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ํ•ด์™ธ์œ ํ•™์ƒ๋ณดํ—˜3๋‹จํŒœํ”Œ๋ ›1104

์น˜์˜ํ•™์„์‚ฌํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์›ํ•™์ƒ์˜์žฅ์• ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ธ์‹์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋…„ ์›” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์ƒ์–ต

ํ•™์ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„๊ตฌ์กฐํ‘œ(ํ‘œ 1-20)

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

2 ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ… ์ œ16๊ถŒ( ) โ… . ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ โ…ก. ๊ฐ€์Šต๊ธฐ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ โ…ข. ๊ฐ€์Šต๊ธฐ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ…ฃ. ๊ฐ€์Šต๊ธฐ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ž…์ฆ ์™„ํ™” โ…ค. ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ โ… . ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ํ”ผํ•ด์œ ๋ฐœํ–‰์œ„(ํ˜น์€ ์ธ์ž)๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: A study on Characte

27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( :

232 ๋„์‹œํ–‰์ •ํ•™๋ณด ์ œ25์ง‘ ์ œ4ํ˜ธ I. ์„œ ๋ก  1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์›ํ™”๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋‹ค์› ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ •์น˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ ๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ํŠน

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้†ซๅฒๅญธ์ œ16๊ถŒ์ œ2ํ˜ธ ( ํ†ต๊ถŒ์ œ31ํ˜ธ ) 2007๋…„ 12์›” Korean J Med Hist 16ห177 191 Dec 2007 C ๅคง้Ÿ“้†ซๅฒๅญธๆœƒ ISSN 1225 505X 1918 ๋…„ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์˜์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ : ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ๋ช…์„ , ์–‘์ผ์„ * I. ์„œ๋ก  1918๋…„์„ธ๊ณ„์ „์—ญ์„ํœฉ์“ธ์—ˆ๋˜์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋Š”์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋„๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์„๊ฑฐ์ณ, ์ผ์ œํ•˜ํ”ผํํ•œ์‚ถ์„์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋˜๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒํฐ๊ณ ํ†ต์„์•ˆ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์•„์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ๋„๋‹น์‹œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋กœ์ธํ•œํ”ผํ•ด์ƒํ™ฉ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ๋งŒํ•œํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„์‰ฝ์ง€์•Š๊ณ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ดํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‚˜์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ฐ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Œ€์ฑ…์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„๋งค์šฐ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€์•Š์•˜๋˜๋‹น์‹œ์˜์˜ํ•™์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ์„œ๊ตฌ์‹์˜ํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ง‰์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ์žก์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ ์žˆ๋˜๋‹น์‹œํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์ƒํ™ฉ์„๊ณ ๋ คํ• ๋•Œํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜์—ญํ•™์ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋งค์šฐ์–ด๋ ค์› ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ์ƒํ™ฉ์„๊ณ ๋ คํ• ๋•Œํ”„๋žญํฌ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ (Frank William Schofield, 1889~1970) ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 1919๋…„๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ์ง€ (Journal of the American Medical Association) ์—๊ฒŒ์žฌํ•œ Pandemic Influenza In Korea with Special References to Its Etiology' 1) ๋Š”์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์žํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜์ž„์ƒ์ฆ๋ก€์™€ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ•™์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœํ•œ์›์ธ์ฒด๊ทœ๋ช…๊ณผ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐ์ ‘์ข…์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ๋‹ด๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด, ๋‹น์‹œ์˜์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์žํ”ผํ•ด์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ์ž๋ฃŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ๋‹น์‹œ์˜์‹ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€์ด๋…๋ถ€ํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ฑ์„๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉฐํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด 1918๋…„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์žํ”ผํ•ด์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์žํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜ํ•™๊ต์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” 1916๋…„ 8์›”์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค๋ณ‘์›์˜ํ•™๊ต์—์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ถ€์ž„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ * ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ 1) F.W. Schofield and H.C. Cynn. Pandemic Influenza In Korea with Special References to Its Etiology. Journal of the American Medical Association 1919;72(14):981-983. ๊ณต์ €์ž์ธ Cynn ์€์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜ํ•™๊ต์กธ์—…์ƒ (1918) ์ธ์‹ ํ˜„์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์„ธ์˜๋ฃŒ์› 120 ๋…„์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์‹ ํ˜„์ฐฝ์€ 1923-24 ๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™, ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๋ฐ์œ„์ƒํ•™์กฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ์—ญ์ž„ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ช…๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1919 ๋…„๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด์žˆ๋‹ค ( ์—ฐ์„ธ์˜๋ฃŒ์› 120 ๋…„์‚ฌํŽธ์ฐฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ. ์ธ์ˆ , ๋ด‰์‚ฌ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™๊ณผ๋„์ „์˜ 120 ๋…„, ์„œ์šธ. 2005.p339). - 177 -

้†ซๅฒๅญธ์ œ 16 ๊ถŒ์ œ 2 ํ˜ธ ( ํ†ต๊ถŒ์ œ 31 ํ˜ธ ) 177-191, 2007 ๋…„ 12 ์›” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ธ์—ฐ์„๋งบ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญํƒœ์ƒ์ธ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” 1911๋…„ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ๋ฐ›๊ณ ๊ฐ™์€๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. 1916๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1920๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜ํ•™๊ต๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ์—ญ์ž„ํ•˜๋Š”๋™์•ˆํ•œ๊ตญ์€๊ณ ์ข…ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ์ผ๋ จ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค๊ณผ 3.1 ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•ด์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š”์ผ์ œ์˜ํƒ„์••์œผ๋กœ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฝ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฐ•ํ•œ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ๊ฒช๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ์นœ๋ถ„์„๋งบ๊ณ ๋‹น์‹œํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ์ผ์ œ์˜๋งŒํ–‰๊ณผ์ˆ˜ํƒˆ์„์„ธ๊ณ„์—์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„์•„๋ผ์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ์ด์œ ๋กœํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”๊ต์œก์ž๋‚˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™์˜์กฐ๋ ฅ์ž๋กœ์„œ์ž˜์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2) ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๊ทธ๋Š” 2ํ•™๋…„ 1ํ•™๊ธฐ์—๋งค์ฃผ 5์‹œ๊ฐ„, 2ํ•™๊ธฐ์— 6์‹œ๊ฐ„, 3ํ•™๊ธฐ์— 3์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ๋ฐฐ์ •๋œ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค ( ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1). ์ด์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ํ†ตํ•ด๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ด๋ก ๊ต์œก๊ณผ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ์„๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ ๋™์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ธฐ๋ณธ์‹คํ—˜๋ฒ•๋“ฑ์„์ตํžŒํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ 4ํ•™๋…„๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š”์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์˜๋ฐฑ์‹ , ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๋“ฑ์„๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ข€๋”์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ์ง€์‹์„์Šต๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3) ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ๊ทธ๋Š”๋‹น์‹œ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ๋– ๋“ค์ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๋…๊ฐ ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ 1918๋…„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์€๊ฐ€์„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๊ฒจ์šธ์‚ฌ์ด์—๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์น˜๋‹ฌ์•˜๋˜๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š”ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜์ž„์ƒ์ฆ๋ก€๋ฅผ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜ ๊ณ ํ™˜์ž์˜๊ฐ€๊ฒ€๋ฌผ์—์„œ์›์ธ์ฒด๋ฅผ๋™์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ•™์ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€๋™๋ฌผ์ ‘์ข…์„์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋“ฑ์ผ๋ จ์˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ํ•œํŽธ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ Pandemic Influenza In Korea with Special References to Its Etiology ์—๋‹ด์•„๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ์ง€ (Journal of American Medical Association) ์—์‹ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€๊ฐ™์€ํ•ด์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ํ•™์ €๋„ (China Medical Journal) ์—๋„ A brief report on pandemic influenza in Korea with special reference to its etiology ๋ผ๋Š”์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4) ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜ํ•™๊ต์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ์˜์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ. ( ์ด์žฅ๋ฝ, 1962, ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž๋ฃŒ์ธ์šฉ ) ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ํ™œ๋™์€์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ์žฌ์งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค. 1921๋…„์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ์›์ธ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜์†Œ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ฆ (haemorrhagic septicemia) ์ด์œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ, ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ณผ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์„๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋˜์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”์—ญํ•™์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผํ†ตํ•ด์†Œ์‚ฌ 2) ์ด์žฅ๋ฝ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜๋ฒ—์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ. ์„œ์šธ : ์ •์Œ์‚ฌ ; 1962. pp.12-149. 3) ๋ฐ•ํ˜•์šฐ. ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์™€ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜์—ฌ๋ช…. ์„œ์šธ : ์ฒญ๋…„์˜์‚ฌ ; 2006. p.362. 4) F.W. Schofield, H.C. Cynn. A brief report on pandemic influenza in Korea with special reference to its etiology. China Med J 1919;33:203-209. Chinese Medical Journal(CMJ) ์€ 1887๋…„ 'China Medical Missionary Journal' ๋กœ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„๋˜์–ด 1907๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” 'China Medical Journal' ๋กœ๋ช…๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. - 178 -

์ฒœ๋ช…์„  ์–‘์ผ์„ ห1918 ๋…„ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ : ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฃŒ์—์„ž์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š”์ „๋™์‹ธ๋ฆฌ (sweet clover) ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ํŒจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์ƒ๊ธด๋ฌผ์งˆ ( ์™€ํŒŒ๋ฆฐ, ๋””์ฟ ๋งˆ๋กค ) ์ดํ•ญ์‘๊ณ ์ œ๋กœ์ž‘์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 5) ๋’ค์ด์€ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋””์ฟ ๋งˆ๋กค (dicumarol) ์ด๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ K์˜์ž‘์šฉ์„์–ต์ œํ•ดํ˜ˆ์•ก์‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ธฐ์ „์ด์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์€ํ‡ดํ›„๊ตญ๋นˆ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋Œ์•„์˜จ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ณธ์ธ์˜ํฌ๋ง์—๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ดˆ๋น™๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ์žฌ์งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์ˆ˜์ž…๋œ๋ผ์ง€๋ฅผํ†ตํ•ด์œ ์ž…๋œ์œ„์ถ•์„ฑ๋น„์—ผ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 6) 1970๋…„๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์ค‘์•™์˜๋ฃŒ์›์—์„œ์„ธ์ƒ์„๋– ๋‚ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ๋Š์ž„์—†์ดํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€์ •์น˜์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์ €์ˆ ๊ณผ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ์ง€์†ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ทธ๋Š”์ผ์ œํ†ต์น˜๋‹น์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜์• ์ •๊ณผ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ณต๋กœ๋ฅผ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ 1960๋…„์—๋Š”๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ™”ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„, 1968๋…„์—๋Š”๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ฑด๊ตญ๊ณต๋กœํ›ˆ์žฅ ( ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์žฅ ) ์„๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š”๊ทธ๋ฅผ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œํ™€ ์„๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  2003๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋งค๋…„์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๊ธฐ๋…์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์›€์„๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1918~1919๋…„๋‹น์‹œํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ง€์—ญ์˜์ธ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์ƒํ™ฉ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š”๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ง€์—ญ์˜ 1918 ๋…„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์—๋Œ€ํ•œํ†ต๊ณ„์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š”๋งค์šฐ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. 7) ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์ž๋ฃŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค๊ทธํ”ผํ•ด์ƒํ™ฉ์„๊ฐ๊ฐ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š”ํž˜๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ, 90๋…„๋Œ€์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1918๋…„ 10์›”์—์„œ 12์›”์‚ฌ์ด์—์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์žฅ๊ธฐ์Šน์„๋ถ€๋ ธ๊ณ ์ „์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 1/3์ด์ดํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 8) ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” 25๋งŒ๋ช…์ด๋„˜์—ˆ๊ณ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์—์˜ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 4.25๋ช… 9) ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ดํ›„์—๋„ 1919๋…„ 9์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋‹ค์Œํ•ด 2์›”๊นŒ์ง€์•ฝ 6๋งŒ 6์ฒœ๋ช…์ด๋”์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”์•ฝ 7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ๋‚ธ์ธ๋„์™€๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 55๋งŒ๋ช…์—๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋˜๋ฏธ๊ตญ, 20๋งŒ๋ช…์˜์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ๋‚ธ์˜๊ตญ๋“ฑ๊ณผ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ๋งค์šฐ๋‚ฎ์€์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Johnson๊ณผ Mueller 10) ๋Š” 1918๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1920๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์—์˜ํ•œ์ด์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 38๋งŒ8์ฒœ๋ช… ( ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  7๋ช… ) ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ž๋ฃŒ์—๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด์ธ๋„์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์—์˜ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด 6.1๋ช…, ์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ž‘์นด๋Š” 17.9๋ช…์—๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„์ด์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด์„œ๋กœํฐ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ 5) F.W. Schofield. Damaged sweet clover; the cause of a new disease in cattle simulating haemorrhagic septicemia and blackleg. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1924;64:553-556. 6) F.W. Schofield, U.I. Chung. The introduction and spread of atrophic rhinitis of swine in Korea. Journal of the American Medical Association 1959;135:375-376. 7) ์ „์ข…ํœ˜. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘๊ฐœ๊ด€. ์„œ์šธ. ์ตœ์‹ ์˜ํ•™์‚ฌ ; 1975. pp.107-111. 8) G.W. Rice, E. Palmer. Pandemic Influenza in Japan, 1918-19: Morality Patterns and Official Responses. Journal of Japanese Studies 1993;19(2):389-420. 9) ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ์ฒœ๋ช…๋‹น ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋กœ์ธํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์ˆ˜๋ฅผ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. 10) N. Johnson and J. Mueller. Updating the Accounts: Global Motality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" Influenza Pandemic. Bull Hist Med 2002;76:105-115. - 179 -

้†ซๅฒๅญธ์ œ 16 ๊ถŒ์ œ 2 ํ˜ธ ( ํ†ต๊ถŒ์ œ 31 ํ˜ธ ) 177-191, 2007 ๋…„ 12 ์›” ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์ถ”์ •์ด์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋ฆผ์žก์•„ 8.4~20.1๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1920๋…„์˜๊ตญ์œ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ 11) ๋Š” 1918๋…„ 10์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1919๋…„ 4์›”๊นŒ์ง€์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋กœ์ธํ•œ์ด์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ 250,333๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด์ผ๋ณธ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋งŒ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 25๋งŒ๋ช…์ด 1918-1919๋…„๊ฒจ์šธ์—์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋กœ์ธํ•ด์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜์‚ฌ์ •์—ญ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜์„œ๋‘์—์„œ 1918๋…„ 9์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๊ฐ€์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 25~50% ๊ฐ€์ดํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๋Š”์—ญํ•™์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผํ†ตํ•œ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š”์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด์ „ํ˜€๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์—†๋Š”์ถ”์ •์€์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์€ 1918 ๋…„ 9์›”์ฒ˜์Œ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผํ†ตํ•ด์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜์–ด์™”์Œ์„์˜์‹ฌํ• ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š”์—†๋Š”๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์งˆ๋ณ‘์€๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ฒ ๋„์„ ์„๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœํผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”์„œ์šธ์—์„œ 9์›”ํ•˜์ˆœ์—์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ๊ทธ์ฆ๋ก€๋ฅผ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›”์ค‘์ˆœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ์ „์—์ „์—ผ์€์ตœ๊ณ ์กฐ์—์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๋‹น๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ๋ฐ›์€๋ฐ”๊ฐ€์—†์–ด, ํ˜„์žฌ์ •ํ™•ํ•œํ™˜์ž์™€์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 1/4์—์„œ 1/2์ด๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—์„œ๋†’์€๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์„๋ณด์—ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ํ•™๊ต๋Š”๋ฌธ์„๋‹ซ์•˜๋‹ค. 12) 1917๋…„๋ง๋‹น์‹œ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 1์ฒœ7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์—์•ฝ๊ฐ„๋ชป๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœํ•˜๋ฉด์•ฝ 400~800๋งŒ๋ช…์—๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ดํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ง์ด๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์ดํ™˜๋ฅ ์„์ ์šฉํ•ด๋„์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 500๋งŒ๋ช…์˜์ดํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์‚ฌ์ด์—์œ ํ–‰์ด์‹ฌํ•ด์„œํ•™๊ต์˜๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฌธ์„๋‹ซ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š”์„ค๋ช…์€์ Š์€์ธต์„๊ณต๋žตํ•˜๋Š” 1918๋…„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜๊ฐ์—ผํŠน์ง•์„๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ํ†ต๊ณ„์—ฐ๋ณด 13) ๋ฅผ๋ณด๋ฉด 1918๋…„๊ฐ๋ชจ 14) ( ๆ„Ÿๅ†’ ) ์—์˜ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” 1917๋…„์—๋น„ํ•ด๋‘๋ฐฐ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 39,689๋ช…์—๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœํ•˜๋ฉด๊ฐ๋ชจ์—์˜ํ•œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 2.38๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์ผ๋ณธ์—๋น„ํ•ด๋น„๊ต์ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ 11) S.P. James. The general statistics of Influenza in Australasia and parts of Africa and Asia. Ministry of Health. Reports on the pandemic of Influenza 1918-19. London, His Majesty's Stationery;1920. p.386. 12) F.W. Schofield, H.C. Cynn. 1919. ibid. 13) ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ํ†ต๊ณ„์—ฐ๊ฐ. ์„œ์šธ ; ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ;1918. pp.92-95. 14) ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ํ†ต๊ณ„์—ฐ๊ฐ์—์„œ์ „ํ†ต์˜ํ•™์˜์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋ชจ ( ๆ„Ÿๅ†’ ) ๋Š”๊ฐ๊ธฐ ( ๆ„Ÿๆฐฃ ) ์™€๊ฐ™์€๋ง๋กœํ•œ์˜ํ•™์—์„œ์™ธ๊ฐ๋ณ‘์˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœํ’์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํ•œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ชธ์—์นจ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ( ๊น€๋™์ผ์™ธ. ๋™์˜ํ•™์‚ฌ์ „. ์„œ์šธ ; ๊ณผํ•™์›์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ ;1990. p. 34). ์ด๊ฒƒ์ดํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ํ•™์—์„œ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์™€๊ฐ™์€๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์“ฐ์˜€๋Š”์ง€ํ™•์–ธํ• ์ˆ˜๋Š”์—†๋‹ค. ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜์›์ธ์ฒด๊ฐ€์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€์•Š์•˜๋˜๋‹น์‹œ์˜์˜ํ•™์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹จ์˜๊ธฐ์ค€์ด๋ช…ํ™•ํ• ์ˆ˜์—†์—ˆ์Œ์„๊ณ ๋ คํ• ๋•Œ์ด์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์™€ ๋…๊ฐ ์œผ๋กœ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š”ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ๊ณ ์—ด์„์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š”์œ ์‚ฌ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค๊ณผ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„์šฉ์ดํ•˜์ง€์•Š๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ๋‹น์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ก๋“ค์„์ฐธ๊ณ ํ• ๋•Œ 1918๋…„๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฐ๋ชจ ๋กœ์ธํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š”์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”๋…๊ฐ์—์˜ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์—ํฌ - 180 -

์ฒœ๋ช…์„  ์–‘์ผ์„ ห1918 ๋…„ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ : ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ 1918๋…„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋กœ์ธํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ์ดํ†ต๊ณ„์ˆ˜์น˜์—์ œํ•œ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜๋Š”์—†๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , 1917 ๋…„ 42,209๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์ง‘๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์งˆ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ 1918๋…„์—๋Š” 139,152๋ช…์œผ๋กœ 3 ๋ฐฐ์ด์ƒ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ†ต๊ณ„๊ฐ€์–ด๋–ค์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ์•Œ์ˆ˜์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ํƒ€์ง„ํ•ด๋ณด์•„์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์›”๋ณ„ํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ๋ณด๋ฉดํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์ด์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์ˆ˜๋Š” 11์›”์—๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ( ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2). ์ด์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์˜์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์˜์˜ํ–ฅ์„๋ฐ›์€๊ฒƒ์€์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜์‹ฌํ•ด๋ณผ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋“ฑ์˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์œ ์ž…์„์˜์‹ฌํ• ์ˆ˜๋„์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ž๋ฃŒ์ธํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์—ญํ†ต๊ณ„ 15) ์—๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์—๋Œ€ํ•œํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” 1918๋…„์ด์•„๋‹Œ 1919๋…„์˜๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์„๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„๊ณ„์ ˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์˜์‹ฌ์€์ ์ ˆ์น˜์•Š๋‹ค. ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค์™€๋‘์ฐฝ์—ญ์‹œ์ฆ๊ฐ€์ถ”์„ธ์—์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒํญ๋ฐœ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š”์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ์˜์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์—†์Œ์„๋…ผ์™ธ๋กœํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์—ญํ†ต๊ณ„์—๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ 9๋Œ€์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์ง‘๊ณ„๊ฐ€ํฐ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ๋ณด์ด์ง€์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ๋„์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ˆˆ์—๋„๋Š”์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ๋ณด์ธ๊ฒƒ์€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์—๊ทธ์›์ธ์„๋‘๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ๋น„์ธํ›„๋ณ‘๋ฐํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œํ™˜์ž์˜์ˆ˜์—ญ์‹œ 1917๋…„ 79,183๋ช…์—์„œ 1918๋…„์—๋Š” 87,386๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์•ฝ 10% ์ •๋„์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ๋ณด์˜€๋Š” ๋ฐ, ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๊ฐ์—ผ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ํ๋ ด์ด๋‚˜๊ธฐํƒ€๊ด€๋ จํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์œผ๋กœ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์•˜์„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„๋ฐฐ์ œํ• ์ˆ˜์—†๋‹ค. ์ดํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€๋”๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค ( ํ‘œ 1). ์ด์ •์€ 16) ์€๋งค์ผ์‹ ๋ณด๋ฅผ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ๋‹น์‹œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋กœ์ธํ•œํ”ผํ•ด์ƒํ™ฉ์„์ž์„ธํžˆ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 1918๋…„ 7,422,113๋ช…์˜์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์žํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ๊ทธ์ค‘ 139,128๋ช…์ด์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋กœ์ธํ•œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 8.1๋ช…์ด๊ณ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜์•ฝ 40% ๊ฐ€์ดํ™˜๋œ์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค. 1918๋…„๊ฐ•์›๋„์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์™€๊ทธ์—๋”ฐ๋ฅธํ๋ ดํ™˜์ž์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์ŠŒ ( ๅถบๅณป ) 17) ์˜๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”์ดํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€๊ณผ์žฅ๋œ๊ฒƒ์ด์•„๋‹˜์„๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. 1918๋…„๊ฐ•์›๋„์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋งŒ์กฐ์„ ์ธ 448,347๋ช…์ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์—์ดํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ์ด๋กœ์ธํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” 5,220๋ช…, ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ธํ๋ ด๊ณผ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์—ผ์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” 2,409๋ช…์—์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ๊ฐ•์›๋„์˜์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š”์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋งŒ 1,143,402๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 6.7๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์ถ”๋ก ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€๋ฐ€์ง‘๋œ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‚˜์™ธํ•ญ์„์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด์™•๋ž˜๊ฐ€์žฆ์•˜๋˜๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์ง€์—ญ๊ณผํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์˜์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€์˜์‹ฌํ• ๋‚˜์œ„์—†์ด๋”๋†’์•˜์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ 1918๋…„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์€๊ณ ๋ฒ , ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋“ฑ์—์„œํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€๋”์ปธ๋‹ค. 18) ํ•จ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ( ์ •ํฌ์˜, ์ „์ข…ํœ˜. ๊ฐ์—ผ์งˆํ™˜. ์„œ์šธ ; ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ ;1987. pp.230-234, 511-522) 15) ๆœ้ฎฎ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ตฑ่จˆ. ์„œ์šธ ; ๆœ้ฎฎ็ธฝ็ฃๅบœ่ญฆๅ‹™ๅฑ€ ;.1935, pp.4-7. ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋Š” 1919๋…„ ( ๋Œ€์ •8๋…„ ) ๋‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋งน์œ„๋ฅผ๋–จ์ณค๋‹ค. 9๋Œ€์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์€์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ, ์ ๋ฆฌ, ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค, ํŒŒ๋ผํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค, ๋‘์ฐฝ, ๋ฐœ์ง„ํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค, ์„ฑํ™์—ด, ๋””ํ”„ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋‡Œ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ง‰์—ผ (epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis) ์ด๋‹ค. 16) ์ด์ •์€. ๋งค์ผ์‹ ๋ณด์—๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ 3.1์šด๋™์ง์ „์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ƒํ™ฉ. ํ•œ๊ตญ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, 1990;4:193-220. ์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜๋‚ด์šฉ์€ํ”„๋ผ์ž„๊ฒฝ์ œ (2006 ๋…„ 2์›” 24์ผ ) ๋ฅผํ†ตํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์ผ์‹ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š”์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€์—์„œ๋‚˜์˜จ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 1918๋…„์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ํ†ต๊ณ„์—ฐ๋ณด์—๋Š”์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€์—†๋‹ค. 17) ๅถบๅณป. ๆฑŸๅŽŸ้“ใƒ‹ๆ–ผใ‚ฑใƒซ๏งŠ่กŒๆ€งๆ„Ÿๆฐฃใƒ‹ไน‹ใƒ‹ๅ€‚็™ผใ‚ปใƒซ่‚บ็‚ŽใƒŽ๏งถๅบŠ็š„่ง€ๅฏŸ. ๆœ้ฎฎ้†ซๅญธๆœƒ่ชŒ 1919;24:30-50. - 181 -

้†ซๅฒๅญธ์ œ 16 ๊ถŒ์ œ 2 ํ˜ธ ( ํ†ต๊ถŒ์ œ 31 ํ˜ธ ) 177-191, 2007 ๋…„ 12 ์›” ํ‘œ 1. 1915-1919๋…„๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐ๊ด€๋ จ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•œ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ๋ชจ ( ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ) ๋น„์ธํ›„๋ณ‘ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋ณ‘ 9๋Œ€์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ * ์ „์—ผ์„ฑ๋ณ‘ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 1915๋…„ 21,890 9,624 50,754 1,041 32,415 336,936 1916๋…„ 20,864 10,462 59,905 2,198 43,047 363,529 1917๋…„ 19,578 10,910 68,273 1,266 42,209 402,709 1918๋…„ 39,689 12,025 75,361 1,317 139,152 515,243 1919๋…„ 22,915 8,084 48,658 13,599 92,338 374,507 ( ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ํ†ต๊ณ„์—ฐ๋ณด 1919:94-95, * ์กฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ์—ญํ†ต๊ณ„ 1934:6-7) ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. 1917-1919 ๋…„์›”๋ณ„์กฐ์„ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์ˆ˜ ( ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€ํ†ต๊ณ„์—ฐ๋ณด 1918;101) ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๊ฐ€์œ ๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ๊ฑฐ์ณ์œ ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์˜๊ทผ์›์ง€์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”์•„์ง๋„๋…ผ๋ž€์˜์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š”๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด์ƒํ™ฉ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผํ†ตํ•ด์ธ๋„๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ์•„์‹œ์•„์ง€์—ญ์—๋น„ํ•ด์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๊ฐ€์ด๋ฏธ 1918๋…„์œ ํ–‰์ „ ์—์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„์ง‘๋‹จ๋ฉด์—ญ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ๋œํ›„์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์œ„, ๋ผ์ง€๋“ฑ์„์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š”์ค‘๊ตญ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜๋†์—…์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณผ๋•Œ, ๋ผ์ง€๊ฐ€์ผ์ข…์˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ˆ™์ฃผ (mixing vessel) ๋กœ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์ด 1916-1917๋…„์—์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜๋ฐœ์›์ง€์—์„œ 18) G.W. Rice, E. Palmer, 1993. ibid. - 182 -

์ฒœ๋ช…์„  ์–‘์ผ์„ ห1918 ๋…„ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ : ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 10km๋ฐ–์—๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€์•Š์€๊ณณ์—์ •์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ์˜์œ ํ–‰์ด 1914-1918๋…„๋‹น์‹œ์ค‘๊ตญ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ํ†ตํ•ด์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์ œ์‹œ๋๋‹ค. 19) ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ๊ต์—ญ์ด์žฆ๊ณ ์œ„์น˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šดํ•œ๊ตญ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋น„์Šทํ•œ์–‘์ƒ์„๋ณด์˜€์„์ˆ˜๋„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ”ผํ•ด์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ณผ๋•Œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š”ํ™•์‹ ์„๋‚ด๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋Š”์—†๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค๋กœ์ธํ•ด์ดํ™˜๋ฅ ์ด๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋†’๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ์ ์ด์ง€๋ชปํ•œ๋™์–‘์˜์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ (insanitary conditions of oriental life) ์ดํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์„์•…ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค ๋ผ๋Š”์–ธ๊ธ‰์„๋ง๋ถ™์ด๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ํ”ผํ•ด์ƒํ™ฉ์ดํ•œ๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋˜์‚ฌ์‹ค์„๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด๋Š”์งˆ๋ณ‘์œ ํ–‰์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋™์•„์ผ๋ณด๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ๋ณด๋ฉด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์ด์ˆ˜๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋“  1920๋…„๊ณผ 1921๋…„์—๋„์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š”์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ์‹ฌํ•œ์–‘์ƒ์„๋ณด์˜€๋˜๊ฒƒ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ 1918๋…„์œ ํ–‰๋งŒํผ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด์ง€๋Š”์•Š์ง€๋งŒ๊ทธ์ดํ›„์—๋งค๋…„๊ฒจ์šธ์ด๋ฉด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๊ฐ€๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด์ƒ๋‹นํ•œํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ์•ˆ๊ฒผ๋˜๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 20) ์ผ๋ณธ์—ๆฏ’ๆ„Ÿๅฐ™็†พ๋…๊ฐ์˜๋ฅ˜ ์€์ผ๋ณธ๊ฐ์ง€์™€๊ฐ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์—๋Š”์ž๋ชป ๋ ฌํ•˜์•ผ์ง€๋‚œ์ผ์›”์ด ๋กœ์‚ผ์›”๋ง ์ง€ํ™˜์ž์ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์‹ค๋กœ์ด ์‹ญ์น ๋งŒํŒ” ์ณ”์‚ผ ๊ตฌ์‹ญ๊ตฌ์ธ์—๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€์‹ญ๋งŒ๊ตฌ์ณ”์˜ค ์ด์‹ญ์‚ฌ์ธ์—๋‹ฌํ•œ์™ธ์—๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์˜์ž‘๋…„์‹ญ์ด์›”์ดˆ ์ง€์˜ํ™˜์ž์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์‚ผ๋งŒ์œก์ณ”์ด ์‚ผ์‹ญ์˜ค์ธ์ค‘์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€์ผ์ณ”์น ๋ฐฑ์œก์‹ญ์ด๋ช…์—๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฟ๋”๋ผ. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์„ ์—์™€์ž‡๋Š”๋Žจ์ด์‹ญ์‚ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ์‹ญ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์—๋„ํ™˜์ž์ด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์ด์ณ”์ผ ์น ์‹ญ์‚ผ๋ช…์ฆ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์‹ญ๊ตฌ๋ช…์—๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฟ๋‹ค๋”๋ผ. 21) ์ผ๊ฐœ์›”์—๋งŒ๋ช…์กฐ์„ ์ ผ๋„์—๋ฐœ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ๊ธ”ํ™˜์ž์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์‚ผ๋…„์ „์—์ข… ์—๋Š”์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ๋ณด์ง€๋ชปํ•˜๋“ ์ด์ƒ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด๊ฐ๊ธ”๊ฐ€๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์–ด๊ทธํ•ด์ดˆ๊ฐ€์„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์•ผ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ๋„๊ทธ๊ฐ๊ธ”๋กœ์ธํ•˜์•ผ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ˆ˜๋งŒ๋ช…์—๋‹ฌํ•˜์•ผํ•œ์ฐธ์ฐธ์ƒ์„์ด๋ฅธํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ธˆ๋…„์—๋Š”์ฆ์„ธ๊ฐ€๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€๋Š”์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ„ํ˜น์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š”์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ž‡๋Š”๋ชจ์–‘์ธ์ฆ‰์ผ๋ฐ˜์€์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ดํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„์œ„์ƒ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š”๋งํ•˜๋”๋ผ. 22) ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ฐ๊ธฐํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์˜๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋™์ •ํŒŒ์Šคํ‡ด๋ฅด์™€์ฝ”ํ์—์˜ํ•ด๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ค (germ theory) ์˜์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€๋ชจ๋“ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ์›์ธ์ฒด (the causal agent of a disease) ๋ฅผ์ฐพ๋Š”์ผ์—์—ด์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ์•Œ์ˆ˜์—†์—ˆ๋˜ 19) C. Langford. Did the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic Originate in China? Population and development Review 2005;31(3):473-505. 20) ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ์ดํ›„์˜์œ ํ–‰์ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์†Œ์œ ํ–‰์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ํ˜น์€์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ์˜€๋Š”์ง€๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š”ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์œ ํ–‰์„๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜๋Œ€์ค‘๊ณผ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ 3 ๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋…๊ฐ ์„๊ฐ™์€์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ( ๊ฐ์ฃผ 14) ์ฐธ์กฐ ) 21) ์ผ๋ณธ์—ๆฏ’ๆ„Ÿๅฐ™็†พ. ๋™์•„์ผ๋ณด 1920๋…„ 4์›” 18์ผ. 22) ์ผ๊ฐœ์›”์—๋งŒ๋ช…, ์กฐ์„ ์ ผ๋„์—๋ฐœ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ๊ธ”ํ™˜์ž. ๋™์•„์ผ๋ณด 1921๋…„ 12์›” 26์ผ. - 183 -

้†ซๅฒๅญธ์ œ 16 ๊ถŒ์ œ 2 ํ˜ธ ( ํ†ต๊ถŒ์ œ 31 ํ˜ธ ) 177-191, 2007 ๋…„ 12 ์›” ๋‹น์‹œ, ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜์›์ธ์ฒด๋กœ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ๊ฒƒ์€๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค (Pfeiffer s bacillus, Influenza bacillus) ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 1892๋…„์ด๊ท ์„๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋…์ผ๊ณผํ•™์žํŒŒ์ดํผ (Richard E. Pfeiffer) ์˜์ด๋ฆ„์„๋”ด๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜์›์ธ์ฒด์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๊ณงํŒŒ์žฅ์„์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ํ•ด 2์›”๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค์ง€๋„์ฝ”ํ (Robert Koch) ๊ฐ€์ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ์ธ์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผํ•จ๊ป˜ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 4์›”์—๋Š”์ข€๋”์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ์ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์›์ธ๊ท ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด๋‹ค๋ค˜๋‹ค. 23) ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณง์ด๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์—์ด์˜๋ฅผ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํ์˜๊ฐ€์„ค ์—๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉดํŠน์ •์งˆ๋ณ‘์„์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋Š”๋ณ‘์—๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š”ํ•ญ์ƒ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฒด์™ธ์—์„œ๋„์ˆœ์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์Œ์€๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š”๋™๋ฌผ์—์žฌ์ ‘์ข…ํ•ด์„œ๋‹ค์‹œ๋™์ผํ•œ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ์ด์‹คํ—˜๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋Š”์ ‘์ข…ํ•œ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์™€์ผ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. 24) ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š”์ด๋Ÿฐ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ํ•ญ์ƒ๋งŒ์กฑ ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋Š”๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์—์„œํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š”ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ดํผ์ž์‹ ๋„ํ™˜์ž์˜ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ๋Š”๊ท ์„๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋ฐ”์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด์˜คํžˆ๋ ค์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๊ณผ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค (filterable virus) 25) ๊ฐ€๊ทธ์›์ธ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜์›์ธ์ฒด๋Š”๋”ฐ๋กœ์žˆ๊ณ ํ๋ ด๊ท  (pneumococci) ์ด๋‚˜์—ฐ์‡„๊ตฌ๊ท  (streptococci) ํ˜น์€ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•œ 2์ฐจ๊ฐ์—ผ ์—์˜ํ•ด์‹ฌํ•œํ๋ ด๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์—ผ์ฆ์ƒ์„์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”์˜๊ฒฌ์ดํŒฝ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1920๋…„์˜๊ตญ๋ณด๊ฑด์„ฑ์˜์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—๋„๊ฐ™์€์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด ์—ฌ๊ณผ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜์›์ธ์ฒด์ผ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 26) ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  1892๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1918๋…„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰๋‹น์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€์ดํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์˜์›์ธ์ฒด์ธ์ง€ํ˜น์€๋‹ค๋ฅธ์›์ธ์ฒด๊ฐ€์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์ž์‹ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋‹ต์„์ค„์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1918-1919๋…„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์ดํ›„๋กœ๋„ 10๋…„๊ฐ„์€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—” 23) A. MacDonald. Confermation of the discovery of the influenza bacillus. Science 1892;19(472):100 G.H. Nuttall. The bacillus of Influenza. Science 1892;19(478):193-194. 24) R.Koch. The Etiology of tuberculosis. In : Milestones in Microbiology. Ed. T. Brock. Englewood Cliff;Prentice-Hall INC.; 1961. pp.116-118. 25) ๋ฌผ๋ก ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š”๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์–ด์›์—์ถฉ์‹คํ•œ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ ๋ณ‘์„์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”์›์ธ ( ๋…์†Œ ) ์ฆ‰, Materies morbis์˜๋œป์œผ๋กœ์„ธ๊ท ๊ณผ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์—†์ด์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ท ์„๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š”ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š”๋งค์šฐ์ž‘์€๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜์กด์žฌ๋Š” 1898๋…„๋ขฐํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€ํ”„๋กœ์‰ฌ์˜๊ตฌ์ œ์—ญ์˜์ „ํŒŒ์—๊ด€ํ•œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (F.Loeffler and P.Frosch. Berichte der Kommission zur Erforschung der Maul und Klaunseuche bei dem Institut für Infektionskrankheiten in Berlin. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten. Part I, 1898;23: 371-391) ์™€ 1898๋…„๋ฒ ์ด์ œ๋ฆฐํฌ์˜๋‹ด๋ฐฐ์žŽ์˜๋ชจ์ž์ดํฌ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๊ตฌ (M.W. Beijerinck ; Über ein Contagium vivum fluidum als Ursache der Fleckenkrankheit der Tabaksblätter. Verhandelingen der Koninklyke akademie van Wetternschappen te Amsterdam. 1898;65: 3-21) ๋ฅผํ†ตํ•ด์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ธฐ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ง๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ผ๋Š”์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ํ˜„์žฌ์˜์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ ์žˆ์ง€๋Š”๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 26) F.W. Andrews. The Bacteriology of Influenza. Ministry of Health. Reports on the pandemic of Influenza 1918-19. London, His Majesty's Stationery;1920. pp.110-125 - 184 -

์ฒœ๋ช…์„  ์–‘์ผ์„ ห1918 ๋…„ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ : ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์˜์›์ธ์ฒด๋Š”์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ณ„์˜๋ง๋งŽ์€๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜€์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๊ฒƒ์€ 1931๋…„์ดํ›„์˜์ผ์ด๋‹ค. 27) ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š”์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€๋Š”๋ณ„๋„๋กœ Haemophilus influenzae๋กœ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 28) ์ด๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ์„ธ๊ท ์€๋ณ‘ํ›„๋ฅผ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€์•Š๊ณ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์—์ƒ์žฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ์—ผ๋“ฑ์„๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—๋„์„ธ๊ท ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ๊ฐ™์€๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด๋ฌป์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š”๋‹น์‹œ์˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ์ฝ”ํ์˜๊ฐ€์„ค์—์ž…๊ฐํ•ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผํŽผ์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜์ž„์ƒ์ฆ๋ก€๋ณด๊ณ ์—๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์—์ดํ™˜๋œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 40~41 ์˜๊ณ ์—ด๊ณผ๋‘ํ†ต, ์‚ฌ์ง€์˜ํ†ต์ฆ์„๋น„๋กฏํ•ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์—ผ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์„ฑํ๋ ด, ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „๋“ฑ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ์ฆ์ƒ์„๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ๋ณด์ด๋Š” 7 ๋ช…์˜ํ™˜์ž์˜ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ๋ชจ๋‘ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฐฐ์–‘์—์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 14๋ช…์˜ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ๊ฐ๋‹ด์„ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ, ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์ฆ์ƒ์„๋ณด์ธ 3๋ช…์—์„œ๋งŒํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•ด๋‚ผ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 11๋ช…์˜ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š”๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœํ๋ ด๊ท ๊ณผ์—ฐ์‡„๊ตฌ๊ท ๋“ฑ์ด๋ฐฐ์–‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ์œ„ํ•ด๋ชจ๋‘ 20๋ช…์˜์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ฐ๊ธฐํ™˜์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๊ฐ๋‹ด์„๋ชจ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ 8๋ช…์˜๊ฐ๋‹ด์—์„œ๋งŒํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‚ผ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“คํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€๋ชจ๋‘์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„๋งŒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์—ผ์„์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ํ•œํ™˜์ž (case D) ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ์ „์—ํ™˜์ž์˜๊ฐ๋‹ด์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋ถ„์„์—๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ดํ™˜์ž๋Š”์ด๋ฏธ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•ด๊ฐ์—ผ์ด์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„์•“์€์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋Š”์–ด๋–ค๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ณ‘์ธ์ฒด (1์ฐจ์›์ธ์ฒด ) ๊ฐ€์žˆ๊ณ ์ด์›์ธ์ฒด๊ฐ€ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋‚˜ํ๋ ด๊ท ์„๋™๋ฐ˜ํ• ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฆ์ƒ์ดํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์ด๊ท ๋“ค์ดํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š”ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด๋†’์€๊ฒƒ์€์•„๋‹๊นŒ? ์ด๋Š”์ž„์ƒ์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ์‹คํ—˜์„๊ฑฐ์ณ๋‚ด๋ฆด์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”์˜ณ์€๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š”๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜์›์ธ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š”์˜๊ฒฌ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ๋ถ„์„์„๋ชจ๋‘์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ์€๋งค์šฐ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์˜๊ฐ๋‹ด์—์„œ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š”๊ท ์˜์–‘์ด๋„ˆ๋ฌด์ ๋‹ค๋Š”์ , ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์ค‘์—์„œ์ด๊ท ์ด๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š”ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š”์ , ์ด์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—์ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š”์ , ๊ท ์ด๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋™์ •๋œ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”์ ์€ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€์›์ธ๊ท ์ด์•„๋‹˜์„๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ด๊ท ์ด๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์—๋น„ํ•ด์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ฐ๊ธฐํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๊ฐ€์žฅ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€๋†’๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ณผ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฅผ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€์•Š๋‹ค๋Š”์ ์—ญ์‹œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์›์ธ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค 27) R.E. Shope. The Etiology of Swine Influenza. Science, 1931;73(1886):214-213. 28) Tognotii๋Š”ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜์˜ˆ๋Š”๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•์—๋„๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜๊ถŒ์œ„์—๋ˆŒ๋ ค์˜ํ•™๋ฐœ์ „์ด์ €ํ•ด๋œ์˜ˆ๋ผ๊ณ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (E. Tognotti. Scientific Triumphalism and Learning from Facts: Bacteriology and the Spanish Flu Challenge of 1918. The Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine 2003;16(1):97-110. - 185 -

้†ซๅฒๅญธ์ œ 16 ๊ถŒ์ œ 2 ํ˜ธ ( ํ†ต๊ถŒ์ œ 31 ํ˜ธ ) 177-191, 2007 ๋…„ 12 ์›” ์˜์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ๋ฌด์‹œํ• ์ˆ˜์—†๊ฒŒ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜์›์ธ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฐ€์„ค๋ณด๋‹ค 1์ฐจ์›์ธ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ณผ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์˜์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ๋”์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ๋ผ์ง€์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ (hog cholera, swine fever) ๋ฅผ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— Bacillus suipestifer๋‚˜ B. choleraesuis๊ฐ€๋ผ์ง€์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์˜์›์ธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ์ž˜๋ชป์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ด์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜์›์ธ์ฒด๋Š”๋ผ์ง€์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค (Classic Swine Fever Virus) ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜๊ทธ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€์ด ์—ฌ๊ณผ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ€์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š”์‚ฌ์‹ค์„๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์—์„œ๋„๊ฐ™์€๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด๋„์ถœ๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 29) ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์ „ํŒŒ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋™๋ฌผ์ ‘์ข…์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜์›์ธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์ด ์—ฌ๊ณผ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ์ฃผ์ง€๋Š”๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ช‡๊ฑด์˜์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ ํ™•์—ฐํ•œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์ฆ์ƒ์„๋ณด์ด๋Š”ํ™˜์ž๋‘๋ช…์˜ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ๋ฒ„ํฌํŽ ํŠธ (Berkefeld N) ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋กœ์—ฌ๊ณผํ•œ์•ก์„๊ฐ๊ฐ 1ml ์”ฉํ•œ๋ช…์˜ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ์ ‘์ข…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ์ƒ์ด๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  24์‹œ๊ฐ„์ •๋„์ง€๋‚œํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ์—ฌ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€์•Š์€ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋˜ํ•œํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ฅธํ•œ๋ช…์˜ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ (Senior author) ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ์ ‘์ข…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ณผํ•œํ˜ˆ์•ก์„์ ‘์ข…ํ•œํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š”์ ‘์ข… 3์ผ์งธ๋˜๋Š”๋‚ ์—์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€์•Š์€ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„์ ‘์ข…๋ฐ›์€ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” 48์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‚ด์—์ฆ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€๋Š”์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š”ํ›„์œ ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์—ผ์„์•“์•˜์œผ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š”ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ณผ๋˜์ง€์•Š์€ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„์ ‘์ข…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฅธํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์€์ ‘์ข…์ง์ „์—์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์—์„œํšŒ๋ณต๋œํ›„์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋Š”์–ด๋–ค์ฆ์ƒ๋„๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์—๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€์•Š์€๋‘๋ช…์˜ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ์—ฌ๊ณผํ•œํ˜ˆ์•ก์„์ ‘์ข…ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ์ฆ์ƒ๋„๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์˜๊ฐ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์–ป์€๊ท ์•ก์„๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ๋‘๋ช…์˜๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ์ ‘์ข…ํ›„ 45๋ถ„๋งŒ์—์ฆ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”์ด์ฆ์ƒ์ด๊ธ‰์„ฑ๋…ํ˜ˆ์ฆ (acute toxemia) ์—์˜ํ•ด์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜์ฆ์ƒ์€์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ์žฆ์•„๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  6์‹œ๊ฐ„์ •๋„ํ›„์—๋Š”ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์‹คํ—˜์—์“ฐ์ธ๊ฐ๋‹ด์—์„œ๋Š”ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 30) ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š”๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์‹คํ—˜์‹œ์„ค์ด์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ํ™˜์ž๋‚˜์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์ด๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œํ™˜์ž์˜ํ˜ˆ์•ก์†์—์›์ธ์ฒด๊ฐ€์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์™€๋Š”์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด์ž์—ฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜์œ„ํ—˜์ด์ปธ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋งค์šฐ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜์—์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋ชจ๋“ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€์‹คํ—˜์ „์ด๋‚˜์‹คํ—˜์ค‘์—๋„๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—๋…ธ์ถœ๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€์ž์—ฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•ด์™œ๊ณก๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€๋‹น์‹œ์—์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜๋งŽ์€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋„์ด์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์˜ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ์‹คํ—˜์ „์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ 29) R.E. Shope. Influenza, History, Epidemiology, and Speculation. Public Health Report, 1958;73(2):165-179. 30) F.W. Schofield and H.C. Cynn. 1919. ibid. - 186 -

์ฒœ๋ช…์„  ์–‘์ผ์„ ห1918 ๋…„ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ : ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์—”์ž์—์„œํšŒ๋ณตํ•œํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜์‚ฌ์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋‚ด์—์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋‹ด์—์„œ์–ป์€๊ท ์•ก์—๋„๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€์กด์žฌํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์ดํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ๋ณด์œ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผํ™•์‹ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋Š”์—†๋‹ค. 2๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜๊ธฐ๋‹ˆํ”ผ๊ทธ์—๋Š”์—ฌ๊ณผ๋œํ˜ˆ์•ก์„, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋‘๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š”์—ฌ๊ณผ๋˜์ง€์•Š์€ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„์ ‘์ข…ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์–ด๋–ค๋ฐ˜์‘๋„์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š”์ด๋ฏธ๊ฑฐ์˜๋ชจ๋“ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์—๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š”์‹คํ—˜์„์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ์ˆ˜์—†๋‹ค๋Š”์ด์œ ๋กœ๋™๋ฌผ์ ‘์ข…์‹คํ—˜์ด์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1920๋…„๊ฒฝํ•œ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š”์ด๋ฏธ๋‹น์‹œ์—์‹คํ—˜๋™๋ฌผ์—ํ™˜์ž์˜ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ๊ฐ๋‹ด์„์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜์—ฌ์›์ˆญ์ด, ๋ฐ”๋น„์›์ˆญ์ด, ํ† ๋ผ, ๊ธฐ๋‹ˆํ”ผ๊ทธ, ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ๊ฐ์—ผ์—์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ์ ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ณผ์—ฌ๋ถ€์—๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ดํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ๊ฐ๋‹ด๋ชจ๋‘์‹คํ—˜๋™๋ฌผ์„๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ์‹คํ—˜๋™๋ฌผ์‚ฌ์ด์—์ „ํŒŒ๋„๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 31) ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐฑ์‹ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์—๋Œ€ํ•œํ”ํ•˜์ง€์•Š์€์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๋‹ค. 4ํ•™๋…„๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ณผํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๊ต์œก์„๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜ํ•™๊ตํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐฑ์‹ ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์‹ค ์Šต๋„๊ฑฐ์ณค์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ธกํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. 32) ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ณด๊ท ์—ฌ๋ถ€์—๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…์ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๊ฐ์—ผ์„์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋„๋กํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ๋„์›€์„์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€์–ด๋Š์ •๋„์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์—๋„์›€์„์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์•Œ์ˆ˜๋Š”์—†๋‹ค. ์›์ธ์ฒด์ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์ง€๋„์•Š์•˜๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ˜•์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ง€์‹๋„์ „ํ˜€์—†์—ˆ๋˜๋‹น์‹œ์—์ œ์กฐ๋œ์ด๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ํšจ๊ณผ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ๋งŒํ•œ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—๋Š”๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐํˆฌ์—ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์ž์„ธํ•œ์„ค๋ช…์€์—†์ง€๋งŒ 3ํšŒ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ํˆฌ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šทํ•œ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™ํšŒ์ง€์—์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€๊ท ์ฃผ (Carney, Navy, Devens) ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 33) ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ๋ฉธ๊ท ํ•˜๊ณ  3์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜๊ท ์ฃผ๋ฅผ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜์—ฌ 37 ์—์„œ 18์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ›„๊ท ์„์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ถ€์œ ์‹œ์ผœ์ƒ์ธต์•ก์„ 56 ์˜๋ฌผ์—์„œ 25๋ถ„๊ฐ„๋ถˆํ™œํ™”์‹œํ‚จํ›„๋‹ค์‹œ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ๋†๋„์˜๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„์ œ์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 0.5% ๋ฐฑ์‹  1~1.5 cc๋ฅผ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ 3๋ฒˆ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 0.5 cc ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ 12์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค์ฃผ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”๊ฐ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœํˆฌ์—ฌํ–ˆ์„๋•Œํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”๊ถŒ์žฅ๋˜์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์—ญ์‹œ์ด์™€์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ 31) F.W. Andrews, The bacteriology of Influenza, Ministry of Health. Reports on the pandemic of Influenza 1918-19. London, His Majesty's Stationery;1920. pp.110-126์—์„œ์žฌ์ธ์šฉ. 32) ์—ฐ์„ธ์˜๋ฃŒ์› 120๋…„์‚ฌํŽธ์ฐฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ. 2005. ibid. p.205. 33) T. Leary. The Use of Influenza Vaccine in the Present Epidemic. The American Journal of Public Health, 1918;8(10):754-768. ๊ฐ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š”๋‹น์‹œ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์ง€์—์„œ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์นด๋„ค์ด (Carney) ๋ณ‘์›์€ 1918๋…„ 8์›”์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์ด์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋ณด์Šคํ„ดํ•ญ์—์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฐ๋ธ์Šค (Devens) ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ์‹œํฐํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์„์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹คํ—˜์„ํ–ˆ๋˜ํ‚ค๊ฑด์ค‘์œ„ (J.Keegan) ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๊ท ์ฃผ (Navy) ๋„๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ œ์กฐ์—์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. - 187 -

้†ซๅฒๅญธ์ œ 16 ๊ถŒ์ œ 2 ํ˜ธ ( ํ†ต๊ถŒ์ œ 31 ํ˜ธ ) 177-191, 2007 ๋…„ 12 ์›” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„์‘์šฉํ–ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ง์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๋Š”์‹คํ—˜์ด์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋™์•ˆ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ข…๋‘๋ฒ•์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•ด์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์—ญ์‹œ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์–ด๋Š์ •๋„์˜์ง€์‹์„๊ฐ–์ถ”์—ˆ์„์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋‹ค์Œ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ”์™€๊ฐ™์ด ๋…๊ฐ์˜์ข…๋‘๋ฒ• ( ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ) ์€์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ๋ฌ˜์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ์ธ์‹๋œ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ๆฏ’ๆ„Ÿ์˜็จฎ็—˜ๆณ•, ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ฅฌ ๋กœ๋ฉด ๋‹ค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜์‹ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„œ๋ฐ˜์•„๊ฐ๊ธ”๋ผ ์ด๋ฒˆ์˜๋Œ๋‹˜๊ฐ๊ธ” ๊ทผ์Ÿˆ์—์™ธ์ธ์…ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผํ”๋“œ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ์ ผ์—ผ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ์…”๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜๋™๋ถ€๋””๋ฐฉ๋”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋Šฌ์šฐ์š• ์‹œ์— ์ง€ ๋‹ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ฌ ์ง€๋ ฌ๋ ฌ ์…ฐ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ฅ˜ ์ง€๋ผ ์ด๋ณ‘์€์ ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ž‡ ๋ณดํ†ต๋Œ๋‹˜๊ฐ๊ธ”๊ฐ€์•ˆ์ด๋ผ์•„์ฃผ ๋กœ ๊ธด๋ˆ„์Šจ๊ท ์ด์นจ๋ฒ” ์—ด๋ณ‘์ธ ์œ„ ๊ตญ์—์…”๊ท ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Œฑ ๋น„-ํฌ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ด๋Œ๋‹˜๊ฐ๊ธ”๋ฅผ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ฃต๋‘๋ฒ•์„๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์—ฟ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์– ํ™˜์ž๋˜์ง€๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ž๋˜์ง€์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋น„-ํฌ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์‹คํ—˜ ์•ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ณ‘๊ท ์€ ์•ฝ ์•ผ๋ณ‘์ด๋“ค์–ด๊ณ  ์Ÿˆ์—๊ฒŒ๋„์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ฅฌ ๋งŒ ๋ฉด๋‚ซ ๋‹ค ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋ณ‘์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ›Œ๋ฅญ ๊ฒŒํšจ๋ ฅ์ด์ž‡๋‹ค๋”๋ผ ์•„๋ชจ์ชผ๋Ÿญ๋น—์ด๋“ค๊ณ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ž˜ํ†ต ๋„๋ก ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃณํƒ€ ๋ฉฐ๋Šฌ์šฐ์š•์˜์œ„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ผญํ•„์š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”์…˜ํ’๊ธ” ์ง€๋žด๋„๋…ธ์•„์…”๊ณต๊ธ” ์ž˜๋ฐ•๊ตฌ๋„๋ก ๋ผ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ ๋ถ“ํ˜“๋” ๋ผ 34) 1918๋…„๋งค์ผ์‹ ๋ณด์—๋Š”๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋Œ๋ฆผ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์ข…๋‘๋ฒ• ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์˜๋น„ํฌ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€, ์–ด๋–ค๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋Š”์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๋ณ•์ด์ž˜๋“ค๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์ž˜๋˜๋Š”๋ณ‘์‹คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋งŽ์ด๋ชจ์ด๋Š”๊ณณ์—ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์ž˜๋˜๊ฒŒํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”์œ„์ƒ์ง€์นจ์€์„ธ๊ท ์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”์˜คํžˆ๋ ค์žฅ๊ธฐ์„ค (miasma theory) ์—์˜๊ฑฐํ•œ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์„ค์—์˜ํ•œ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์œ„์ƒ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์œ ํ–‰์„๋ง‰๋Š”๋ฐํฐ๋„์›€์„์ฃผ์ง€๋Š”๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1918๋…„ 11์›”์ด๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜์ง€๋„์•„๋ž˜๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ๋„์ฟ„์—๋งŒ 33๊ณณ์˜์ ‘์ข…์†Œ๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ด๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„๋งž์•˜๊ณ ๋นˆ๊ณค์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ์ ‘์ข…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๋‘๋ฒ•์„์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜์ ‘์ข…์†Œ๊ฐ€์ด์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผํ•จ๊ป˜์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 35) ๋‹น์‹œํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ข…๋‘๋ฒ•์ ‘์ข…์†Œ๊ฐ€์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ณณ์„ํ†ตํ•ด์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š”๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜์ง€์•Š๋‹ค. 36) ๊ฒฐ๋ก  20์„ธ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์„œ์–‘์‹์˜๋ฃŒ์™€๊ต์œก์ด์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋ฉด์„œํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์„ธ๊ท ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ฆฝ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€ ( ์˜ํ•™๊ต, ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์˜ํ•™์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต๋“ฑ ) ์—์„œ๋Š”์ผ๋ณธ์„ํ†ตํ•ด์„ธ๊ท ์„ค (germ theory) ์„๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœํ•œ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ํ•™๊ณผ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™์˜๊ธฐํ‹€์ด๋‹ค์ ธ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์„๋…์ผ๋กœ์œ ํ•™๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€์‚ฌํ† ์‹œ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ ( ๅŒ—้‡ŒๆŸดไธ‰้ƒž, 1852-1931) ๋‚˜์‹œ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์š”์‹œ ( ๅฟ— 34) ๆฏ’ๆ„Ÿ์˜็จฎ็—˜ๆณ•, ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ฅฌ ๋กœ๋ฉด ๋‹ค. ๋งค์ผ์‹ ๋ณด 1918๋…„ 11์›” 20์ผ. 35) G.W. Rice, E. Palmer, 1993. ibid. 36) ์‹ ๋™์›. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ, ์„œ์šธ ; ํ•œ์šธ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ;1997. pp.204-218. - 188 -

์ฒœ๋ช…์„  ์–‘์ผ์„ ห1918 ๋…„ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ : ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ่ณ€ๆฝ”, 1870~1957) ๋กœ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š”์ด๋“ค์œ ํ•™ํŒŒ๋“ค์€๋‹น์‹œํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ํŒŒ์Šคํ‡ด๋ฅด์™€ํ•จ๊ป˜์„ธ๊ท ํ•™์˜์ฃผ์ถ•์„์ด๋ฃจ๋˜์ฝ”ํ์˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œํ•จ๊ป˜์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋Œ์•„์™€์ผ๋ณธ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค๊ณผํ•จ๊ป˜๋‹น์‹œ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์„ธ๊ท ํ•™์€์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์˜ฌ๋ผ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์š”์‹œ๋Š” 1920๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์˜ํ•™์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์ง์ ‘ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์˜ํ•™๊ต์œก์—์ง์ ‘๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 37) ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ฒฝ์˜์—ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ์ฃผ์ œ์—์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ์„๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์‹๋ฏผํ†ต์น˜์˜๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”์ , ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์€๋ณด์กฐ์—๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”์ ๋“ฑ์ด๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ์˜์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌํฌ๊ฒŒ๋’ค์ง€์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š”ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. 38) ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด์„ธ์šด์˜ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋Š”์˜๋ฏธ๊ถŒ์—์„œ๊ต์œก์„๋ฐ›์€์˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ดํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋„์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ํ•™์„๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€์„ธ๊ท ์ด์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์œ„์ƒ์ ์ธํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ํ†ตํ•ด์ด์งˆ๋ณ‘์„๋ง‰์„์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ต์œกํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. 39) 1914๋…„์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜ํ•™๊ต์—์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”์ฃผ๋กœ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง„์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „ํ†ต์˜ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋…ํŠนํ•œ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒ์˜๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜์Œ์‹๋“ฑ์ด์ฃผ์š”๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค. 40) ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์ฃผ๋กœ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์ด๋‚˜์œ„์ƒํ•™์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด๋งŽ์ด์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๋Š”๋‹น์‹œ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๋…๊ฐ ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ์œ„ํ•ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„๋ฅผ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„๊ทธํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€์ ์ง€์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜์ €๋„์—๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”์ด๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜์›์ธ์ด์•„์ง๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜๊ด€๊ณ„์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์˜๋ฌธ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‹ค์Œ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š”์—ฌ๊ณผ๋œํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ฐ๋‹ด์„์ด์šฉํ•œ์‹คํ—˜๋„์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๋„๊ฐ๋‹ด์—์„œ๋Š”ํŒŒ์ดํผ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋™์ •๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก์—์„œ๋Š”๋งค์šฐ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—ํ™•์ธ์ž‘์—…์ดํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 41) ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ดํ›„๊ฐ™์€์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€๋‹ค์‹œ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1919๋…„ 3.1 ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™์ดํ›„์—์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋…๋ถ€์˜๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ๋ฐ›์•„์˜ค๋˜์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜ํ•™๊ต์™€ 4๋…„๊ฐ„์˜๊ณ„์•ฝ์„๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  1920๋…„์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋กœ๊ท€๊ตญํ•ด์•ผํ–ˆ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผํœฉ์“ธ์—ˆ๋˜ 1918๋…„์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋Š”ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋„ํฐ์˜ํ–ฅ์„๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. 1919๋…„ 3์›”์˜์ „๊ตญ์ ์ธ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™์„์ „ํ›„๋กœ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งค์šฐํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ–ˆ์„๋ฟ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€์ผ๋ณธ์˜๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํƒˆ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ์ธํ•ด์ด์ค‘์‚ผ์ค‘์˜๊ณ ํ†ต์„๊ฒช๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋„์ž…๋œ์œ„์ƒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด์ ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์™€๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ฐ™ 37) ์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ ์กฐ. ์ด์ถฉํ˜ธ์˜ฎ๊น€. ์กฐ์„ ์˜์œก์‚ฌ. ์„œ์šธ ; ํ˜•์„ค์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ ;1993. 38) ์‹ ๋™์›. ๋ชธ๊ณผ์˜ํ•™์˜ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌ, ํ˜ธ์—ด์ž์กฐ์„ ์„์Šต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋‹ค, ์„œ์šธ ; ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋น„ํ‰์‚ฌ ;2004. pp.82-86. 39) ์‹ ๋™์›. 2004. ibid. pp.59-64. 40) ์—ฌ์ธ์„. ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜์ „์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€์˜์˜ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌํ™œ๋™. ์˜์‚ฌํ•™, 2004;13(2):233-250. 41) Huber, Ueber den Influenza-Bacillus. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 1893:14(1):454-459. - 189 -

้†ซๅฒๅญธ์ œ 16 ๊ถŒ์ œ 2 ํ˜ธ ( ํ†ต๊ถŒ์ œ 31 ํ˜ธ ) 177-191, 2007 ๋…„ 12 ์›” ์€์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์ด์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์œ ํ–‰์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”์ž๊ตญ์—์„œ์™€๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์ผ๋ณธ์—ญ์‹œ์†์ˆ˜๋ฌด์ฑ…์ด์—ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„์ •ํ™•ํ•œ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ํŒŒ์•…ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ์–ป์„์ˆ˜๋Š”์—†๋Š”์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค์˜ํ•™๊ต์˜์„ธ๊ท ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜์ธ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐœ์ƒ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ์›์ธ์ฒด์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„์žฅ์˜ํ•œ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์ธ์–ด : 1918๋…„, ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž, ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํˆฌ๊ณ ์ผ 2007. 11. 22. ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ผ 2007. 11. 29. ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์™„๋ฃŒ์ผ 2007. 12. 13. - 190 -

์ฒœ๋ช…์„  ์–‘์ผ์„ ห1918 ๋…„ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ : ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ = ABSTRACT = 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Korea: A Review on Dr. Schofield' Article CHUN Myung-Sun * and YANG Il-Suk * The article Pandemic influenza in Korea with special references to its etiology, published in JAMA in April, 1919 by Dr. Frank William Schofield, is a valuable material reflecting the influenza pandemic situation in 1918 in Korea. It contains the case reports of influenza infected patients and the results of the bacteriological experiments. Dr. Schofield worked as a bacteriology professor in Severance Union Medical College in Seoul from 1916 to 1920. His academic activities are lesser-known than the role of contributor of Korean independent movement. However, he was a remarkable veterinarian and scientist. According to Dr. Schofield, the number of Influenza infected population in Korea in 1918 was supposed to be 4,000,000 to 8,000,000, which corresponds with other resources(6.7 per 1,000 in Gangwon province). Considering the cases which were not registered as influenza infection by misdiagnosis of pneumonia complication the sum should be higher. However, the estimated crude influenza death rate from the reports by the Japanese colonial government was only 2.38(per 1,000). Dr. Schofield and his colleague tried to culture Pfeiffer Bacillus from the sputum and blood specimens of patients showing typical influenza symptoms. The bacterium was mistakenly considered as the influenza agent till the virological nature of influenza was discovered in the 1930s. From the results of his study he seemed to agree that filterable virus was the influenza agent and the secondary infection of the bacillus caused respiratory symptoms. He also reported on the influenza vaccination during the epidemics. Dr. Schofield's article confirms that the damage caused by the influenza outbreak in Korea was as great as in other Asian countries or even worse. It also gives information about the researches and education on the etiology and vaccination of influenza based on the germ theory in the medical colleges in Korea, which adopted the western medical educational system in the early 20th century. Key Words : 1918, Influenza, Korea, Schofield * Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea - 191 -