Case Report J Korean Diabetes 2015;16: Vol.16, No.2, 2015 ISSN 목의통증을호소한당뇨병성케톤산증에동반된종격기종 1

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J Korean Diabetes 2015;16:148-152 Vol.16, No.2, 2015 ISSN 2233-7431 목의통증을호소한당뇨병성케톤산증에동반된종격기종 1 예,,,,,, 한림대학교의과대학강동성심병원내과학교실내분비 - 대사내과 Diabetic Ketoacidosis with Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum: A Sung Ho Shin, Doo Man Kim, Ju Ri Park, So Yon Rhee, Jae Sung Ahn, Han Min Park, In Young Park Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Abstract Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is defined as the presence of extraluminal gas in the mediastinal space without any clear traumatic cause. It has been reported in association with asthma exacerbation, emesis, childbirth, seizure, excessive shouting, drug inhalation and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). SPM complicated by DKA is infrequently accompanied with chest pain and DKA can lead to changes in respiratory rate and depth; this complication might be underestimated. Here, we report a 21-year-old male with throat pain on swallowing due to SPM complicated by DKA. Clinicians need to consider this complication in differential diagnoses. Keywords: Diabetic ketoacidosis, Diagnostic, Mediastinal emphysema, Pneumomediastinum 서론 당뇨병성케톤산증 (diabetic ketoacidosis) 은적절한치료가이루어지지못할경우당뇨병환자들에게생명에위협을줄수있는급성대사장애이다. 당뇨병성케톤산증환자 는삼투압성이뇨로인한다뇨, 다음, 체중감소, 허약감, 기립성어지러움, 저혈압및케톤증에의한구역, 구토, 복통, 쿠스마울호흡 (kussmaul respiration) 등의증상과징후를나타낼수있다 [1]. 또한자발성종격기종 (spontaneous pneumomediastinum) 이당뇨병성케톤산증에동반되기 Corresponding author: Doo Man Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 150 Seongan-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 134-701, Korea, E-mail: dmjmsy@hanmail.net Received: Aug. 28, 2014; Revised: Sep. 25, 2014; Accepted: Sep. 26, 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright c 2015 Korean Diabetes Association 148 The Journal of Korean Diabetes

신성호외 도하는데, 이는당뇨병성케톤산증의합병증으로알려져있다. 외국보고에의하면 33,000명당 1명정도의발병률을가지고있으며젊은남자에게서높은발생빈도를보인다 [2]. 당뇨병성케톤산증에서동반하는구토와쿠스마울호흡은폐허파꽈리안의압력을증가시키고이로인하여허파꽈리파열이발생한다. 여기서새어나간공기가기관지혈관다발을타고종격동으로넘어가종격기종이발생하게된다 [3]. 21세남자가당뇨병성케톤산증으로인하여응급실로내원하였다. 내원시종격기종을가지고있었으나당시에는이를진단하지못하였다. 환자는흉통이나호흡곤란등의전형적인증상을호소하지않았고, 당뇨병성케톤산증에서동반되어발생하는자발성종격기종이매우드물어이에대한진단적접근을하지않았었기때문이다. 본증례와같이당뇨병성케톤산증에서발생한자발성종격기종은보고된바가적어대부분의임상의들이간과하기쉬워본예를보고하며, 그발생기전에대해고찰하고자한다. 증례 평소건강하게지내던 21 세남자가전신쇠약감및연하 시발생하는목통증으로응급실로내원하였다. 구갈, 다음, 다뇨를호소하고있었으며과거 3개월간 4 kg의체중감소를동반하고있었다. 내원당시환자의키는 174.7 cm, 몸무게는 57.4 kg이었으며신체검진에서환자는피부의탄력이떨어져있고혀가심하게말라있는상태로탈수가동반되어있었고혈압 130/60 mm Hg, 심박수 110회 / 분, 체온은 36.7 였다. 분당 30 회의과호흡이동반되어있었으며쿠스마울호흡을보이고있었다. 청진에서환자의호흡음은깨끗하였다. 응급실에서시행한혈액검사에서혈당은 771 mg/dl였고동맥혈검사에서 ph 7.2, 탄산수소염은 12 mmol/l, 혈청삼투압은 356 mosm/kg이었다. 혈청전해질검사에서나트륨수치는 138 meq/l, 혈청칼륨수치는 4.5 meq/l, 혈청염소수치는 92 meq/l였다. 소변케톤 (ketone) (3+), 혈청케톤은 5.7 mmol/l로고음이온차대사성산증 (high anion gap metabolic acidosis) 양상을보이고있었다. 당화혈색소는 16.9% 였으며, 공복혈청 c-peptide는 0.7 ng/ml, 항 glutamic acid decarboxylase 항체및항랑게르한스섬항체검사는음성이었다. 환자는당뇨병성케톤산증치료를위해입원하였고입원 2일째목주변에서피하기종이발견되었다. 응급실에서시행된가슴방사선사진을재검토한결과, 종격동의공기음영이심장의 A B Fig. 1. (A) Postero-anterior view and (B) left-lateral view chest radiograph. (A) The radiolucent lines beside the aorta indicate the mediastinal emphysema (arrows). (B) The presence of air dissecting the posterior cardiac border and mediastinal structures is demonstrated by left-lateral view (arrows). www.diabetes.or.kr 149

목의통증을호소한당뇨병성케톤산증에동반된종격기종 1 예 좌측모서리를따라관찰되었다 (Fig. 1). 이후가슴전산화단층촬영으로경부피하기종을동반한종격기종을확인하였다 (Fig. 2). 그외폐실질이나흉곽내병변은관찰되지않았다. Boerhaave 증후군등식도파열여부를감별하기위하여상부식도-위장관조영술을시행하였으며식도손상이나종격동으로의조영제누출은없었다 (Fig. 3). 입원후당뇨병성케톤산증의치료를위하여수액치료및인슐린치료를시작하였고종격기종에대해서는비강캐뉼라로산소 (5 L/min) 를공급하였고매일가슴방사선촬영을시행하여자발성종격기종의공기양이더늘지않는지관찰하였다. 환자는인슐린치료및수액치료를지속하며대사성산증에서회복되었고혈당조절은잘되었다. 보존적치료로자발성종격기종또한호전되어퇴원하였다. 고찰 당뇨병성케톤산증과동반하며발생한자발성종격기종은 1937년 Hamman이첫보고를한바가있다 [3,4]. 이후지금까지외국에는 60건가량의증례보고가있었으며 [3,5] 국내에서는 1990년에 Kim 등 [6] 이대한내과학회지에증례보고를한바있으며 2002년에 Jung 등 [7] 이대한내과학회지에초록을발표한바있다. 자발성종격기종은천식의급성악화, 분만, 호흡기감염, 경련, 구토등에서가장흔하게발생한다고알려져있으며 [8], 일반적으로당뇨병성케톤산증에동반한종격기종은자연적으로호전되는양성의경과를보인다 [3]. 당뇨병성케톤산증에동반된종격기종발병에관한기전 A B C Fig. 2. Neck and chest computed tomography. (A, B) Diffuse air density lesions from nasopharynx to mediastinum and (C) soft tissue emphysema were seen (arrows). A B C Fig. 3. Esophagography. (A) Cervical portion, (B) thoracic portion, (C) abdominal portion. No demonstrable leakage of contrast media into the soft tissue space. 150

신성호외 은명확하게밝혀지지않았다. 여러가지가설중가장지지를받고있는것은구토나쿠스마울호흡으로인한흉곽내압력상승과폐포의 2차적인압력분포변화로인한폐포손상으로생각되고있다. 쿠스마울호흡은과호흡을동반하며폐포를통하는압력의상승과하강이반복된다. 이때폐포안압력은 20~30 mmhg 정도상승한다고하며이때문에폐포손상이초래된다 [9]. 이후손상된폐포에서유출된공기는폐동맥및정맥-문맥다발의결체조직을따라종격동으로들어가종격기종을발생시키게된다 [5]. 종격기종환자들에게서흉통은가장흔하게호소하는증상이다. 종격기종에의한흉통은일반적으로목과어깨, 팔로퍼지는방사통을동반한다. 그러나당뇨병성케톤산증에동반된종격기종에서는흉통이비교적낮은 24% 정도만나타난다고알려져있다 [5]. Kim 등 [6] 이보고한증례에서도흉통은동반되지않았고상복부통증을호소하였다. 저자들의증례에서도흉통은동반되지않았다. 반면본증례의환자는삼킬때발생하는목통증을호소하였는데, 자발성종격기종환자중 24% 에서목의통증을호소하는것으로보고되어있다 [10]. 종격기종에서공기는후두및인두까지올라가공기주머니를만들수있으며이로인하여연하곤란및 hot potato 라고알려진발성장애를동반할수있다 [10]. 종격기종진단에도움이되는진찰소견에는 Hamman 징후 (Hamman s sign) 를들수있다. 이소견은청진에서바스락거리는소리가심장뛰는소리와같이들리는것이다 [4]. Hamman 징후는자발성종격기종환자중 64% 에서관찰되나발생후 24시간내에대부분사라진다고되어있다. 지금까지보고된자발성종격기종을동반한당뇨병성케톤산증에서는 35% 의환자에게서 Hamman 징후가관찰되었으며목과쇄골위쪽부위에서촉지가능한마찰음은 50% 정도에서보고되었다 [5]. 종격기종은주로가슴방사선촬영으로진단이된다. 가슴방사선촬영에서종격기종은밝게보이는선이나공기음영이종격구조의외각선을따라관찰이되고종격막이상승되어보이며주로심장의좌상부에서잘관찰된다 [11]. 다만가슴방사선촬영은가장손쉽고값싸게이용할수있으 나진단에는불충분한경우가많다 [11]. 가슴전산화단층촬영은자발성종격기동을찾아내는데가슴방사선촬영에비하여민감도가높다. Kaneki 등 [12] 이 33명의자발성종격기종증례를발표한논문에의하면그중 30% 에달하는증례에서가슴방사선검사에서는진단을하지못하였고오직가슴전산화단층촬영에서진단되었다. 따라서자발성종격기종이의심될경우에는가슴전산화단층촬영을고려해야한다. 종격기종을동반한당뇨병성케톤산증환자에서는식도파열 (Boerhaave s syndrome) 및종격동염의동반여부도확인할필요가있다. 이를위해 gastrograffin을이용한식도조영술및위, 식도내시경검사를시행한다. 기흉및심낭기종또한종격기종을동반한당뇨병성케톤산증에서관찰될수있다. 이합병증들은각각긴장성기흉및긴장성심낭기종으로진행할가능성이있기때문에주의가필요하다 [13,14]. 다만자발성종격기종은비교적좋은예후를가진다고알려져있으며일반적으로보존적치료로자연적으로치유된다고알려져있다 [8,15-18]. 당뇨병성케톤산증에동반된자발성종격기종역시침습적치료는대개필요하지않다. 원인이되는당뇨병성케톤산증의치료와함께 nasal prong 으로 2 L/min 정도의산소투여로임상적인호전을기대해볼수있다 [3]. 자발성종격기종은당뇨병성케톤산증에드물게동반되는합병증이다. 당뇨병성케톤산증에서구토및쿠스마울호흡으로인한이차적인폐포안의기압분획의변화및흉강내압력증가는폐포파열및종격기종을유발할수있다. 당뇨병성케톤산증에동반되는자발성종격기종은일반적인종격기종에비해흉통을호소하는빈도가낮고, 호흡곤란은당뇨병성케톤산증으로인한증상으로간주할수있어진단을놓치기쉽다. 다만당뇨병성케톤산증에동반되는자발성종격기종은비교적좋은경과를보이며보존적인치료로회복이된다. 그러나심한종격기종은생명에위협을줄수있는긴장성기흉및심낭기종을동반할수있기때문에당뇨병성케톤산증에서자발성종격기종이동반될수있 www.diabetes.or.kr 151

목의통증을호소한당뇨병성케톤산증에동반된종격기종 1 예 음을항상염두에두어야겠다. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. REFERENCES 1. Chaithongdi N, Subauste JS, Koch CA, Geraci SA. Diagnosis and management of hyperglycemic emergencies. Hormones (Athens) 2011;10:250-60. 2. Mondello B, Pavia R, Ruggeri P, Barone M, Barresi P, Monaco M. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: experience in 18 adult patients. Lung 2007;185:9-14. 3. Pauw RG, van der Werf TS, van Dullemen HM, Dullaart RP. Mediastinal emphysema complicating diabetic ketoacidosis: plea for conservative diagnostic approach. Neth J Med 2007;65:368-71. 4. Hamman L. Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema. Assoc Am Phys 1937;52:311-9. 5. Pooyan P, Puruckherr M, Summers JA, Byrd RP Jr, Roy TM. Pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, and epidural pneumatosis in DKA. J Diabetes Complications 2004;18:242-7. 6. Kim YW, Kwon YB, Jin HG, Ryu KH, Oh HY, Park SW. A case of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Korean J Med 1990;39:429-33. 7. Jung KS, Jo UH, Lee JW, Park HK, Kim YS, Lee MK, Park SG. A case of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Korean J Med 2002;63:198-9. 8. Abolnik I, Lossos IS, Breuer R. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum. A report of 25 cases. Chest 1991;100:93-5. 9. Bullaboy CA, Jennings RB Jr, Johnson DH, Coulson JD, Young LW, Wood BP. Radiological case of the month. Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema caused by diabetic hyperpnea. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:93-4. 10. Takada K, Matsumoto S, Hiramatsu T, Kojima E, Watanabe H, Sizu M, Okachi S, Ninomiya K. Management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum based on clinical experience of 25 cases. Respir Med 2008;102:1329-34. 11. Bejvan SM, Godwin JD. Pneumomediastinum: old signs and new signs. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;166:1041-8. 12. Kaneki T, Kubo K, Kawashima A, Koizumi T, Sekiguchi M, Sone S. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in 33 patients: yield of chest computed tomography for the diagnosis of the mild type. Respiration 2000;67:408-11. 13. Banki F, Estrera AL, Harrison RG, Miller CC 3rd, Leake SS, Mitchell KG, Khalil K, Safi HJ, Kaiser LR. Pneumomediastinum: etiology and a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Am J Surg 2013;206:1001-6. 14. Cummings RG, Wesly RL, Adams DH, Lowe JE. Pneumopericardium resulting in cardiac tamponade. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;37:511-8. 15. Meeking DR, Krentz AJ. Pneumomediastinum complicating diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabet Med 1996;13:587-8. 16. Nessan VJ. Recurrent pneumomediastinum in diabetic ketoacidosis. Postgrad Med 1974;55:139-40. 17. Ruttley M, Mills RA. Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum in diabetic keto-acidosis. Br J Radiol 1971;44:672-4. 18. Caceres M, Ali SZ, Braud R, Weiman D, Garrett HE Jr. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: a comparative study and review of the literature. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;86:962-6. 152