한수지 50(6), 799-805, 2017 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 50(6),799-805,2017 사육흰고래 (Delphinapterus leucas) 의휘슬음특징 최슬기 육형준 1 한원민 1 윤영글 손호선 이경리 박겸준 * 국립수산과학원고래연구센터, 1 한화호텔앤리조트아쿠아플라넷여수 Whistle Characteristics of Captive Beluga Whale Delphinapterus leucas Seulgi Choi, Hyeong jun Yuk 1, Won min Han 1, Young Geul Yoon, Hawsun Sohn, Kyunglee Lee and Kyum Joon Park* Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan 44780, Korea 1 Hanwha Hotels & Resorts Aqua planet, Yeosu 59744, Korea The whistle sounds of three Beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas were recorded four times, for an hour each time, in and analyzed to obtain the most stable and basic acoustic characteristics of the whales in captivity. This study investigated the whistle characteristics of beluga whales and the relationship between whistle sounds and behavior to understand the meaning of the whistle sounds. The whistles were classified into six types (flat, ascending, descending, hump, dip, and wavy type) by their frequency contour and shape. The most common type was the ascending type, accounting for>30% of total whistles. The fundamental frequency of whistles was 2.0-8.6 khz. Four types of behavior were related with the sounds of beluga whales (aggressive, submissive, affiliative, sexual behavior). A flat whistle was the most recorded in the group and an aggressive act was observed in association with the flat whistle. A dip whistle were recorded more when submissive acts were observed. Key words: Delphinapterus leucas, Captive beluga whale, Whistle characteristics, Behavior 서론 (Delphinapterus leucas) (Order Cetacea), (Suborder Odontoceti), (Family Monodontidae), (Genus Delphinapterus),,.,, 5 12. White whale Beluga whale. 4.3-5.5 m, 1.6 ton, (Jefferson et al., 2008).,, (OSJ, 2017). (Vergara et al., 2010), (Whistle) (Echolocation click), (Pulsed tone and noisy call), (Combined call) 4 (Chmelnitsky et al., 2012). 4, (Belikov et al., 2007; Chmelnitsky et al., 2012). 200 Hz-120 khz (Chmelnitsky et al., 2012; Garland et al., 2015).,, (Karlsen et al., 2002; Chmelnitsky et al., 2012; Garland et al., 2015). https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2017.0799 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 50(6) 799-805, December 2017 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 13 November 2017; Revised 8 December 2017; Accepted 15 December 2017 *Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 52. 270. 0940 Fax: +82. 52. 270. 0913 E-mail address: mogas@hanmail.net Copyright 2017 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 799 pissn:0374-8111, eissn:2287-8815
800 최슬기ㆍ육형준ㆍ한원민ㆍ윤영글ㆍ손호선ㆍ이경리ㆍ박겸준 (Chmelnitsky et al., 2012; Garland et al., 2015)., (Yoon et al., 2002)., Panova et al. (2012) Onega Bay (64 24 N, 35 49 E) 6 (directional motion, quiet swimming, sleeping/ resting, social interaction, feeding, exploration of hydrophone), Van Parijs and Corkeron (2001) Moreton Bay (153 26 N, 27 24 E) (Pacific humpback dolphin) 4 (travelling, socializing, foraging, milling)..., 3. 3,. (Belikov et al., 2007), 3. 재료및방법 연구대상 2012 (TINRO, Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Center, Russia), 2 1.,, Table 1. (Lui) (Luo) 9 8, (Lubi) 6-7. 3.7 m, 723.7 kg, 3.6 m, 797.7 kg, 3.4 m, 757.4 kg. 9 32 Robeck et al. (2005), Table 1. Physical features of beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas in this study Name Sex Age Length (m) Weight (kg) Lui male ( ) 9 3.7 723.7 Luo male ( ) 8 3.6 797.7 Lubi female ( ) 6-7 3.4 757.4 Standard, June, 2017. 13.3 8 6.9 3.18 m 9.1,, 1-2. 휘슬음기록 Song Meter SM3BAT (Wildlife Acoustics, Inc., USA) SM3-H1 (Wildlife Acoustics, Inc., USA 2 Hz-40 khz flat to +/- 1dB, sensitivity, -165 db; re, 1V/uPa). (10 15 6.5 m), H1 1 m. Fig 1. 3,. 9 5, 9 6, 9 26, 12 19 4 1 4, 9 5, 9 26, 12 19, 9 6 3. Table 2. 휘슬음분석 (Figueiredo et al, 2009; Chmelnitsky et al., 2012). SM3-H1 Avisoft Table 2. Pairing of beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas on the date of recording Date Main pool Pool Second pool September 5. Lui, Lubi Luo September 26. Luo, Lubi Lui December 19. Lui, Luo Lubi September 6. Lubi, Lui, Luo -
사육흰고래의휘슬음특징 801 10 m Song Meter SM3BAT H1 Hydrophone & Steel cage 6.5 m 15 m Second pool Main pool, 10x15 6.5 m Fig. 1. Survey diagram (installation position and method of hydrophone). SAS Lite software (Avisoft Bioacoustics, Berlin, Germany). (frequency modulation, FM) ( )., (Chmelnitskyet et al., 2012). Chmelnitskyet et al. (2012) (flat, W1) (ascending, W2), (descending, W3), - (hump, W4), - (dip, W5), (wavy, W6) 6 (starting ending frequency), (minimal maximal frequency), (signal duration), (number of inflection points). (Chmelnitskyet al., 2012). 행동기록및분석 (NEX-VG30H, Sony, Japan). Recchia (1994) 34 (Agressive), (Submissive), (Affiliative), (Sexual) 4. (Bite), (Hit), (Charge), (Chase), (Head jerk), (Mouth open), (Jaw clap), (Directed look), (Bite threat). (Flee), (Flinch), (Contact swim), 3 (Echelon swim), (Follow swim). (Thrust with erection), (Ventral-to-ventral), (Ventral present), (Ventral swim) (Recchia, 1994). 결과및고찰 240 453. 9 5 75, 9 26 72, 12 19 141
802 최슬기ㆍ육형준ㆍ한원민ㆍ윤영글ㆍ손호선ㆍ이경리ㆍ박겸준, 9 6 165. 6, Table 3 (,, ) Fig 2. 6 (W2) 30.7%, - (W4) 26.7%. (W2) 41.7%, - (W5) 19.4%, (W3) - (W4)., (W1) 41.1%, (W2) 20.6%., (W2) 35.2%, - (W5) 24.6%. (W2) 30.7%, 41.7%, 41.1%, 35.2%, 2.6-6.6 khz. Chmelnitsky et al. (2012) 6 (W2) 2.9-10 khz. 2.0-8.6 khz, Belikov et al. (2007) Table 3. Characteristics of whistles produced by beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas in this study Recording date Lui &Lubi 9/5 Luo &Lubi 9/26 Lui &Luo 12/19 Lui&Luo &Lubi 9/6 Call type Number of whistle % of total whistle Duration (s) Frequency (khz) Start End Min. Max. Inflection points W1 7 9.3 0.91 5.9 5.8 5.7 6.3 2.3 W2 23 30.7 0.32 5.2 5.7 5.1 5.7 0.7 W3 7 9.3 0.13 5.9 4.5 4.5 5.9 0 W4 20 26.7 0.16 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.6 3.5 W5 9 12.0 0.36 6.1 6.2 4.4 6.5 1.1 W6 9 12.0 1.13 5.1 5.2 4.3 7.0 5.4 Total 75 W1 11 15.3 0.53 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.9 0.1 W2 30 41.7 0.32 3.1 3.8 3.1 3.8 0.1 W3 3 4.2 0.36 4.0 2.9 3.0 3.8 0.7 W4 4 5.6 0.90 4.5 5.0 4.5 5.4 3.8 W5 14 19.4 0.26 5.2 5.0 3.2 5.3 1.0 W6 10 13.9 0.96 3.8 3.6 2.9 4.7 5.6 Total 72 W1 58 41.1 0.70 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.9 0.1 W2 29 20.6 0.65 5.6 6.6 5.6 6.6 0.3 W3 13 9.2 0.92 8.6 7.1 7.1 8.6 1.4 W4 13 9.2 0.67 6.3 6.3 6.1 7.6 1.8 W5 13 9.2 0.31 5.7 5.7 4.1 6.0 1.0 W6 15 10.6 1.19 6.7 6.6 5.6 7.9 5.5 Total 141 Total 165 Min, Minimum; Max, Maximum. W1 33 20.0 0.66 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.9 0.2 W2 58 35.2 0.68 2.7 3.6 2.6 3.6 0.2 W3 4 2.4 0.93 4.8 4.5 4.1 5.1 0.3 W4 3 1.8 0.60 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.8 3.0 W5 40 24.2 0.61 3.8 4.4 3.5 4.6 2.6 W6 27 16.4 1.03 3.3 3.8 2.9 4.3 7.3
사육흰고래의휘슬음특징 803 Fig 2. Representative spectrograms of six whistle type classified by visual inspection method in this study. W1, flat type; W2, ascending type; W3, descending; W4, hump type; W5, dip type; W6, wavy type. 0.5-4.5 khz, Chmelnitsky et al. (2012) 1.0-11.2 khz, Garland et al. (2015) 1.2-4.3 khz Chmelnitsky et al. (2012). - (W5) (W6). 0.1-1.2 (W6) 1.0-1.1. 0 ( W1) 7 ( W6),. (W6) 19 (Table 3). Belikov et al. (2007) 0.1-1.7, 0-9, Chmelnitsky et al. (2012) 0.4-2.2, 0-22, Garland et al. (2015) 0.1-0.9 0-4. Belikov et al. (2007). Recchia (1994). 10 ( 48 ) 2,. 9 ( 38 ),, 6, 4
804 최슬기ㆍ육형준ㆍ한원민ㆍ윤영글ㆍ손호선ㆍ이경리ㆍ박겸준 Behavior type rate (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% (a) 17% 0% 83% 32% 21% 47% 92% 0% 8% 74% 10% 16% Lui & Lubi Luo & Lubi Lui & Luo Lui & Luo & Lubi Group type Aggressive Submissive Affiliative Whistle type rate (%) 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% (b) 9% 31% 9% 27% 15% 12%12% 42% 4% 6% 19% 14% 41% 21% 9% 9% 9% 11% 20% 35% 2% 2% W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 24% Lui & Lubi Luo & Lubi Lui & Luo Lui & Luo & Lubi Group type 16% Fig 3. Rate of behavior(a) and whistle(b) produced by group of beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas for 1 hour..,, 35, 3 ( 12 ).,, 23, 5 ( 18 ), 3.,,.. Fig 3. (W2) 31% 42%. 92% (W1) 41%, (W1) 9% 15%., - (W5) 19% 24% (12% 9%)., (W1), - (W5)., (Chmelnitsky et al., 2012)., (Panova et al., 2012),.
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