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Original Article Journal of Apiculture 32(3) : 223~235 (2017) DOI: 10.17519/apiculture.2017.09.32.3.223 Survey of Insect Pollinators Use for Horticultural Crops in Korea, 2016 Hyung Joo Yoon*, Kyeong Yong Lee, Hee Sam Lee, Man Young Lee, Yong Soo Choi, Myeong Lyeol Lee and Gi Hyoung Kim 1 Department of Agricultural Biology, The National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea 1 R&D Extension Division, Extension Service Bureau, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea (Received 12 September 2017; Revised 20 September 2017; Accepted 20 September 2017) Abstract We have surveyed the current status of insect pollinators use for horticultural crops in 2016. The use rate and farm number of insect pollinators for 26 horticultural crops were 25.8% and 55,208, respectively. The colony number of insect pollinators used in this survey was 479,777, which include 344,690 for honeybees, 119,104 for bumblebees, 12,051 for mason bees, 1,317 for flies, and 2,415 for the combination of bumblebees, honeybees, and mason bees. The use rate of insect pollinators was 59.4% for 11 vegetable crops, such as onion (100%), strawberry (99.9%), oriental melon (93.8%), melon (82.8%), water melon (64.8%), tomato (63.6%), pepper (31.8%), paprika (5.9%), zucchini (1.6%), bitter melon (1.2%), and cucumber (0.2%). The colony number of insect pollinators used for 11 vegetable crops was 449,287, which include honeybees (72.3%), bumblebees (25.1%), flies (0.2%), and the combination (2.4%) of bumblebees and honeybees. The use rate of insect pollinators was 9.0% for 15 fruit tree crops, such as mango (100%), raspberry (24.0%), apple (18.3%), persimmon (14.0%), passion fruit (5.5%), boxthorn (4.5%), blueberry (3.8%), Korean raspberry (3.1%), pear (2.7%), cherry (2.2%), pomegranate (1.0%), plum (0.4%), peach (0.2%), kiwi (0.2%), and jujube (0.02%). The colony number of insect pollinators used for 15 fruit tree crops was 30,290, which include honeybees (66.3%), bumblebees (20.2%), mason bees (8.0%), flies (1.6%), and the combination (3.9%) of bumblebees, honeybees, and mason bees. Together, farms of 97.8% showed positive effect for the use of insect pollinators and most of farms (97.0%) planed for the continuous use of insect pollinators. Key words: Insect pollinator, Bumblebee, Honeybee, Mason bee, Horticultural crops, Vegetable crops, Fruit tree crops *Corresponding author. E-mail: yoonhj1023@korea.kr 223

224, (Kearns et al., 1998; Shimizu et al., 2014). 200,000 (Nabhan and Buchnmann, 1997), 124 70% (Klein et al., 2007). 400 130 (Bees) (James and Pitts-Singer, 2008).,,,, (Morandin and Winston, 2005; Greenleaf and Kremen, 2006; Winfree et al., 2007).,, (Free, 1993; Dag and Kammer, 2001). (Batra, 1995; Goulson et al., 2008; Williams and Osborne, 2009; Rao and Stephen, 2010). Gallai et al.(2009) 100 1,530. 2005 9.5%, 1,900 ~3,100. 500, 390. 2016 (IPBES) 75% 5~8%( 2350~5770 ), ( ),,,,. 50 300% 16%, 9%, 37%, 31% (IPBES, 2016).. 2016,,,,,,..,, 2015 (,,,,,,,, 9,,,,, 6 ), 2016 (,,,,,,,, 9 ), 2016 ( ), ( ) 11 15.

225 2017 1 5 2017 5 30 8, 1, 8 156,., 2016,,., 500 1 ( ). 300 / /660m 2 ( 300 /600kg, 5 /kg), 80 / /660m 2 ( 300 /160kg, 5 /kg). 2017 1 5 5 30., 2016,,,,,,. One-way ANOVA (welch) test, T-test, (Frequencies Analyze) (Multiple response analyze). SPSS PASW 22.0 for windows (IBM, USA). One-way ANOVA (welch) test T-test.,,,.. 156 2016,,,,,,,,,, 11 (Table 1). 10 2011 (Yoon et al., 2013),. 11 45,194.0ha, 12,572ha (Statistics Korea, 2015). 8,152.5ha, 6,299.0ha, 4,975.8ha, 4,436.4ha. 2016 11 26,851.9ha, 2011 (21,138.1ha) 1.3 (Table 1). 11 59.4%, 2011 11%. 100%, 99.9%, 93.8%, 82.8%, 64.8%, 63.6% (Table 1). 11,, 4 (Table 1). 26,851.9ha 20,514.1ha(76.4%), 5,383.2ha(20.0%), 899.6ha(3.4%), 55.0ha(0.2%)

226 Table 1. Cultural area and rate of insect pollinators use for 11 vegetable crops in 2016 Vegetable crops Cultural area (ha) Water melon 12,572 8,152.5 8,151.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 64.8 45.8 Tomato 6,976 4,436.4 1.7 4,434.7 0.0 0.0 63.6 40.4 Strawberry 6,306 6,299.0 5,561.8 291.8 445.4 0.0 99.9 99.9 Oriental melon 5,305 4,975.8 4,970.9 0.0 4.9 0.0 93.8 81.2 Pepper 4,878 1,550.8 635.5 465.9 449.4 0.0 31.8 35.4 Zucchini 3,396 52.8 23.1 29.7 0.0 0.0 1.6 5.3 Cucumber 3,338 7.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Melon 1,546 1,279.5 1,168.1 111.4 0.0 0.0 82.8 38.4 Paprika 707 41.7 0.0 41.7 0.0 0.0 5.9 15.2 Bitter melon 115 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 Onion (seed) 55 55.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.0 100.0 Total 45,194 Total 26,851.9 (100%) Area of insect pollinators use (ha) 20,514.1 (76.4%) Honeybees 5,383.2 (20.0%) Honeybee & 899.6 (3.4%) 55.0 (0.2%) Area rate of insect pollinators use (%) Flies 2016 2011 59.4 48.4 Table 2. The farm number of insect pollinators use for 11 vegetable crops in 2016 Vegetable crops Farm numbers of insect pollinators use Total Honeybees Honeybee & Water melon 11,076 11,065 11 0 0 Tomato 8,154 5 8,149 0 0 Strawberry 14,851 12,928 693 1,230 0 Oriental melon 6,285 6,276 0 9 0 Pepper 3,274 1,221 1,056 997 0 Zucchini 114 80 34 0 0 Cucumber 25 0 25 0 0 Melon 2,308 2,020 288 0 0 Paprika 40 0 40 0 0 Bitter melon 15 15 0 0 0 Onion (seed) 52 0 0 0 55 Total 46,194 (100%) 33,610 (72.8%) 10,296 (22.3%) 2,236 (4.8%) 55 (0.1%) Flies. 2011 (3,009.0ha) 1.8. 39.7%, 27.1%, 24.2%, 5.7%, 3.1%. (Table 1)., 1 82.4%(4,434.7ha), 8.7%, 5.4%, 2.1%., 2011 40.4%, 2016 63.6% 23.2% (Yoon et al., 2013). 50.0%, 49.5%(445.4ha) 99.5%, 5.0%. 100% (Table 1). Table 2 11 46,194 2011 (41,916 ) 4,278 (Yoon et al., 2013). 33,610 (72.8%), 10,296

227 Table 3. The colony numbers of insect pollinators for 11 vegetable crops in 2016 Vegetable crops Colony numbers of insect pollinators Total Honeybees Honeybee & Water melon 167,815 167,791 24 0 0 Tomato 100,769 77 100,692 0 0 Strawberry 93,634 81,519 5,816 6,299 0 Oriental melon 54,750 54,673 0 77 0 Pepper 15,957 6,802 4,658 4,497 0 Zucchini 526 393 133 0 0 Cucumber 168 0 168 0 0 Melon 14,590 13,332 1,258 0 0 Paprika 225 0 225 0 0 Bitter melon 20 20 0 0 0 Onion (seed) 833 0 0 0 833 Total 449,287 (100%) 324,607 (72.2%) 112,974 (25.1%) 10,873 (2.4%) 833 (0.2%) Flies (22.3%), 2,236 (4.8%) 55 0.1%. (38.5%), (33.0%) (18.7%) 90.2%. 2011 (14,922 ) (9,017 ), (6,173 ). 1 79.1% 8,149, 10.3%(1,056 ), 6.7%(693 ). 55.0%(1,230 ), 44.6%(997 ) 2 99.6%. 100%(55 ) (Table 2). 11 449,287 (Table 3), 2011 (306,856 ) 1.5 (142,431 ) (Yoon et al., 2013). 324,607 4 72.3%. 25.1%(112,974 ), 2.4%(10,873 ), 0.2%(833 ). 2011 (52,684 ) 2.1.,, 7. 51.7%, 25.1%, 16.8% 4.1% 4 97.7%. 20 0.6% (Table 3).,, 7, 89.1%, 5.1%, 4.1%, 1.1%. 2011 10 3. 2.4%, (57.9%) (41.4%) (Table 3). 2011 1.4 16.6.,,.,. 0.2%(833 ) (Table 3). 11 3,300m 2

228 Table 4. Cultural area and rate of insect pollinators use for 15 fruit tree crops in 2016 Fruit tree crops Apple 31,620.0 5773.5 3,295.3 1,680.2 633.0 165.0 0.0 18.3 17.8 Peach 16,704.0 27.1 23.1 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.9 Pear 12,664.0 336.3 331.6 0.0 4.7 0.0 0.0 2.7 23.0 Persimmon 11,849.0 1,656.5 1,579.5 77.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 14.9 Plum 5,920.0 21.0 21.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.8 Blueberry 4,290.0 161.1 59.8 25.3 0.0 76.0 0.0 3.8 23.2 Jujube 2,700.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Korean raspberry 2,193.0 69.0 69.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 9.1 Kiwi 1,502.4 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Pomegranate 536.5 5.4 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Raspberry 350.0 84.0 84.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 Cherry 336.0 7.5 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 Boxthorn 134.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 Mango 41.9 41.9 4.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 35.5 100.0 Passion fruit 10.9 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 Total 90,851.7 Cultural area (ha) 8,193.4 (100%) Total 5,490.3 (67.0%) Area of insect pollinators use (ha) 1,788.8 (21.8%) 637.7 (7.8%) Honeybees Masonbee Honeybee, & Mason-bee 241.0 (2.9%) 35.5 (0.4%) Area rate of insect pollinators use (%) Flies 2016 2011 9.0 14.1, Fig. 1 3,300m 2 14.2 3.4, 15.3 8.4 (T-test: t(14)=0.548, p=0.592). 2016,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15 (Table 4). 10 2011 (Yoon et al., 2013),,,,. 15 90,851.7ha, 31,620.0ha, (16,704.0ha), (12,664.0ha) (Statistics Korea, 2015). 5,773.5ha, 1,656.5ha, 336.3ha. 2016 15 8,193.4ha, 2011 (12,130.3ha) 5 32.5%(1.5 ). 2016 15 8,193.4ha 11 (26,851.9ha) 3.3 (Table 1 and Table 4). 15 (100%), (24.0%) (18.3%), (14.0%) 10%. 2016 15 9.0% 2011 (14.1%) 5.1% (Table 4). 2011 (Yoon et al., 2013),, 2.7% 20.3%, 3.8% 19.4%.,,. 15,,, (, ), 5

229 Table 5. The farm number of insect pollinators for 15 fruit tree crops in 2016 Fruit tree crops Total Farmer numbers of insect pollinators Honeybees Masonbee Honeybee, & Mason-bee Apple 5,399 2,995 1,595 2,410 183 0 Peach 41 35 6 0 0 0 Pear 320 315 0 5 0 0 Persimmon 1,976 1,882 94 0 0 0 Plum 56 56 0 0 0 0 Blueberry 349 149 78 0 122 0 Jujube 5 5 0 0 0 0 Korean raspberry 300 300 0 0 0 0 Kiwi 5 5 0 0 0 0 Pomegranate 3 3 0 0 0 0 Raspberry 326 326 0 0 0 0 Cherry 15 15 0 0 0 0 Boxthorn 109 109 0 0 0 0 Mango 104 12 9 0 0 83 Passion fruit 6 6 0 0 0 0 Total 9,014 (100.0%) 6,213 (68.9%) 1,782 (19.8%) 631 (7.0%) 305 (3.4%) 83 (0.9%) Flies 1 (Table 4). 8,193.4ha 5,490.3ha(67.0%), 1,788.8ha(21.8%), 637.7ha (7.8%), (, ) 241.0ha(2.9%), 35.5ha (0.4%). 60.0%, 28.8%, 6.0%. (93.9%),,,. 99.3%., 68.5%, 31.5%.. 15 9,014 11 (46,194 ) 5.1 (Table 2 and 5). 6,213 (68.9%), 1,782 (19.8%), 631 (7.0%), (, ) 305 (3.4%) 83 0.9%., (2,995 ) (1,882 ) 78.4%. 1 89.5% 1,595, 94, 78. 1 99.2% 626, 5., 183 (60.0%) 122 (40.0%). 83 (Table 5). 15 30,290 2011 1.4 (10,721 ) (Table 6). 11 (449,287 ) 14.8., 20,083 5 66.3%., 53.6%, 18.4%, 10.6%, 7.0% 4 90.0%. 0.04%(8 ). 6,130 (20.2%) 15,,,, 5. 5,266 85.9%

230 Table 6. The colony number of insect pollinators for 15 fruit tree crops in 2016 Fruit tree crops Total Colony numbers of insect pollinators Honeybees Masonbee Honeybee, & Mason-bee Apple 19,143 10,769 5,266 2,410 698 0 Peach 91 66 25 0 0 0 Pear 2,139 2,134 0 5 0 0 Persimmon 3,943 3,705 238 0 0 0 Plum 62 62 0 0 0 0 Blueberry 1,797 771 546 0 480 0 Jujube 8 8 0 0 0 0 Korean raspberry 696 696 0 0 0 0 Kiwi 50 50 0 0 0 0 Pomegranate 39 39 0 0 0 0 Raspberry 1,420 1,420 0 0 0 0 Cherry 30 30 0 0 0 0 Boxthorn 292 292 0 0 0 0 Mango 565 26 55 0 0 484 Passion fruit 15 15 0 0 0 0 Total 30,290 (100.0%) 20,083 (66.3%) 6,130 (20.2%) 2,415 (8.0%) 1,178 (3.9%) 484 (1.6%) Flies, 8.9%, 3.9%. 2,415 (8.0%) 15 2 99.8%. 2011 7,346 (75.2%).., 1,178 (3.9%) 59.3%(698 ), 40.7%(480 ). 484 (1.6%) (Table 6). 15 3,300m 2, Fig. 2 3,300m 2 9.4 7.0, 11.5 8.8, 2.4 1.9. 4.0~4.8 (Oneway-ANOVA test: F(2,18)=1.729, p=0.206)., 2016,, 11 15 26. 2011 19 1, 6 6,,,,.. 26 25.8% 2011 0.1%, 2011, 6. 55,208, 26 479,577, 344,690, 119,104, 2,415,,, 2,415, 1,317.,

231 No. of colony/3,300m 2 in vegetable crops 25 20 15 10 5 0 14.2 3.4 15.3 8.4 Honeybees Insect pollinators Fig. 1. The numbers of average colony of insect pollinators used per 3,300m 2 in vegetable crops, 2016. There was significant difference in the number of average colony between honeybees and bumblebees used per 3,300m 2 at T-test. No. of colony/3,300m 2 in fruit crops 25 20 15 10 5 0 9.4 7.0 Honeybees 11.5 8.8 Insect pollinators 2.4 1.9 Mason bees Fig. 2. The colony numbers of insect pollinators per 3,300m 2 for fruit tree crops in 2016. There was significant difference in the colony number of insect pollinators per 3,300m 2 at p<0.05 using one-way ANOVA test. A B Fig. 3. Duration (A) and method (B) of insect pollinators use for 26 horticultural crops in 2016. A B Fig. 4. Education (A) and care (B) for insect pollinators use.

232 (A) 100% a Purchaseprice rate 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Honeybees Mason bees Insect pollinators (B) 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Fig. 5. Purchase price rate (A) and purchase price (B) of insect pollinators for 26 horticultural crops in 2016. Price (Won) a b Honeybees Insect pollinators b Mason bees A B Fig. 6. Advantage (A) and problem (B) of insect pollinators use. A B Fig. 7. Satisfaction degree (A) and plan (B) of insect pollinators use.

233. 1,133 (Fig. 3A), 10 25.9%, 4~6 28.6%, 1 9.2%. 5.7 3.2 (Chi-square Test : X 2 =163.174, df=4, p=0.0001). 1,146 Fig. 3B. 36.6%, 43.0%, 18.5% 95.1%. 1,037 (Fig. 4A), 50.7%, 1~2 33.4% 3~7 15.9% 49.3%. 50%,. (Fig. 4B), 33.6%, 31.5%, 15.5%. (Fig. 5), 9~15 54.9%. 3~6 22.6%,. 18~24 2.6%. 98,147 39,802. 61,303 11,423, 6~9 85.3%, 3~6 13.8%. 58,888 5,665 6~9 77.8%, 3~6 22.2%.,, (welch's ANOVA test F(2,24.185)=211.2721, p<0.0001, (post-hoc analysis : tukey HSD)).,,, (Fig. 6A), (30.5%), (27.3%), (25.8%), (16.4%). 28.4%, 21.0%, 18.6%, 17.3% (Fig. 6B). 1,120 (Fig. 7A), 2.2%,. (Fig. 7B), 39.4%, 57.6%, 3.0% (Fig. 7B). (Yoon et al., 2011a; Yoon et al., 2011b; Yoon et al., 2012).,. 2016,

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