - - - 0.54* 0.33* 0.61* 0.71* 0.74* 0.77* 0.83* 1 - - - 0.48* 0.31* 0.59* 0.68* 0.68* 0.8* 0.86* 0.95* 1 - - 0.51* 0.4* 0.31* 0.17 0.17 0.09 0.27* 0.3* 0.28* 1-0.59* 0.34* 0.54* 0.69* 0.7* 0.54* 0.52* 0.7* 0.67* 0.38* 1 *p<0.05 53 (1990) 1 - - - - - - - - - - 0.33* 1 - - - - - - - - - 0.36* 0.29* 1 - - - - - - - - 0.52* 0.16 0.46* 1 - - - - - - - 0.51* 0.43* 0.59* 0.5* 1 - - - - - - 0.35* 0.26* 0.63* 0.58* 0.55* 1 - - - - - 0.46* 0.48* 0.48* 0.6* 0.48* 0.72* 1 - - - - 0.56* 0.41* 0.58* 0.7* 0.72* 0.79* 0.84* 1 - - - 0.47* 0.36* 0.58* 0.68* 0.64* 0.83* 0.85* 0.94* 1 - - 0.53* 0.28* 0.2 0.2 0.14 0.19 0.31* 0.36* 0.35* 1-0.58* 0.29* 0.51* 0.71* 0.72* 0.56* 0.52* 0.72* 0.69* 0.35* 1 *p<0.05

166 54 (2000) 1 0.55* 1 0.47* 0.52* 1 0.59* 0.3* 0.6* 1 0.56* 0.6* 0.68* 0.6* 1 0.41* 0.31* 0.64* 0.69* 0.55* 1 0.56* 0.46* 0.54* 0.69* 0.54* 0.74* 1 0.56* 0.52* 0.67* 0.73* 0.77* 0.76* 0.85* 1 0.54* 0.53* 0.64* 0.71* 0.73* 0.77* 0.9* 0.96* 1 0.43* 0.4* 0.33* 0.16 0.19 0.02 0.19 0.26* 0.23 1 0.59* 0.41* 0.56* 0.7* 0.69* 0.55* 0.5* 0.7* 0.66* 0.37* 1 *p<0.05 1,. 1990 2000, 1, 1. 1990, 2000 1, 1990 1, 2000,. 1990, 2000 1..

5 167 55 1 *p<0.05 90 2000 0.56* 0.52* 0.52* 0.64* 0.67* 0.66* 0.71* 0.72* 0.7* 0.32* 0.27* 0.29* 0.46* 0.39* 0.48* 0.68* 0.66* 0.67* 0.54* 0.54* 0.58* 0.58* 0.58* 0.6* 0.52* 0.56* 0.54* 0.61* 0.64* 0.57* 0.63* 0.66* 0.65* 0.64* 0.69* 0.64* 0.35* 0.36* 0.28* 0.65* 0.64* 0.66* 2 1.., 2012 Raw Data 10%. < 5-6> 12 12.,, 3 3, 3, 5 1..

168 56 Helping others ODA : 10%, 10%.,, OECD 31 1995, 2000, 2005, 2012, 2015 2020... 2. 10% OECD 31 1995, 2000, 2005, 2012

5 169. High, Middle, Low.. 10% < 5-7> 10%., 10%. 10%.,, 10%.. 57 1995 2000 2005 2012 2012 (30) 26 27 27 27 Low 25 Low (30) 29 29 28 28 Low 28 Low (30) 30 30 29 30 Low 29 Low (31) 27 26 24 21 Middle 15 Middle (30) 1 2 8 12 Middle 8 High (30) 7 11 17 16 Middle 11 Middle (31) 1 1 1 3 High - - (31) 21 7 11 15 Midd le - - : 1). 2),. 3) High 30%, Low 30%, Middle. 4) 10%, 10%.

170 57 1995 2000 2005 2012 2012 (30) 26 27 27 27 Low 25 Low (31) 29 30 30 30 Low 29 Low (31) 23 27 27 22 Middle 20 Middle (31) 31 31 28 29 Low - - (31) 26 29 31 31 Low - - (31) 24 24 25 23 Low 19 Middle (31) 30 30 30 25 Low 22 Middle (25) 23 19 23 23 Low - - (31) 30 30 30 25 Low 22 Middle (31) 13 16 17 18 Middle 16 Middle (31) 20 20 20 20 Midd le - - (31) 14 15 13 15 Middle 13 Middle (20) 18 18 18 18 Low - - (31) 22 22 22 22 Middle 19 Middle (21) 14 14 16 16 Low - - (21) 15 15 20 20 Low - - (31) 22 22 22 22 Middle 19 Middle (31) 28 28 29 27 Low 26 Low (31) 21 24 28 26 Low 21 Middle (31) 8 14 21 18 Middle 7 High (31) 28 29 27 26 Low - - (31) 21 25 28 26 Low - - (31) 28 27 23 23 Low 23 Low (31) 27 26 23 24 Low - - (31) 28 28 24 24 Low 23 Low (31) 27 28 26 21 Middle 21 Middle (31) 23 25 24 21 Middle 20 Middle (31) 29 28 28 26 Low - - : 1). 2),. 3) High 30%, Low 30%, Middle. 4) 10%, 10%.

5 171 57 1995 2000 2005 2012 2012 (31) 28 28 29 27 Low 26 Low (31) 31 31 31 29 Low 29 Low (31) 30 30 30 30 Low 30 Low (31) 31 31 30 28 Low - - (31) 26 27 25 25 Low 25 Low (31) 18 13 16 16 Midd le - - (31) 29 24 27 24 Low 23 Low (31) 29 29 29 29 Low - - : 1). 2),. 3) High 30%, Low 30%, Middle. 4) 10%, 10%.., 2012 10%, 30 29 1. OECD,.. 10%,.

172 58 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.64 0.66 0.70 0.76 - - - - - - 0.76 - - 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.40 30 30 29 30 L L 0.42 29 L 10%. 2012 21 15 6,..,. 59 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.46 - - - - - - 0.46 - - 0.16 0.23 0.28 0.40 27 26 24 21 L M 0.47 15 M 10% 5,.,, OECD 10%

5 173 2012 12 8 4.. 1995 2012. 510 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.74 - - - - - - 0.74 - - 0.85 0.78 0.75 0.76 7 11 17 16 H M 0.84 11 M 511 () OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.42 0.50 0.58 0.64 - - - - - - 0.65 - - 0.57 0.63 0.65 0.68 1 2 8 12 H M 0.71 8 H, 10% 2012 22 20 2,. 2012 30 29 1.. 10%

174.,,, 10%. 10%,. 512 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.74 0.76 0.75 0.71 - - - - - - 0.71 - - 0.67 0.63 0.62 0.69 23 27 27 22 L M 0.70 20 M 513 () OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.67 - - - - - - 0.67 - - 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.56 26 27 27 27 L L 0.58 25 L 10% 3.. 1995 31 OECD 30 2012 25

5 175.. 514 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.58 - - - - - - 0.58 - - 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.40 30 30 30 25 L L 0.50 22 M 515 () OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.58 - - - - - - 0.58 - - 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.40 30 30 30 25 L L 0.50 22 M, 10%... 10% 3,..

176.,.,, 10%. 516 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.50 - - - - - - 0.50 - - 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 14 15 13 15 M M 0.57 13 M 517 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.51 - - - - - - 0.51 - - 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.36 22 22 22 22 M M 0.40 19 M 518 () OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.51 - - - - - - 0.51 - - 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.38 24 24 25 23 L L 0.44 19 M

5 177 10%. 1995 8 10% 1995.. 519 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.55 - - - - - - 0.56 - - 0.58 0.53 0.45 0.53 8 14 21 18 H M 0.68 7 H 520 () OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.75 - - - - - - 0.75 - - 0.70 0.66 0.66 0.69 21 24 28 26 M L 0.74 21 M 10%.,,,.. 10%

178. 1995 OECD, OECD OECD..,. 521 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.50 - - - - - - 0.50 - - 0.15 0.13 0.25 0.33 28 28 23 24 L L 0.40 23 L 522 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.54 0.51 0.51 0.47 - - - - - - 0.47 - - 0.32 0.28 0.36 0.42 23 25 24 21 L M 0.46 20 M 10%. OECD 10%.

5 179.. ODA 10%. 1995.. 523 OECD 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2000 2005 2012 1995 2012 0.24 0.24 0.30 0.31 - - - - - - 0.31 - - 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.12 22 24 27 23 M L 0.13 23 L,,,.,,,,.,., 10% 1

180, 6, 5, 2.. 10% 3, 2, 3. 10% 9, 1,..,. 10%.,.. OECD 31 < 524> OECD 31,, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2012 2015 2020.,,, 2012, 2015 2020.,. 2015 2020.

5 181, 2012 2015 2020,,,,,. 1995 2012 2015 2020,, 1995 2012 2020. 1995 2012 2015 2020. 1995 2012 2020. 1995 2012 2015 2020. 2012 2015, 2020, 2020. 2012 2020,,,. 2012 2020,.,,.,.,, 2020,.,,,,.

182 2020 OECD 31 31. 524 (2015, 2020 ) 1995 2012 2015 2020 (30) 26 L 27 L 27 L 27 L 0 (30) 29 L 28 L 28 L 28 L 0 (30) 30 L 30 L 29 L 29 L +1 (31) 27 L 21 M 17 M 11 M +10 (30) 1 H 12 M 11 M 11 M +1 (30) 7 H 16 M 19 M 21 M -5 (31) 1 H 3 H 4 H 8 H -5 (31) 21 M 15 M 4 H 7 H +8 (31) 29 L 30 L 28 L 28 L +2 (31) 23 L 22 M 23 L 22 M 0 (31) 31 L 29 L 29 L 27 L +2 (31) 26 L 31 L 31 L 31 L 0 (31) 24 L 23 L 22 M 22 M +1 (31) 30 L 25 L 25 L 23 L +2 (25) 23 L 23 L 22 L 21 L +2 (31) 30 L 25 L 25 L 23 L +2 (31) 13 M 18 M 20 M 20 M -2 (31) 20 M 20 M 21 M 22 M -2 (31) 14 M 15 M 15 M 16 M -1 (20) 18 L 18 L 18 L 18 L 0 (31) 22 M 22 M 22 M 22 M 0 (21) 14 M 16 L 16 L 16 L 0 (21) 15 L 20 L 20 L 20 L 0 (31) 22 M 22 M 22 M 22 M 0 : 1) H(High) 30%, L(Low) 30%, M(Middle). 2) 2012 2020. (+) 2012 2020, (-) 2012 2020. 3), 2012 2015 2020. 4), 2012 2020.

5 183 524 1995 2012 2015 2020 (31) 24 L 23 L 22 M 22 M +1 (31) 30 L 25 L 25 L 23 L +2 (25) 23 L 23 L 22 L 21 L +2 (31) 30 L 25 L 25 L 23 L +2 (31) 13 M 18 M 20 M 20 M -2 (31) 20 M 20 M 21 M 22 M -2 (31) 14 M 15 M 15 M 16 M -1 (20) 18 L 18 L 18 L 18 L 0 (31) 22 M 22 M 22 M 22 M 0 (21) 14 M 16 L 16 L 16 L 0 (21) 15 L 20 L 20 L 20 L 0 (31) 22 M 22 M 22 M 22 M 0 (31) 28 L 27 L 26 L 24 L +3 (31) 21 M 26 L 26 L 27 L -1 (31) 8 H 18 M 21 M 25 L -7 (31) 28 L 26 L 25 L 25 L +1 (31) 21 M 26 L 26 L 27 L -1 (31) 28 L 23 L 23 L 21 M +2 (31) 27 L 24 L 23 L 22 M +2 (31) 28 L 24 L 24 L 22 M +2 (31) 27 L 21 M 21 M 18 M +3 (31) 23 L 21 M 20 M 17 M +4 (31) 29 L 26 L 24 L 20 M +6 (31) 31 L 29 L 29 L 29 L 0 (31) 30 L 30 L 30 L 29 L +1 (31) 31 L 28 L 27 L 23 L +5 (31) 26 L 25 L 24 L 24 L +1 (31) 18 M 16 M 13 M 13 M +3 (31) 29 L 24 L 21 M 19 M +5 (31) 29 L 29 L 29 L 29 L 0 : 1) H(High) 30%, L(Low) 30%, M(Middle). 2) 2012 2020. (+) 2012 2020, (-) 2012 2020. 3), 2012 2015 2020. 4), 2012 2020.

184 < 525> 10% OECD 31.. 525 10% - - - - - - - - - - : 10% 2012 2012 2020.

5 185,.. 2020,,., 2020 10%.., 2020 10%,.,,,,, 2020 10%,,.,.

186.,,,,. 10%.,. 3,,,, 5. 1. 1. 1 World Bank WDI GDP per capita, PPP(constant 2011 international $). 20. 1995 2011 2012..

5 187 526 1995 2000 2005 2012 1 LUX 21 9 8 LUX 17 9 2 LUX 14 11 4 LUX 11 12 4 2 NOR 1 5 3 NOR 1 5 7 NOR 3 5 5 NOR 2 1 5 3 CHE 12 12 7 CHE 11 12 6 USA 20 13 15 CHE 14 11 9 4 USA 18 13 12 USA 19 13 14 CHE 12 9 7 USA 23 13 17 5 DNK 2 1 1 DNK 2 1 1 IRL 11 7 17 AUT 6 16 12 6 NLD 7 2 4 IRL 15 7 16 DNK 1 1 1 IRL 8 8 15 7 DEU 14 17 9 NLD 5 2 4 NLD 6 10 6 NLD 12 7 6 8 AUT 9 14 11 AUT 6 15 11 CAN 17 8 18 AUS 10 9 10 9 BEL 23 15 17 CAN 8 8 15 AUT 8 15 8 DEU 13 15 8 10 CAN 6 4 13 BEL 9 17 17 ISL 2 2 9 SWE 4 5 2 11 ITA 22 18 22 DEU 13 14 8 SWE 4 4 2 CAN 15 4 14 12 JPN 24 22 21 AUS 10 6 12 BEL 10 17 13 DNK 1 6 1 13 FRA 8 16 16 SWE 4 4 3 AUS 7 3 14 BEL 7 18 13 14 AUS 11 6 14 ITA 21 19 22 FIN 5 14 3 ISL 3 2 18 15 SWE 3 8 2 FRA 12 18 18 DEU 16 16 10 FIN 5 14 3 16 ISL 4 3 18 ISL 3 3 13 ITA 18 18 22 FRA 16 24 16 17 GBR 10 11 10 FIN 7 16 5 FRA 15 19 16 JPN 25 21 19 18 FIN 5 19 6 JPN 24 23 21 GBR 9 12 12 GBR 9 10 11 19 IRL 19 7 15 GBR 14 11 10 JPN 26 23 21 ITA 21 17 25 20 ESP 27 21 19 ESP 25 21 19 ESP 24 20 19 NZL - 3 7 21 NZL - 10 5 NZL - 10 9 NZL - 6 11 KOR 27 23 27

188 526 1995 2000 2005 2012 22 GRC 25 31 27 PRT 16 22 20 GRC 25 31 25 ESP 22 20 20 23 PRT 20 23 20 GRC 26 31 25 PRT 21 22 20 CZE 18 29 24 24 CZE 13 28 25 KOR 27 24 28 KOR 27 25 29 SVK 20 26 28 25 KOR 26 24 28 CZE 22 29 27 CZE 19 29 26 GRC 26 31 29 26 HUN 16 26 26 HUN 18 26 24 HUN 13 24 24 PRT 24 19 21 27 SVK 17 30 29 SVK 23 30 29 SVK 22 30 28 POL 19 28 23 28 CHL 29 20 23 MEX - 27 30 CHL 29 21 23 HUN 17 25 26 29 MEX - 25 30 CHL 29 20 23 POL 23 27 27 CHL 28 22 22 30 TUR 28 29 31 POL 20 25 26 TUR 28 28 30 TUR 29 27 30 31 POL 15 27 24 TUR 28 28 31 MEX - 26 31 MEX - 30 31,,. 5 20. 20,,.,,. < 527> 31 14). 30% 30%

5 189...,,... 527 30% 30% 1995 2000 2005 2012 *p<0.05 30% 30% 0.44* 0.18 0.1 0.72* 0.53-0.1 0.78* 0.50 0.15 0.67* -0.18 0.40 0.78* 0.00-0.03 0.81* 0.45 0.45 0.68* -0.18 0.33 0.83* 0.10-0.13 0.81* 0.40 0.42 0.65* 0.12 0.40 0.76* 0.12-0.05 0.78* 0.32 0.33 14) Spearman's rank correlation coefficients.

190 < 528> 1 20 4. 4,,,, 4,,,. 4,,,, 4,,,,. 4,,. 1995 2012 4,,,. 4,,,,,,, 4,,,. 4. 4 4. 4 4. 528 1995~2012 4 Australia(148) Ireland(196) Korea(2521) Poland(3127) Sweden(1510) Belgium(237) Ireland(198) Luxembourg (2111) Spain(2722) Finland(1914) N ew Zealand(1 0 3) Norway(51) Portugal (2319) Slovakia(3026) Australia (1410) Belgium(1713) Luxembourg (84)

5 191 528 1995~2012 4 Belgium(913) Denmark(512) Italy(1119) Japan(1217) Canada(615) Czech Rep.(1318) France(816) Netherlands (712) Poland(1519) Portugal (2024) USA(1823) Denmark(16) France(1624) Mexico(2530) Netherlands (27) USA(1217) 2.. (World Bank) (World Governance Indicator) 6 (voice and accountability). (voice and accountability),..

192 529 1995 2000 2005 2012 1 NZL - 10 5 NZL - 10 9 DNK 1 1 1 NOR 2 1 5 2 CAN 6 4 13 FIN 7 16 5 FIN 5 14 3 SWE 4 5 2 3 NLD 7 2 4 SWE 4 4 3 NLD 6 10 6 DNK 1 6 1 4 NOR 1 5 3 NLD 5 2 4 NZL - 6 11 CHE 14 11 9 5 DNK 2 1 1 CAN 8 8 15 NOR 3 5 5 NZL - 3 7 6 FIN 5 19 6 DNK 2 1 1 IRL 11 7 17 LUX 11 12 4 7 SWE 3 8 2 NOR 1 5 7 ISL 2 2 9 NLD 12 7 6 8 PRT 20 23 20 ISL 3 3 13 CHE 12 9 7 FIN 5 14 3 9 LUX 21 9 8 AUS 10 6 12 SWE 4 4 2 AUS 10 9 10 10 ISL 4 3 18 LUX 17 9 2 LUX 14 11 4 AUT 6 16 12 11 AUT 9 14 11 CHE 11 12 6 AUS 7 3 14 ISL 3 2 18 12 BEL 23 15 17 IRL 15 7 16 CAN 17 8 18 CAN 15 4 14 13 AUS 11 6 14 BEL 9 17 17 FRA 15 19 16 DEU 13 15 8 14 CHE 12 12 7 PRT 16 22 20 DEU 16 16 10 BEL 7 18 13 15 IRL 19 7 15 USA 19 13 14 GBR 9 12 12 GBR 9 10 11 16 USA 18 13 12 GBR 14 11 10 PRT 21 22 20 IRL 8 8 15 17 DEU 14 17 9 AUT 6 15 11 BEL 10 17 13 FRA 16 24 16 18 ESP 27 21 19 DEU 13 14 8 AUT 8 15 8 USA 23 13 17 19 FRA 8 16 16 ESP 25 21 19 USA 20 13 15 JPN 25 21 19 20 GBR 10 11 10 HUN 18 26 24 CHL 29 21 23 CHL 28 22 22 21 ITA 22 18 22 FRA 12 18 18 HUN 13 24 24 ESP 22 20 20 22 JPN 24 22 21 POL 20 25 26 ESP 24 20 19 POL 19 28 23 23 POL 15 27 24 ITA 21 19 22 GRC 25 31 25 PRT 24 19 21 24 HUN 16 26 26 GRC 26 31 25 ITA 18 18 22 SVK 20 26 28 25 CZE 13 28 25 JPN 24 23 21 JPN 26 23 21 CZE 18 29 24 26 GRC 25 31 27 CHL 29 20 23 SVK 22 30 28 ITA 21 17 25

5 193 529 1995 2000 2005 2012 27 CHL 29 20 23 SVK 23 30 29 POL 23 27 27 HUN 17 25 26 28 SVK 17 30 29 CZE 22 29 27 CZE 19 29 26 KOR 27 23 27 29 KOR 26 24 28 KOR 27 24 28 KOR 27 25 29 GRC 26 31 29 30 MEX - 25 30 MEX - 27 30 MEX - 26 31 MEX - 30 31 31 TUR 28 29 31 TUR 28 28 31 TUR 28 28 30 TUR 29 27 30,,,. 29 28. 4. < 529> 1995 2012 10 70%,, 10. 10.,,. < 530> 31..

194 30% 30% 30%. 30%. 30%. 30% 0.82. 530 30% 30% 1995 2000 2005 2012 *p<0.05 30% 30% 0.69* 0.22 0.62 0.81* 0.40 0.28 0.84* 0.38 0.80* 0.87* 0.23 0.60 0.86* 0.03 0.23 0.87* 0.08 0.70* 0.84* 0.53 0.35 0.87* 0.10 0.25 0.89* 0.23 0.87* 0.83* 0.43 0.57 0.84* 0.82* 0.15 0.95* 0.62 0.82* < 531> (voice and accountability) 20 4

5 195. 4,,,,,,. 4,,,,.,., 4 4. 4. 531 1995~2012 4 Australia(139) Chile(2720) Germany (1713) Slovakia(2824) Sweden(72) Switzerland (144) UK(2015) Belgium(237) Ireland(198) Luxembourg (2111) Spain(2722) Finland(1914) New Zealand(103) Norway(51) Portugal (2319) Slovakia(3026) Australia (1410) Belgium(1713) Luxembourg (84) 1995~2012 4 Canada(212) Italy(2126) Netherlands (37) New Zealand(15) Portugal(823) Canada(615) Czech Rep.(1318) France(816) Netherlands (712) Poland(1519) Portugal (2024) USA(1823) Denmark(16) France(1624) Mexico(2530) Netherlands (27) USA(1217)

196 3. (World Bank) (World Governance Indicator) 6 (Political Stability). 532 1995 2000 2005 2012 1 NLD 7 2 4 NLD 5 2 4 FIN 5 14 3 CHE 14 11 9 2 NOR 1 5 3 FIN 7 16 5 ISL 2 2 9 FIN 5 14 3 3 SWE 3 8 2 LUX 17 9 2 LUX 14 11 4 NZL - 3 7 4 CHE 12 12 7 ISL 3 3 13 SWE 4 4 2 LUX 11 12 4 5 DNK 2 1 1 IRL 15 7 16 IRL 11 7 17 AUT 6 16 12 6 FIN 5 19 6 CHE 11 12 6 NOR 3 5 5 NOR 2 1 5 7 AUS 11 6 14 NOR 1 5 7 NZL - 6 11 ISL 3 2 18 8 AUT 9 14 11 DNK 2 1 1 CHE 12 9 7 NLD 12 7 6 9 LUX 21 9 8 PRT 16 22 20 AUT 8 15 8 SWE 4 5 2 10 IRL 19 7 15 DEU 13 14 8 DNK 1 1 1 CAN 15 4 14 11 ISL 4 3 18 SWE 4 4 3 PRT 21 22 20 SVK 20 26 28 12 NZL - 10 5 NZL - 10 9 JPN 26 23 21 CZE 18 29 24 13 PRT 20 23 20 AUS 10 6 12 HUN 13 24 24 POL 19 28 23 14 BEL 23 15 17 JPN 24 23 21 NLD 6 10 6 AUS 10 9 10 15 DEU 14 17 9 CAN 8 8 15 CZE 19 29 26 JPN 25 21 19 16 CAN 6 4 13 BEL 9 17 17 AUS 7 3 14 IRL 8 8 15

5 197 532 1995 2000 2005 2012 17 JPN 24 22 21 USA 19 13 14 DEU 16 16 10 DNK 1 6 1 18 CZE 13 28 25 GBR 14 11 10 CHL 29 21 23 BEL 7 18 13 19 ITA 22 18 22 ITA 21 19 22 SVK 22 30 28 DEU 13 15 8 20 GBR 10 11 10 HUN 18 26 24 CAN 17 8 18 PRT 24 19 21 21 HUN 16 26 26 AUT 6 15 11 BEL 10 17 13 HUN 17 25 26 22 USA 18 13 12 FRA 12 18 18 GRC 25 31 25 USA 23 13 17 23 FRA 8 16 16 GRC 26 31 25 ITA 18 18 22 FRA 16 24 16 24 SVK 17 30 29 SVK 23 30 29 KOR 27 25 29 ITA 21 17 25 25 POL 15 27 24 CHL 29 20 23 FRA 15 19 16 GBR 9 10 11 26 CHL 29 20 23 ESP 25 21 19 POL 23 27 27 CHL 28 22 22 27 KOR 26 24 28 KOR 27 24 28 ESP 24 20 19 KOR 27 23 27 28 GRC 25 31 27 CZE 22 29 27 GBR 9 12 12 ESP 22 20 20 29 ESP 27 21 19 POL 20 25 26 USA 20 13 15 GRC 26 31 29 30 MEX - 25 30 MEX - 27 30 MEX - 26 31 MEX - 30 31 31 TUR 28 29 31 TUR 28 28 31 TUR 28 28 30 TUR 29 27 30,,. 2005-2011 24 10%. 20,. < 532> 1995 5,

198,.... 1995 30%. 2012 30%.. 533 30% 30% 1995 2000 2005 2012 *p<0.05 30% 30% 0.70* 0.47 0.70* 0.73* 0.45 0.51 0.82* 0.62 0.55 0.71* -0.10 0.20 0.76* 0.11 0.13 0.81* 0.35 0.58 0.61* -0.10 0.01 0.51* -0.10-0.20 0.61* 0.00-0.10 0.65* 0.00 0.60 0.51* -0.50 0.61 0.60* 0.18 0.73* < 534> 20 4.

5 199 4,,,,,,,. 4 4. 4,,,,,,,,,,.,., 20 4 4. 534 1995~2012 4 Canada(1610) Czech Rep.(1812) Finland(62) Iceland(117) Luxembourg (94) New Zealand (123) Poland(2513) Slovakia(2411) Belgium(237) Ireland(198) Luxembourg (2111) Spain(2722) Finland(1914) New Zealand(103) Norway(51) Portugal (2319) Slovakia(3026) Australia (1410) Belgium(1713) Luxembourg (84) 1995~2012 4 Australia(714) Belgium(1418) Denmark(517) Germany (1519) Ireland(1016) Italy(1924) Netherlands (18) Norway(26) Portugal(1320) Sweden(41) UK(2025) Canada(615) Czech Rep.(1318) France(816) Netherlands (712) Poland(1519) Portugal (2024) USA(1823) Denmark(16) France(1624) Mexico(2530) Netherlands (27) USA(1217)

200 4. (World Bank) (World Governance Indicator) (government effectiveness).,,,. < 535> 1995. 20 27 21.. 10 60-70%,, 10. 535 1995 2000 2005 2012 1 LUX 21 9 8 FIN 7 16 5 FIN 5 14 3 FIN 5 14 3 2 NOR 1 5 3 NLD 5 2 4 DNK 1 1 1 DNK 1 6 1 3 NLD 7 2 4 CHE 11 12 6 ISL 2 2 9 SWE 4 5 2 4 SWE 3 8 2 ISL 3 3 13 NLD 6 10 6 NOR 2 1 5 5 NZL - 10 5 DNK 2 1 1 CAN 17 8 18 CHE 14 11 9 6 DNK 2 1 1 SWE 4 4 3 SWE 4 4 2 NLD 12 7 6

5 201 535 1995 2000 2005 2012 7 CHE 12 12 7 LUX 17 9 2 CHE 12 9 7 NZL - 3 7 8 CAN 6 4 13 CAN 8 8 15 NOR 3 5 5 CAN 15 4 14 9 GBR 10 11 10 AUT 6 15 11 LUX 14 11 4 LUX 11 12 4 10 AUT 9 14 11 NOR 1 5 7 AUS 7 3 14 AUS 10 9 10 11 FIN 5 19 6 DEU 13 14 8 GBR 9 12 12 BEL 7 18 13 12 DEU 14 17 9 GBR 14 11 10 NZL - 6 11 DEU 13 15 8 13 BEL 23 15 17 USA 19 13 14 BEL 10 17 13 AUT 6 16 12 14 ISL 4 3 18 ESP 25 21 19 IRL 11 7 17 IRL 8 8 15 15 USA 18 13 12 BEL 9 17 17 AUT 8 15 8 GBR 9 10 11 16 IRL 19 7 15 AUS 10 6 12 FRA 15 19 16 USA 23 13 17 17 AUS 11 6 14 FRA 12 18 18 USA 20 13 15 ISL 3 2 18 18 ESP 27 21 19 IRL 15 7 16 DEU 16 16 10 JPN 25 21 19 19 FRA 8 16 16 NZL - 10 9 ESP 24 20 19 FRA 16 24 16 20 CHL 29 20 23 JPN 24 23 21 JPN 26 23 21 CHL 28 22 22 21 PRT 20 23 20 CHL 29 20 23 CHL 29 21 23 KOR 27 23 27 22 JPN 24 22 21 PRT 16 22 20 PRT 21 22 20 ESP 22 20 20 23 HUN 16 26 26 HUN 18 26 24 KOR 27 25 29 PRT 24 19 21 24 ITA 22 18 22 ITA 21 19 22 CZE 19 29 26 CZE 18 29 24 25 GRC 25 31 27 KOR 27 24 28 SVK 22 30 28 SVK 20 26 28 26 POL 15 27 24 GRC 26 31 25 HUN 13 24 24 POL 19 28 23 27 KOR 26 24 28 CZE 22 29 27 GRC 25 31 25 HUN 17 25 26 28 CZE 13 28 25 POL 20 25 26 ITA 18 18 22 ITA 21 17 25 29 SVK 17 30 29 SVK 23 30 29 POL 23 27 27 TUR 29 27 30 30 MEX - 25 30 MEX - 27 30 TUR 28 28 30 MEX - 30 31 31 TUR 28 29 31 TUR 28 28 31 MEX - 26 31 GRC 26 31 29

202 < 536> 31. 30% 2012. 30%. 30%. 30% 2005.. 536 30% 30% 1995 2000 2005 2012 *p<0.05 30% 30% 0.62* 0.15 0.13 0.85* 0.43 0.60 0.95* 0.55 0.77* 0.79* 0.13 0.65 0.83* 0.07 0.58 0.93* 0.17 0.87* 0.81* 0.43 0.23 0.87* 0.15 0.13 0.89* 0.17 0.28 0.77* 0.60 0.28 0.81* 0.03 0.35 0.95* 0.73* 0.83*

5 203 < 537> (government effectiveness) 20 4. 4,,,,,,. 4,,,,,. 4. 4 4., 20 4 4. 4 4 4. 4 4. 537 1995~2012 4 Australia (1710) Czech Rep.(2824) Denmark(62) Finland(111) Japan(2218) Korea(2721) Slovakia(2925) Belgium(237) Ireland(198) Luxembourg (2111) Spain(2722) Finland(1914) New Zealand(103) Norway(51) Portugal (2319) Slovakia(3026) Australia (1410) Belgium(1713) Luxembourg (84)

204 537 1995~2012 4 Greece(2531) Hungary (2327) Italy(2428) Luxembourg (111) Spain(1822) UK(915) Canada(615) Czech Rep.(1318) France(816) Netherlands (712) Poland(1519) Portugal (2024) USA(1823) Denmark(16) France(1624) Mexico(2530) Netherlands (27) USA(1217) 5. (World Bank) (World Governance Indicator) 6 (control of corruption).. < 5 38> 5 80%,,. 20 29 25.

5 205 538 1995 2000 2005 2012 1 DNK 2 1 1 FIN 7 16 5 FIN 5 14 3 DNK 1 6 1 2 FIN 5 19 6 DNK 2 1 1 ISL 2 2 9 NZL - 3 7 3 SWE 3 8 2 SWE 4 4 3 DNK 1 1 1 SWE 4 5 2 4 NOR 1 5 3 NZL - 10 9 NZL - 6 11 NOR 2 1 5 5 NZL - 10 5 ISL 3 3 13 CHE 12 9 7 FIN 5 14 3 6 NLD 7 2 4 NLD 5 2 4 SWE 4 4 2 CHE 14 11 9 7 CAN 6 4 13 NOR 1 5 7 NOR 3 5 5 NLD 12 7 6 8 GBR 10 11 10 GBR 14 11 10 AUS 7 3 14 LUX 11 12 4 9 CHE 12 12 7 CAN 8 8 15 NLD 6 10 6 AUS 10 9 10 10 LUX 21 9 8 CHE 11 12 6 AUT 8 15 8 CAN 15 4 14 11 DEU 14 17 9 LUX 17 9 2 GBR 9 12 12 ISL 3 2 18 12 AUT 9 14 11 AUS 10 6 12 CAN 17 8 18 DEU 13 15 8 13 AUS 11 6 14 AUT 6 15 11 DEU 16 16 10 GBR 9 10 11 14 IRL 19 7 15 DEU 13 14 8 LUX 14 11 4 JPN 25 21 19 15 ISL 4 3 18 USA 19 13 14 IRL 11 7 17 CHL 28 22 22 16 USA 18 13 12 CHL 29 20 23 USA 20 13 15 BEL 7 18 13 17 PRT 20 23 20 BEL 9 17 17 CHL 29 21 23 IRL 8 8 15 18 CHL 29 20 23 IRL 15 7 16 FRA 15 19 16 FRA 16 24 16 19 BEL 23 15 17 FRA 12 18 18 BEL 10 17 13 USA 23 13 17 20 FRA 8 16 16 ESP 25 21 19 ESP 24 20 19 AUT 6 16 12 21 JPN 24 22 21 JPN 24 23 21 JPN 26 23 21 ESP 22 20 20 22 ESP 27 21 19 PRT 16 22 20 PRT 21 22 20 PRT 24 19 21 23 CZE 13 28 25 GRC 26 31 25 HUN 13 24 24 POL 19 28 23 24 HUN 16 26 26 ITA 21 19 22 KOR 27 25 29 KOR 27 23 27 25 POL 15 27 24 HUN 18 26 24 SVK 22 30 28 HUN 17 25 26

206 538 1995 2000 2005 2012 26 ITA 22 18 22 POL 20 25 26 CZE 19 29 26 CZE 18 29 24 27 SVK 17 30 29 KOR 27 24 28 ITA 18 18 22 TUR 29 27 30 28 GRC 25 31 27 SVK 23 30 29 GRC 25 31 25 SVK 20 26 28 29 KOR 26 24 28 CZE 22 29 27 POL 23 27 27 ITA 21 17 25 30 TUR 28 29 31 MEX - 27 30 TUR 28 28 30 GRC 26 31 29 31 MEX - 25 30 TUR 28 28 31 MEX - 26 31 MEX - 30 31 < 539> 30.,. 30%.,,.,,.

5 207 539 30% 30% 1995 2000 2005 2012 *p<0.05 30% 30% 0.75* 0.87* 0.50 0.82* 0.33 0.40 0.95* 0.75* 0.80* 0.82* 0.52 0.60 0.88* 0.32 0.37 0.93* 0.60 0.90* 0.82* 0.50 0.50 0.89* 0.37 0.42 0.90* 0.35 0.47 0.72* 0.82* 0.17 0.82* 0.18 0.27 0.92* 0.85* 0.67* < 540> 20 4. 4,,,. 4,,. 4 4. 4 4.

208 540 1995~2012 4 1995~2012 4 Finland(1914) Belgium(237) New Australia Australia(139) Ireland(198) Zealand(103) (1410) Iceland(1511) Luxembourg Norway(51) Belgium(1713) Japan(2114) (2111) Portugal Luxembourg Korea(2924) Spain(2722) (2319) (84) Slovakia(3026) Austria(1220) Portugal(1722) UK(813) Canada(615) Czech Rep.(1318) France(816) Netherlands (712) Poland(1519) Portugal (2024) USA(1823) Denmark(16) France(1624) Mexico(2530) Netherlands (27) USA(1217)

6 209 6,.,.,.,.,.,..,.,.,.

210,, 5.. - - 3.,. 1...., 42.9% ( 13)., ( 57) 26.6%, (4, ) 30.5%. 7 3.63.

6 211 < 61> ( ) () ( ) (7 ) 26.6% 5~7 30.5% 4 42.9% 1~3?.,.,.,.,,., 4. 30. 30 60.

212.,.,.,.,. < 62> (7 ) 3.6 3.66 20 3.63 30 3.4 40 3.62 50 3.69 60 3.84 3.96 3.78 3.42 3.12 / 2.9 // 4.02 / 3.98 / 3.78 // 4.95

6 213 62 (7 ) 3.09 / `2.93 // 3.68 / 3.52 / 3.78 // 4.66 100 3.49 100~199 3.69 200~299 3.6 300~399 3.73 400~499 3.65 500 3.43, 30.,. 2...,

214.,.,,,,,, 7, 5 7. 7., 4.85, 4.76, (4.60), (4.57), (4.48). 5,,,., 5. < 63> 5 (A) (B) B-A T 4.77 4.57 0.195 5.76*** 4.85 4.62 0.235 6.99*** 4.60 4.37 0.229 6.17*** 4.48 4.55-0.067-1.69 3.99 4.18-0.019-5.61*** 4.57 4.61-0.042-1.33 4.32 4.22 0.100 2.93** *: p<.05, **: p<.01, ***: p<.001

6 215. ( - ).., 0.656. ( 0.600). < 64> 1 - - - - - - - -.364*** 1 - - - - - - -.444***.656*** 1 - - - - - -.315***.528***.600*** 1 - - - - -.301***.463***.482***.520*** 1 - - - -.198***.361***.328***.416***.430*** 1 - - -.355***.455***.533***.461***.469***.507*** 1 - -.287***.440***.431***.478***.389***.415***.496*** 1 ***: p<.001

216 3,,, 100.,, 100,.. 65 35.47, 31.19, 33.34,.. 65 : 35.47 31.19 33.34 () (100.00) ( 66). 35.51, 31.25, 33.24,

6 217.,,,., 30.46, 39.82, 29.72., 24.55, (21.60 ), (20.70), (18.84), (14.31). 66 : 35.51 12.60 31.25 11.08 33.24 11.79 () (100.00) - 30.46 9.50 39.82 12.42 29.72 9.27 () (100.00) - 24.55 8.18 21.60 7.20 18.84 6.28 20.70 6.90 14.31 4.77 () (100.00) -

218,...,,. 4.,, 5. 7, 1, 4, 7. 4,. 5 paired T-test. 1.

6 219, 4. 5.,. 4,. 67 (A) 5 (B) 3.55 3.43 0.123 3.68*** B-A T 3.83 3.60 0.227 7.51*** 2.74 3.02-0.289-8.29*** 2.76 2.91-0.142-4.65*** 3.86 3.69 0.174 4.43*** 2.82 3.18-0.352-10.04*** 3.19 3.47-0.281-7.88*** 3.50 3.67-0.168-5.00*** *: p<.05, **: p<.01, ***: p<.001 5,,,,.,..,,

220,,,. 2.. 3. 4( ).. 5,. 5. 68 5 (A) (B) B-A T 3.51 3.79-0.285-7.86*** 3.97 3.42 0.558 14.28*** 15) 3.68 3.79-0.108-3.33*** 3.81 3.53 0.281 9.68*** 3.94 3.68 0.266 8.80*** 3.73 3.57 0.160 4.67*** 3.88 3.66 0.221 6.42*** *: p<.05, **: p<.01, ***: p<.001

6 221. 4.,. (). 12 (), 2014, (). (). 69 (A) 5 (B) B-A T 2.58 2.89-0.305-10.49*** 2.89 3.08-0.188-6.04*** 3.21 3.36-0.146-4.95*** 3.30 3.48-0.181-5.72*** 3.07 3.33-0.262-8.02*** 3.29 3.51-0.224-6.69*** () 3.16 3.63-0.472-11.51*** 2.66 2.89-0.225-7.39*** 3.32 3.53-0.211-6.31*** 3.73 3.80-0.076-2.49* 3.83 3.97-0.144-4.83*** 3.47 3.54-0.073-2.67** *: p<.05, **: p<.01, ***: p<.001 15),,. 12, 12. 12,.

222 3., 7 4.,.,. OECD.,..,. KSP, ODA. 610 (A) 5 (B) B-A 4.09 3.85 0.245 8.28*** 3.91 3.78 0.129 3.46*** 4.01 3.78 0.230 6.29*** 3.52 3.40 0.118 3.96*** 2.91 2.99-0.075-2.10* T

6 223 610 (A) 5 (B) B-A 3.56 3.52 0.045 1.43 3.58 3.48 0.097 3.39*** 4.21 3.70 0.511 13.73*** 4.42 4.01 0.409 12.19*** 4.12 3.77 0.347 11.47*** 4.05 3.80 0.246 7.66*** 4.08 3.78 0.308 9.52*** *: p<.05, **: p<.01, ***: p<.001 T,.,. 5..,,.

224 61 - - - 3. [ 6-1],. OECD,.