발간등록번호 11-1480523-001247-01 NIER-RP2012-233 전국주택라돈조사 (2011-2012) 환경기반연구부생활환경연구과 서수연, 유주희, 김현도, 이규선, 오수진, 김성미, 권명희, 이우석 Nationwide survey (2011-2012) of indoor radon at home in Korea Sooyun Seo, Juhee Yoo, Hyeondo Kim, Kyusun Lee, Sujin Oh, Sungmi Kim, Myeounghee Kwon, Wooseok Lee Indoor Environment and Noise Research Division Environmental Infrastructure Research Department National Institute of Environmental Research 2012
목차 목 차 목차 ⅰ 표목차 ⅲ 그림목차 ⅴ Abstract ⅵ Ⅰ. 서론 1 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 2 1. 연구목표 2 2. 연구내용및방법 2 가. 연구내용 2 (1) 조사대상주택 2 (2) 조사기간 3 나. 연구방법 4 (1) 검출기종류 4 (2) 검출기설치및회수 4 (3) 검출기분석 5 (4) 환경자료조사 5 6 1. 검출기설치및회수 6 가. 검출기설치 6 나. 검출기회수 7 2. 주택실내라돈농도 8 가. 실내라돈농도특성 8 나. 주택유형별실내라돈농도 8 다. 지역별실내라돈농도 10 i
목차 라. 실내라돈농도분포지도 27 2. 주택의환경인자와실내라돈농도와의상관관계 28 가. 건축연도 29 나. 주택의층수 30 다. 지하공간의유무 31 라. 지하수의사용 32 Ⅳ. 결론 33 참고문헌 34 부록 A ii
목차 표목차 <Table 1> The Number of target houses 3 <Table 2> Radon detector distribution 6 <Table 3> Collection rate of radon detector 7 <Table 4> Indoor radon concentration at home in Korea 8 <Table 5> Indoor radon concentration at home by house types in each an administrative district 9 <Table 6> Indoor radon concentration at home by an administrative district 11 <Table 7> Indoor radon concentration at home in Gangwon-do 12 <Table 8> Indoor radon concentration at home in Gyeonggi-do 13 <Table 9> Indoor radon concentration at home in Gyeongsangnam-do 15 <Table 10> Indoor radon concentration at home in Gyeongsangbuk-do 16 <Table 11> Indoor radon concentration at home in Jeollanam-do 17 <Table 12> Indoor radon concentration at home in Jeollabuk-do 18 <Table 13> Indoor radon concentration at home in Chungcheongnam-do 19 <Table 14> Indoor radon concentration at home in Chungcheongbuk-do 20 <Table 15> Indoor radon concentration at home in Seoul 21 <Table 16> Indoor radon concentration at home in Busan 22 <Table 17> Indoor radon concentration at home in Incheon 23 <Table 18> Indoor radon concentration at home in Daegu 24 iii
목차 <Table 19> Indoor radon concentration at home in Daejeon 25 <Table 20> Indoor radon concentration at home in Gwangju 25 <Table 21> Indoor radon concentration at home in Ulsan 26 <Table 22> Indoor radon concentration at home in Jeju 26 <Table 23> The characteristics of investigated homes 28 <Table 24> Indoor radon levels at home by underground space 31 <Table 25> Indoor radon levels at home by underground water 32 iv
목차 그림목차 <Figure 1> Radon detector 4 <Figure 2> The components of radon analysis system 5 <Figure 3> Distribution of radon levels at home in Korea 8 <Figure 4> The map of indoor radon at home in Korea 27 <Figure 5> The Number of house in each types by construction year 29 <Figure 6> Comparison of indoor radon levels at detached houses by construction year 30 <Figure 7> Comparison of indoor radon levels at home by floors 30 <Figure 8> Comparison of indoor radon levels at home by underground space 31 <Figure 9> Comparison of indoor radon levels at home by underground water 32 v
Abstract Abstract Radon( 222 Rn) gas is a main source of ionizing radiation of natural origin. It is a naturally occurring invisible and odorless radioactive gas and formed by the natural decay of uranium( 238 U) that is found in nearly all soils. It typically moves up through the ground to the air above and into building or home through the cracks and other holes in the foundation or wall. When people breathe air containing radon, people are known to get lung cancer. In fact, the Surgeon General has warned that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States today. The concentration of indoor radon was measured in many countries to provide a policy to reduce indoor radon level. For this purpose, Korean government has performed nationwide survey of indoor radon level in various types of building such as municipal office, school, public facilities and homes since 2008. This survey covers the investigation of indoor radon concentrations at home from 2011 to 2012 in Korea, for three months in winter season using alpha-track detector. Results showed that the geometric mean of indoor radon level was 91.2 Bq/m 3 at home. The concentration of indoor radon was the highest in detached houses. The radon levels in Gangwon-do, Jeollabuk-do, Daejeon, Chungcheongnam-do and Chungcheongbuk-do are relatively high compared to other administrative district. Importantly, the houses which showed high indoor radon concentration were built before 1970's or had no basement or used underground water. The data obtained from this study provide a basis for the preparation of legal regulation and public health protection manuals in the matter. vi
Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ. 서론 라돈 ( 222 Rn) 은자연환경중에존재하는천연방사성핵종중의하나로지각의암석이나토양및건축자재에함유되어있는우라늄 ( 238 U) 이몇단계의방사성붕괴과정을거쳐생성되는무색, 무취의불활성기체이다. 라돈가스는자연에서발생되는전리방사선의중요한발생원이며, 일반인들이전리방사선에노출되게하는주요기여자 (WHO, 2010) 로알려져있다. 라돈의반감기는 3.82일로토양에서발생하여확산이동및압력과온도구배에의한대류이동과정에의해지상으로방출되거나실내공간으로유입된다. 실내로유입된라돈이붕괴되면서생성되는라돈자손들이 ( 218 PO, 214 Pb, 214 Bi, 214 PO) 호흡을통해폐에흡착하여붕괴되면서알파선을방출하는데, 그알파입자가주변폐조직을손상시킨다 (M.Wilkening, 1990). 따라서고농도의라돈에장기간에걸쳐노출이축적될경우폐암을유발할수있어 (WHO, 2000), 세계보건기구에서는라돈을흡연다음으로폐암을유발시키는주요발암물질로간주하고있다 (WHO, 2009). 많은선진국에서는 1980년대부터라돈의유해성을인식하고전국적인실내라돈조사를실시하여실내라돈오염실태를파악하고관리방안을마련하여추진하고있다. 우리나라에서는아직실내라돈에대한기초자료가미흡하여국가주도의신뢰성있는라돈자료확보및이를토대로라돈에대한강화된관리정책마련의필요성이제기되고있다. 이에따라환경부에서는 2008년부터전국의관공서, 초등학교, 다중이용시설, 주택을대상으로실내라돈농도분포및특성파악을위한연구를수행하고있다. 본연구에서는전국의주택을대상으로우리나라주택내라돈농도수준과지역적분포및환경영향요인을파악하고자 2011년부터 2012년에걸쳐겨울철주택내라돈농도와실내라돈농도에영향을미치는환경요인을조사하였다. 1
Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 1. 연구목표본연구에서는전국의주택내라돈농도를조사하여우리나라주택실내라돈농도수준과실내라돈농도와관련있는환경영향요인을파악하고향후주택실내라돈농도관리방안마련에기초자료를제공하고자한다. 2. 연구내용및방법가. 연구내용본연구에서는전국의주택을대상으로겨울철실내라돈농도를조사하였다. 실내라돈농도는알파비적검출방식의수동형검출기를이용하여측정하였으며, 실내라돈농도에영향을미치는요인을파악하기위해측정지점의건축연도, 지하공간의유무, 지하수사용유무등의환경정보를설문지를이용하여조사 분석하였다. (1) 조사대상주택본연구의조사대상주택은행정구역별주택의수와주택유형을고려하여선정하였다. 조사대상주택유형은단독주택, 아파트, 연립 / 다세대주택으로구분하였으며, 공동주택인아파트, 연립 / 다세대주택은주택건설촉진법시행령제2조공동주택의종류와범위에서정한바에따라다음과같이구분하였다. - 아파트 : 5층이상의주택 - 연립주택 : 동당건축연면적이 660제곱미터를초과하는 4층이하의주택 - 다세대주택 : 동당건축연면적이 660제곱미터이하인 4층이하의주택조사대상주택의수는당초목표로한 10,000호를달성하기위하여라돈측정거부, 검출기파손및분실, 조사중중도탈락, 택배수거의비협조등조사중발생할수있는시료손실을고려하여목표대상주택의약 10% 지점을추가선정하여 11,000호를표본수로결정하였다. 행정구역별조사대상주택의수는 2010 2
Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 인국주택총조사 ( 통계청, 2011) 의주택수를바탕으로제곱근비례추출방식을이용하여선택하였다. 조사대상주택은시 / 도를기준으로 1차구분한후시 / 군 / 구를기준으로 2차구분하였으며, 3단계인읍 / 면 / 동단위에서추출하였으며각행정구역단위의조사대상주택수와유형을고려하였다. 주택유형및행정구역별조사대상주택의수는 Table 1에나타내었다. 조사대상주택은각지자체에서선정하되, 아파트는 3층이하세대, 연립 다세대주택의 20% 는반지하및지하세대로선정하고자하였다. <Table 1> The Number of target houses Administrative district All Detached house Apartment house Multi-family house Gangwon 590 347 134 109 Gyeonggi 1,271 566 337 368 Gyeongnam 802 466 194 142 Gyeongbuk 820 530 147 143 Jeonnam 731 514 124 93 Jeonbuk 644 421 137 86 Chungnam 697 413 150 134 Chungbuk 565 337 128 100 Gwangju 435 235 144 56 Daegu 590 320 149 121 Daejeon 449 180 142 127 Busan 753 316 210 227 Seoul 1,212 561 261 390 Ulsan 383 192 105 86 Incheon 693 269 169 255 Jeju 365 202 55 108 Total 11,000 5,869 2,586 2,545 (2) 조사기간 실내라돈측정은 2011 년 12 월부터 2012 년 5 월까지, 겨울철을포함하여각가 정에서 90 일이상 1 회실시하였다. 3
Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 나. 연구방법 (1) 검출기종류주택실내라돈농도측정은 90일이상의장기간측정에사용되는수동형알파비적검출기를사용하였다 (Figure 1). 라듀엣 (Radosys, Hungary) 을기본검출기로사용하였으며, 알파트랙 (( 주 ) 알앤테크, 대한민국 ) 을검출기간측정값비교를위하여사용하였다. 라듀엣 (Raduet) 은 CR-39 검출소자를이용하여, 라돈및토론을동시에검출할수있으며, 알파트랙 (α-track) 은 LR-115 검출소자를이용하여라돈을측정한다. 총조사대상 10% 에해당하는주택에측정의품질관리를위해기본검출기를중복으로설치하였으며, 배경농도및검출기운송과정에서발생할수있는오차를확인하기위해공시료를동시에설치하였다. (a) Raduet (CR-39) (b) α-track (LR-115) <Figure 1> Radon detector (2) 검출기설치및회수주택내라돈측정은실험실에서대상주택으로라돈검출기를송부하여주택내거주자가설치하고측정이완료되면검출기를실험실로보내주는방식으로진행되었다. 주택내라돈측정은침실및거실등주요활동공간에서실시하였다. 검출기는전자파나정전기가발생하는전자기구와전열기, 냉난방기및외기와통하는창주변을피하여천장이나벽으로부터약 30 cm 이상이격시켜안내표지판, 캐비넷, 책장등의위에설치하도록하였다. 검출기설치시검출기에설치날짜를기록하고 90일이상경과후검출기에회수날짜를기록한후알루미늄재질과정전기방지용재질의이중지퍼백에넣어완전히밀봉한다음우편으로실험실로회수되었다. 4
Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 (3) 검출기분석실험실로회수된라듀엣은검출소자를분리하여전처리후현미경으로비적을계수하여농도를산출하였다. 전처리및비적계수과정은 Figure 2에나타낸자동화장비 (Radosys, Hungary) 를이용하였다. 라듀엣내부의검출소자 (CR-39) 는 90 의 6.25 M NaOH 용액에서 4.5시간동안화학적에칭을실시하고 1% 초산용액에서 20분간중화한후하루동안상온건조시켜전처리를마친후비적을계수하였다. 알파입자에의해생성된비적은자동판독장치를이용하여계수한후비적의밀도를 Equation 1에대입하여라돈농도를산출하였다. CR-39 chip Etching unit for track developing Automatic microscope for track counting <Figure 2> The components of radon analysis system RAC = Exp Rn 1000/24/T Exp Rn = CF (1.00 RnD 0.02 TnD) <Equation 1> RAC : Radon Activity Concentration, Bq/m 3 Exp Rn : Exposure value for the Rn-Channel, kbq h/m 3 T : Time of exposure in Days CF : Calibration Factor provided by the Radosys QC system RnD : Track density counted for the Rn-Channel, in mm-2 TnD : Track density counted for the Tn-Channel, in mm-2 (4) 환경자료조사조사대상주택의건축연도, 지하공간의유무, 주택구조, 지하수사용유무등의환경자료는실내환경인자조사표를이용하여주택내검출기를설치할때함께조사되었다. 5
1. 검출기설치및회수가. 검출기설치조사대상주택 11,000호중 10,946가구 (99.5%) 에조사를위한검출기가배포되었다 (Table 2). 계획수립시대상으로했던아파트 3층이하세대, 연립 다세대주택중 20% 는반지하및지하세대로선정하고자했던조건은검출기배포과정에서조사대상자변경및조사지역내주택유형특성에따라일부변경되었다. 아파트의경우 4층이상의세대에도검출기가배포되었으며, 서울및수도권이외의지역에서는연립 다세대주택중반지하및지하세대가존재하지않아조사대상연립 다세대주택중반지하및지하세대에검출기가배포된지역은서울및수도권지역으로한정되었다. <Table 2> Radon detector distribution District Target houses Distribution Distribution rate (%) Gangwon 590 590 100 Gyeonggi 1,271 1,271 100 Gyeongnam 802 802 100 Gyeongbuk 820 819 99.9 Gwangju 435 435 100 Daegu 590 590 100 Daejeon 449 449 100 Busan 753 753 100 Seoul 1,212 1,159 95.6 Ulsan 383 383 100 Incheon 693 693 100 Jeonnam 731 731 100 Jeonbuk 644 644 100 Jeju 365 365 100 Chungnam 697 697 100 Chungbuk 565 565 100 Total 11,000 10,946 99.5 6
나. 검출기회수검출기가배포된 10,946가구에서라돈측정기간중조사를포기한세대, 배포와회수과정중검출기분실, 조사대상가구의이사, 측정중주택내에서검출기분실등이발생하여최종검출기회수율은 74.5% 였다. 회수된검출기중부적절한측정기간 (60일미만또는 170일이상 ), 미측정검출기, 검출한계 (7 Bq/m 3 ) 미만등유효하지않은자료를제외한데이터획득률은 72.0% 였다. 지역별회수된검출기수와데이터획득률은 Table 3에나타냈다. <Table 3> Collection rate of radon detector Administrative Detector Data district Distribution Collection Rate(%) Collection Rate(%) Gangwon 590 449 76.1 424 71.9 Gyeonggi 1,271 911 71.7 863 67.8 Gyeongnam 802 625 77.9 600 74.8 Gyeongbuk 819 658 80.3 637 77.8 Gwangju 435 329 75.6 307 70.6 Daegu 590 480 81.4 464 78.6 Daejeon 449 380 84.6 368 82.0 Busan 753 608 80.7 592 78.6 Seoul 1,159 804 69.4 790 68.2 Ulsan 383 299 78.1 293 76.5 Incheon 693 534 77.1 525 75.8 Jeonnam 731 446 61.0 431 59.0 Jeonbuk 644 505 78.4 494 76.7 Jeju 365 255 69.9 245 67.1 Chungnam 697 487 69.9 481 69.0 Chungbuk 565 380 67.3 371 65.7 Total 10,946 8,150 74.5 7,885 72.0 7
2. 주택실내라돈농도가. 실내라돈농도특성전체조사대상주택실내라돈농도는 Figure 3과같이대수정규분포 (lognormal distribution) 를나타냈다. 주택내라돈농도는산술평균 124.9 Bq/m 3, 기하평균 91.2 Bq/m 3 으로조사되었으며, 22.2%(1,752호 ) 에서다중이용시설의권고기준 (148 Bq/m 3 )( 환경부, 2010) 을초과하는것으로나타났다 (Table 4). 이전조사결과에의하면겨울철실내라돈농도는연평균농도에비해높게나타나므로겨울철주택실내에서조사한이번결과는연평균보다높을것으로추정할수있다 ( 국립환경과학원, 2011). 이번조사결과는이전연구의겨울철주택실내라돈농도와비슷한결과를보여주었다. <Figure 3> Distribution of radon levels at home in Korea <Table 4> Indoor radon concentration at home in Korea (unit : Bq/m 3 ) N 1) A.M. 2) G.M. 3) Median Maximum E.R. 4) (%) This survey 7,885 124.9 91.2 85.7 2,821.3 22.2 Survey in '10-11 (winter season) 833 126.3 89.1 78.1 1,508.7 23.0 1)N = detected site number, 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean, 3)G.M.= geometric mean, 4)E.R. = excess rate 나. 주택유형별실내라돈농도실내라돈농도는단독주택에서높고아파트에서낮게조사되었으며, 이전에수행된다른연구 ( 과학기술부, 2005; 국립환경과학원, 2011) 들과비슷한경향을보여주었다. 다중이용시설권고기준과비교했을때초과율은단독주택이 33.0%, 연립 / 다세대주택이 14.4%, 아파트가 5.9% 로나타났다 (Table 5). 8
<Table 5> Indoor radon concentration at home by house types in each an administrative district (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R.1) (%) Detached house Apartment house Multi-family house A.M. 2) G.M. 3) Max N E.R. (%) A.M. G.M. Max N E.R. (%) A.M. G.M. Max Gangwon 256 54.3 266.0 162.4 2,821.3 92 17.4 105.6 92.4 319.1 76 30.3 166.4 110.8 1,729.1 Gyeonggi 390 30.0 142.8 107.2 2,299.8 234 7.7 77.4 67.1 518.0 239 16.3 101.8 88.5 526.6 Gyeongnam 343 26.8 129.4 95.4 1,111.5 152 6.6 70.4 59.0 269.4 105 11.4 87.2 72.1 610.3 Gyeongbuk 409 34.5 163.4 115.1 1,467.3 119 3.4 69.5 59.8 421.4 109 11.9 96.5 80.8 615.4 Gwangju 182 24.2 110.4 85.1 488.6 99 8.1 73.1 59.0 305.4 26 15.4 79.9 65.9 207.7 Daegu 246 31.7 151.5 120.8 846.9 130 3.1 62.6 55.1 385.0 88 14.8 109.0 90.6 866.3 Daejeon 152 52.6 230.1 173.5 1,927.9 118 6.8 93.5 87.4 310.4 98 26.5 138.3 120.8 569.2 Busan 252 17.1 105.6 82.4 625.0 164 3.7 69.3 62.9 209.7 176 11.4 97.0 80.5 694.2 Seoul 357 14.8 103.2 81.8 1,065.1 190 3.2 57.7 50.8 208.8 243 3.7 79.2 70.2 435.2 Ulsan 146 11.0 93.2 67.0 1,071.3 85 1.2 48.3 42.2 162.9 62 6.5 69.5 57.7 213.3 Incheon 206 20.4 126.1 84.9 2,400.8 125 6.4 78.1 63.9 771.2 194 11.9 90.1 71.9 936.1 Jeonnam 297 36.0 164.3 113.7 2,181.9 81 6.2 84.5 75.5 189.7 53 15.1 109.6 81.5 677.9 Jeonbuk 319 53.0 216.2 162.7 1,243.6 106 11.3 105.6 96.3 362.8 69 29.0 155.6 123.6 938.2 Jeju 135 27.4 140.6 101.5 961.4 40 7.5 77.2 69.1 218.5 70 17.1 108.7 91.5 576.8 Chungnam 297 44.1 182.0 139.6 1,261.7 100 2.0 73.4 66.4 215.3 84 16.7 118.6 87.8 1,045.1 Chungbuk 216 44.4 178.1 138.8 815.9 103 3.9 72.4 64.6 204.3 52 23.1 117.1 87.3 607.0 Total 4,203 33.0 156.9 111.2 2,821.3 1,938 5.9 75.0 64.5 771.2 1,744 14.4 103.3 83.1 1,729.1 1)E.R. = Excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)G.M. = geometric mean 9
다. 지역별실내라돈농도 16개시 도별주택내라돈농도는 Table 6에나타냈다. 전라북도내주택실내라돈농도의기하평균은 139.9 Bq/m 3 으로다른지역에비해높게나타났으며, 강원도, 대전광역시에서 134.2 Bq/m 3, 126.5 Bq/m 3 로그뒤를이었다. 강원도와전라북도에서는조사대상주택중 42.0% 와 40.7% 가다중이용시설실내공기질권고기준 (148 Bq/m 3 ) 을초과하는것으로조사되었다. 대전광역시, 충청남도, 충청북도에서도 30% 이상의높은기준초과율을나타냈다. 주택실내라돈농도를시 군 구단위로구분하여분석한결과는 Table 7부터 Table 22까지나타냈다. 전라북도진안군내주택실내라돈농도의기하평균이 314.3 Bq/m 3 으로가장높게나타났으며, 강원도화천군및횡성군, 전라북도장수군및무주군에서도기하평균이 200 Bq/m 3 넘는것으로조사되었다. 강원도동해시 양구군 인제군 정선군 철원군 홍천군, 경기도가평군 포천시, 경상남도함안군, 경상북도군위군 청송군, 전라남도담양군 무안군 보성군 영암군, 전라북도남원시 순창군 완주군, 충청남도공주시 금산군 논산시및충청북도보은군 영동군에위치한주택실내라돈농도의기하평균이다중이용시설실내공기질권고기준인 148 Bq/m 3 을초과하는것으로조사되었다. 또한, 실내라돈농도가 1,000 Bq/m 3 이상으로조사된주택은전국에 30지점이었으며강원도 12지점, 전라북도 5지점, 경상북도 3지점, 충청남도 2지점, 대전광역시 2지점, 그리고경기도, 경상남도, 전라남도, 서울특별시, 울산광역시, 인천광역시에각각 1지점씩분포하고있었다. 다른연구결과에서도강원, 전북, 전남, 충북, 충남, 대전, 경북, 대구등의지역에위치한주택, 다중이용시설, 관공서및초등학교내라돈농도가높은경향을나타났다 ( 과학기술부, 2005; 국립환경과학원, 2009; 국립환경과학원, 2010; 국립환경과학원, 2011). 10
<Table 6> Indoor radon concentration at home by an administrative district (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R. 1) (%) A.M. 2) S.D. 3) G.M. 4) G.S.D. 5) Min 25% 50% 75% 90% Max Gangwon 424 42.0 213.3 282.6 134.2 2.5 7.0 81.4 124.3 230.4 437.6 2,821.3 Gyeonggi 863 20.2 113.7 122.5 89.5 1.9 14.7 57.3 87.8 129.1 189.2 2,299.8 Gyeongnam 600 19.0 107.1 105.8 80.4 2.1 8.9 50.0 75.8 123.3 206.2 1,111.5 Gyeongbuk 637 24.8 134.4 155.9 95.8 2.1 14.7 58.0 86.8 147.5 264.7 1,467.3 Gwangju 307 18.2 95.8 73.4 74.0 2.1 10.2 45.0 74.9 126.5 182.9 488.6 Daegu 464 20.5 118.5 111.1 91.8 1.9 20.9 58.0 85.4 137.2 228.0 866.3 Daejeon 368 31.0 161.9 169.3 126.5 1.9 27.6 80.4 111.4 183.2 301.0 1,927.9 Busan 592 11.7 93.0 78.4 75.9 1.8 15.6 51.6 72.1 104.3 159.8 694.2 Seoul 790 8.6 84.8 76.1 69.6 1.8 10.4 46.9 66.1 99.5 143.1 1,065.1 Ulsan 293 7.2 75.2 86.5 56.8 2.0 11.0 34.2 54.9 89.4 131.8 1,071.3 Incheon 525 13.9 101.4 143.0 74.6 2.0 8.4 48.2 68.9 105.3 176.5 2,400.8 Jeonnam 431 27.8 142.5 168.8 101.1 2.2 16.0 60.8 94.3 168.1 271.3 2,181.9 Jeonbuk 494 40.7 184.0 176.9 139.9 2.0 26.7 86.9 127.2 201.2 349.7 1,243.6 Jeju 245 21.2 121.2 126.1 92.5 1.9 21.5 57.5 81.7 132.2 221.6 961.4 Chungnam 481 30.6 148.4 146.6 110.3 2.1 7.2 67.3 104.5 171.7 285.9 1,261.7 Chungbuk 371 30.2 140.2 124.7 105.2 2.1 15.4 61.0 96.7 164.3 300.4 815.9 Total 7,885 22.2 124.9 144.7 91.2 2.1 7.0 55.9 85.7 138.6 232.8 2,821.3 1)E.R.= excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)S.D.= standard deviation 4)G.M.= geometric mean 5)G.S.D.= geometric standard deviation 11
12
13
14
<Table 9> Indoor radon concentration at home in Gyeongsangnam-do (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R. 1) (%) A.M. 2) S.D. 3) G.M. 4) G.S.D. 5) Min 25% 50% 75% 90% Max Geoje-si 41 34.1 134.5 70.5 117.6 1.7 39.8 75.7 115.8 176.1 254.5 298.9 Geochang-gun 26 11.5 92.8 77.2 74.7 1.9 23.6 46.0 71.5 112.9 162.5 416.0 Goseong-gun 22 27.3 167.7 187.5 120.3 2.1 37.7 77.1 118.4 162.4 516.4 850.7 Gimhae-si 52 13.5 99.8 103.9 75.6 1.9 27.3 46.4 66.7 95.1 247.7 610.3 Namhae-gun 21 14.3 94.3 55.4 81.2 1.8 22.9 54.4 88.3 120.4 151.5 273.2 Miryang-si 27 14.8 100.0 81.3 83.3 1.7 39.7 54.7 70.0 126.6 177.8 449.3 Sacheon-si 29 10.3 79.2 66.4 62.2 1.9 25.2 38.3 53.9 106.0 168.7 323.2 Sancheong-gun 14 7.1 71.3 44.2 60.5 1.8 25.6 35.1 58.6 106.3 156.2 167.9 Yangsan-si 42 19.0 119.0 83.6 100.1 1.8 40.8 69.8 94.5 131.5 267.5 432.9 Uiryeong-gun 18 38.9 128.6 55.9 116.7 1.6 59.9 78.2 120.2 187.8 211.3 226.3 Jinju-si 50 18.0 111.5 164.7 75.7 2.1 15.8 43.8 65.3 104.2 216.5 1,111.5 Changnyeong-gun 28 25.0 145.7 108.5 122.2 1.7 51.0 80.4 110.2 140.5 275.0 529.7 Changwon-si 123 16.3 88.7 91.1 62.0 2.3 8.9 33.4 57.5 116.6 174.3 624.9 Masanhappo-gu 24 4.2 58.8 39.2 47.5 2.0 15.5 26.5 36.3 112.4 368.7 158.8 Masanhoewon-gu 20 15.0 98.3 151.1 52.6 2.7 16.8 27.0 49.6 87.3 118.3 624.9 Seongsan-gu 12-30.8 17.2 26.3 1.9 8.9 16.6 31.5 39.3 62.6 71.9 Uichang-gu 31 9.7 67.1 48.1 55.6 1.8 21.8 35.2 55.0 66.9 156.9 221.8 Jinhae-gu 36 36.1 141.2 91.7 118.4 1.8 21.3 78.5 117.9 174.4 271.8 476.5 Tongyeong-si 35 14.3 85.3 76.8 64.8 2.0 23.5 36.7 56.9 100.0 229.1 310.4 Hadong-gun 14 7.1 68.9 56.0 54.6 2.0 17.0 31.0 52.9 85.9 172.5 235.5 Haman-gun 24 50.0 202.9 185.7 157.1 1.9 61.4 98.8 141.0 213.7 638.2 762.4 Hamyang-gun 13 7.7 71.0 34.3 65.4 1.5 38.8 50.5 56.3 84.1 141.6 166.5 Hapcheon-gun 21 14.3 88.2 66.5 74.1 1.8 30.4 49.2 73.4 99.3 157.5 335.8 Gyeongsangnam-do 600 19.0 107.1 105.8 80.4 2.1 8.9 50.0 75.8 123.3 206.2 1,111.5 1)E.R.= excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)S.D.= standard deviation 4)G.M.= geometric mean 5)G.S.D.= geometric standard deviation 15
16
<Table 11> Indoor radon concentration at home in Jeollanam-do (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R. 1) (%) A.M. 2) S.D. 3) G.M. 4) G.S.D. 5) Min 25% 50% 75% 90% Max Gangjin-gun 20 35.0 138.9 108.7 104.5 2.2 26.7 54.4 119.1 190.4 372.9 403.0 Goheung-gun 22 27.3 243.6 473.5 117.2 2.9 16.0 68.4 99.9 186.9 752.6 2,181.9 Gokseong-gun 10 10.0 96.8 39.6 88.7 1.6 38.4 60.7 97.0 131.4 152.4 153.3 Gwangyang-si 25 20.0 140.4 147.5 102.7 2.1 34.1 61.6 93.3 130.4 390.7 662.9 Gurye-gun 14 21.4 108.3 108.8 72.8 2.5 16.9 35.7 72.1 128.3 344.4 374.1 Naju-si 28 39.3 164.2 107.1 131.9 2.1 19.5 93.3 130.6 220.9 346.2 461.4 Damyang-gun 13 46.2 258.0 251.2 177.7 2.4 56.9 99.9 132.1 415.5 737.8 813.0 Mokpo-si 32 15.6 83.2 55.8 68.6 1.9 19.3 46.8 63.0 89.3 198.5 223.3 Muan-gun 25 60.0 209.2 173.9 173.4 1.8 69.0 111.7 170.1 228.2 395.2 892.3 Boseong-gun 15 46.7 204.1 153.5 163.1 2.0 61.0 87.9 145.6 237.8 488.9 613.8 Suncheon-si 39 30.8 150.2 128.0 119.6 1.9 22.9 79.3 108.8 177.5 290.8 704.6 Sinan-gun 15 6.7 66.1 66.6 49.1 2.1 20.4 23.9 44.3 90.5 179.0 284.1 Yeosu-si 43 20.9 103.8 69.9 85.2 1.9 23.3 51.4 77.7 133.6 227.3 298.7 Yeonggwang-gun 18 5.6 67.7 31.6 62.2 1.5 28.4 49.5 62.8 76.6 113.2 162.3 Yeongam-gun 17 52.9 216.4 198.1 154.9 2.3 36.5 84.8 154.0 282.0 660.3 737.7 Wando-gun 7-67.9 39.3 59.4 1.7 28.8 39.8 52.7 86.2-141.3 Jangseong-gun 17 17.6 124.4 146.8 81.9 2.3 24.6 44.5 70.7 102.8 489.9 495.7 Jangheung-gun 14 14.3 92.0 56.3 79.0 1.8 27.8 52.4 75.7 110.0 209.4 226.0 Jindo-gun 5 40.0 119.4 91.7 94.2 2.1 44.4 61.0 119.4 234.0-252.8 Hampyeong-gun 13 30.8 128.6 100.1 98.1 2.2 33.9 53.6 85.0 179.8 326.2 341.0 Haenam-gun 25 36.0 159.6 138.2 120.6 2.1 30.1 66.3 114.7 216.4 318.8 677.9 Hwasun-gun 14 14.3 146.7 232.0 91.6 2.3 34.3 47.7 92.1 130.5 545.9 942.0 Jeonllanam-do 431 27.8 142.5 168.8 101.1 2.2 16.0 60.8 94.3 168.1 271.3 2,181.9 1)E.R.= excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)S.D.= standard deviation 4)G.M.= geometric mean 5)G.S.D.= geometric standard deviation 17
<Table 12> Indoor radon concentration at home in Jeollabuk-do (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R. 1) (%) A.M. 2) S.D. 3) G.M. 4) G.S.D. 5) Min 25% 50% 75% 90% Max Gochang-gun 33 39.4 170.1 204.7 130.4 1.9 52.9 81.4 117.3 191.9 236.9 1,243.6 Gunsan-si 60 31.7 160.6 151.6 126.0 1.9 35.3 83.5 112.2 173.8 313.3 967.8 Gimje-si 35 28.6 148.9 131.8 115.4 2.0 45.6 71.5 94.6 193.7 330.7 656.9 Namwon-si 32 62.5 202.2 133.3 168.8 1.8 61.8 116.2 164.3 261.1 443.7 583.6 Muju-gun 17 52.9 290.1 283.4 209.6 2.2 76.9 133.6 158.9 409.7 765.6 1,123.4 Buan-gun 31 16.1 95.0 53.0 83.6 1.7 26.7 59.2 73.4 111.3 171.6 272.4 Sunchang-gun 24 33.3 228.9 280.2 158.9 2.1 72.6 97.6 126.8 214.4 756.4 1,136.7 Wanju-gun 27 59.3 252.3 216.5 187.0 2.2 58.4 94.7 164.2 318.8 635.4 939.8 Iksan-si 57 35.1 137.3 73.5 122.3 1.6 44.6 87.9 119.5 174.1 199.5 441.9 Imsil-gun 24 37.5 138.5 85.6 114.8 1.9 29.7 74.7 121.0 197.9 284.0 347.4 Jangsu-gun 17 64.7 310.2 238.5 234.9 2.2 76.0 109.9 222.1 450.6 766.9 822.6 Jeonju-si 80 32.5 158.2 127.5 128.5 1.8 32.9 87.0 119.4 177.6 279.7 821.4 Deokjin-gu 42 28.6 133.4 82.7 116.3 1.7 32.9 83.1 104.0 151.4 228.1 490.5 Wansan-gu 38 36.8 185.6 160.2 143.5 2.0 34.8 96.2 122.7 235.8 443.0 821.4 Jeongeup-si 36 50.0 168.2 91.1 143.5 1.8 47.4 98.3 148.6 224.2 307.0 366.3 Jinan-gun 21 81.0 411.7 311.4 314.3 2.1 73.8 176.3 270.0 744.7 931.2 1,033.3 Jeonllabuk-do 494 40.7 184.0 176.9 139.9 2.0 26.7 86.9 127.2 201.2 349.7 1,243.6 1)E.R.= excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)S.D.= standard deviation 4)G.M.= geometric mean 5)G.S.D.= geometric standard deviation 18
19
<Table 14> Indoor radon concentration at home in Chungcheongbuk-do (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R. 1) (%) A.M. 2) S.D. 3) G.M. 4) G.S.D. 5) Min 25% 50% 75% 90% Max Goesan-gun 19 36.8 179.7 161.4 125.2 2.4 26.8 82.8 111.0 302.7 460.8 577.3 Danyang-gun 23 43.5 222.3 228.6 143.7 2.6 31.1 68.8 126.2 292.5 674.9 815.9 Boeun-gun 17 47.1 222.2 153.7 173.9 2.1 43.7 104.0 147.6 397.1 476.9 487.6 Yeongdong-gun 29 51.7 199.8 162.0 153.9 2.0 49.7 98.0 155.3 241.1 514.8 634.6 Okcheon-gun 27 37.0 152.8 122.3 119.5 2.0 34.7 62.9 134.3 165.2 309.2 589.7 Eumseong-gun 23 21.7 113.6 87.9 93.6 1.8 36.3 60.1 82.4 143.6 206.5 438.2 Jecheon-si 45 24.4 104.3 74.9 82.6 2.0 21.2 47.8 86.5 148.1 198.7 349.1 Jeungpyeong-gun 16 6.3 85.4 35.3 78.8 1.5 42.9 52.5 81.6 123.2 138.3 153.4 Jincheon-gun 18 38.9 152.6 121.6 114.8 2.2 31.7 61.6 112.8 235.9 329.9 489.5 Cheongwon-gun 27 22.2 113.9 82.9 93.2 1.9 34.5 56.5 89.5 136.6 250.9 350.8 Cheongju-si 77 22.1 107.7 73.0 87.2 2.0 15.4 56.7 88.4 131.3 210.3 401.0 Sangdang-gu 42 23.8 111.6 76.1 92.1 1.9 23.3 59.5 85.5 135.1 235.4 401.0 Heungdeok-gu 35 20.0 103.0 69.9 81.6 2.1 15.4 46.0 93.0 132.9 208.6 326.4 Chungju-si 50 30.0 140.2 122.3 106.8 2.0 29.2 59.7 90.3 171.8 305.3 607.0 Chungcheongbuk-do 371 30.2 140.2 124.7 105.2 2.1 15.4 61.0 96.7 164.3 300.4 815.9 1)E.R.= excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)S.D.= standard deviation 4)G.M.= geometric mean 5)G.S.D.= geometric standard deviation 20
<Table 15> Indoor radon concentration at home in Seoul (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R. 1) (%) A.M. 2) S.D. 3) G.M. 4) G.S.D. 5) Min 25% 50% 75% 90% Max Gangnam-gu 31 3.2 68.1 34.1 60.2 1.7 21.0 40.2 60.8 95.0 115.7 151.5 Gangdong-gu 32-65.8 32.4 58.9 1.6 26.1 40.2 52.2 87.2 116.5 147.6 Gangbuk-gu 33 12.1 108.6 112.3 80.0 2.1 28.6 46.5 68.1 128.2 236.3 554.5 Gangseo-gu 40 7.5 75.2 35.5 67.9 1.6 18.5 47.4 68.7 94.0 133.0 173.8 Gwanak-gu 39 10.3 98.8 48.8 86.9 1.7 29.2 57.4 94.3 135.6 161.7 215.2 Gwangjin-gu 37 13.5 89.2 59.1 75.0 1.8 27.6 46.8 75.3 103.3 176.6 260.0 Guro-gu 40 5.0 72.2 32.1 65.8 1.5 26.0 50.1 62.7 90.1 120.3 156.0 Geumcheon-gu 32 15.6 89.7 52.2 73.9 2.0 18.7 42.0 80.3 132.1 168.0 197.0 Nowon-gu 17 5.9 66.8 67.5 53.3 1.8 18.5 36.7 52.8 68.6 131.1 319.8 Dobong-gu 31 6.5 78.4 37.6 71.7 1.5 41.9 52.7 61.7 95.3 129.7 198.9 Dongdaemun-gu 26 3.8 66.9 36.3 59.1 1.7 15.7 45.3 58.3 83.8 109.8 194.5 Dongjak-gu 42 7.1 87.2 47.4 77.3 1.6 28.9 59.1 73.5 111.4 147.5 236.7 Mapo-gu 34 5.9 60.9 33.4 53.8 1.6 22.5 37.9 53.8 71.7 108.6 160.0 Seodaemun-gu 20 15.0 104.2 88.9 83.8 1.9 39.9 45.8 76.5 133.3 169.3 435.2 Seocho-gu 18 5.6 69.8 41.2 59.5 1.8 24.7 34.2 60.3 115.9 147.9 148.7 Seongdong-gu 19-58.2 28.9 51.3 1.7 14.4 38.1 55.3 74.7 112.4 127.5 Seongbuk-gu 22 13.6 104.7 82.0 85.4 1.8 30.3 58.3 76.6 120.7 259.2 366.2 Songpa-gu 50 2.0 61.6 36.2 54.4 1.6 21.4 39.1 49.0 76.0 102.3 229.9 Yangcheon-gu 46 10.9 83.4 44.9 73.9 1.6 28.1 54.1 69.8 102.3 160.9 237.0 Yeongdeungpo-gu 25 8.0 72.3 41.4 63.8 1.6 33.7 41.8 55.6 86.1 148.0 178.8 Yongsan-gu 32-61.1 33.0 51.2 1.9 10.4 39.3 56.3 83.0 112.2 131.2 Eunpyeong-gu 42 28.6 146.5 166.0 110.0 2.0 43.6 66.0 93.1 175.5 268.5 1,065.1 Jongno-gu 22 13.6 131.4 137.6 96.7 2.0 31.7 62.4 86.5 118.1 388.1 588.2 Jung-gu 20 5.0 93.9 81.8 73.6 2.0 20.8 44.2 80.8 110.7 144.4 403.3 Jungnang-gu 40 10.0 97.6 145.3 72.4 1.9 27.3 46.1 68.7 95.3 154.9 964.6 Seoul 790 8.6 84.8 76.1 69.6 1.8 10.4 46.9 66.1 99.5 143.1 1,065.1 1)E.R.= excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)S.D.= standard deviation 4)G.M.= geometric mean 5)G.S.D.= geometric standard deviation 21
<Table 16> Indoor radon concentration at home in Busan (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R. 1) (%) A.M. 2) S.D. 3) G.M. 4) G.S.D. 5) Min 25% 50% 75% 90% Max Gangseo-gu 12 16.7 76.5 78.3 55.3 2.2 25.2 29.8 42.6 90.5 252.6 291.4 Geumjeong-gu 43 2.3 66.1 84.2 51.8 1.8 16.3 37.3 47.2 69.3 104.0 581.0 Gijang-gun 22 9.1 103.7 123.0 75.9 2.1 15.6 48.9 67.0 120.3 161.5 625.0 Nam-gu 51 5.9 70.9 65.1 55.8 1.9 20.0 37.8 52.5 80.3 116.7 323.8 Dong-gu 33 12.1 90.7 49.2 80.0 1.7 33.2 50.8 80.1 108.2 159.3 254.0 Dongnae-gu 39 15.4 102.6 75.7 83.6 1.9 17.3 55.9 83.2 123.4 173.6 434.2 Buk-gu 38 7.9 86.1 44.1 78.5 1.5 40.9 61.3 74.4 100.2 145.9 272.1 Sasang-gu 27 14.8 101.7 106.2 80.4 1.8 42.1 51.5 69.5 106.7 177.4 587.5 Saha-gu 47 12.8 87.8 73.2 73.5 1.7 35.1 45.3 69.9 96.3 152.2 500.6 Seo-gu 33 9.1 86.1 48.6 76.0 1.6 32.6 50.6 74.8 100.3 159.3 246.4 Suyeong-gu 42 28.6 135.2 121.6 105.1 1.9 42.3 61.5 91.6 161.1 285.5 694.2 Yeonje-gu 33 12.1 93.3 46.2 83.1 1.7 29.0 59.7 93.0 114.4 150.7 253.7 Yeongdo-gu 36 13.9 93.0 56.6 80.8 1.7 27.7 56.6 76.3 115.9 173.9 282.8 Jung-gu 26 3.8 79.7 32.8 73.8 1.5 34.7 58.2 69.3 104.6 117.9 180.2 Busanjin-gu 55 14.5 106.4 94.0 83.7 1.9 27.2 56.3 76.2 109.3 248.6 531.1 Haeundae-gu 55 9.1 97.8 75.3 84.3 1.6 33.7 60.7 80.8 105.3 141.6 487.4 Busan 592 11.7 93.0 78.4 75.9 1.8 15.6 51.6 72.1 104.3 159.8 694.2 1)E.R.= excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)S.D.= standard deviation 4)G.M.= geometric mean 5)G.S.D.= geometric standard deviation 22
<Table 17> Indoor radon concentration at home in Incheon (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R. 1) (%) A.M. 2) S.D. 3) G.M. 4) G.S.D. 5) Min 25% 50% 75% 90% Max Ganghwa-gun 30 46.7 161.3 86.1 142.0 1.7 47.3 96.8 140.4 206.6 290.1 397.4 Gyeyang-gu 63 12.7 97.0 100.3 75.2 1.9 29.4 50.8 67.5 98.4 209.9 685.3 Nam-gu 86 12.8 90.4 82.7 70.7 2.0 10.0 45.5 67.1 101.0 168.0 469.1 Namdong-gu 76 7.9 86.9 90.0 69.8 1.8 25.1 51.3 65.8 86.8 121.3 669.6 Dong-gu 31 6.5 57.4 39.3 48.1 1.8 19.0 29.6 51.2 70.2 130.9 183.7 Bupyeong-gu 78 9.0 90.6 137.6 62.7 2.0 8.4 41.0 57.4 79.0 145.7 936.1 Seo-gu 59 10.2 100.7 112.2 79.6 1.8 33.6 48.6 75.7 105.9 154.1 827.0 Yeonsu-gu 50 10.0 83.9 46.0 73.0 1.7 23.4 49.0 73.8 106.8 157.5 216.9 Ongjin-gun 16 37.5 162.2 131.9 132.6 1.8 61.0 81.8 122.4 178.7 379.4 593.6 Jung-gu 36 22.2 174.9 400.5 86.2 2.6 25.9 47.9 77.0 121.4 330.6 2,400.8 Incheon 525 13.9 101.4 143.0 74.6 2.0 8.4 48.2 68.9 105.3 176.5 2,400.8 1)E.R.= excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)S.D.= standard deviation 4)G.M.= geometric mean 5)G.S.D.= geometric standard deviation 23
<Table 18> Indoor radon concentration at home in Daegu (unit : Bq/m 3 ) District N E.R. 1) (%) A.M. 2) S.D. 3) G.M. 4) G.S.D. 5) Min 25% 50% 75% 90% Max Nam-gu 49 32.7 150.6 163.6 108.2 2.1 34.6 64.2 89.5 165.7 344.1 866.3 Dalseo-gu 74 21.6 115.5 132.7 81.0 2.2 20.9 43.7 73.9 136.0 209.5 846.9 Dalseong-gun 51 17.6 108.1 113.0 82.8 1.9 33.3 48.4 76.4 137.3 181.3 750.3 Dong-gu 71 23.9 134.6 109.9 106.7 1.9 40.7 66.7 94.1 144.6 312.9 623.5 Buk-gu 69 8.7 92.9 60.0 80.5 1.7 24.3 55.8 80.2 113.0 145.5 445.5 Seo-gu 54 20.4 111.7 67.9 98.2 1.6 39.3 70.8 91.0 129.1 181.5 388.8 Suseong-gu 68 20.6 122.7 112.8 93.3 2.0 30.3 52.6 89.8 140.8 267.5 665.5 Jung-gu 28 21.4 114.4 85.1 91.9 1.9 32.2 65.8 81.5 136.0 288.7 338.2 Daegu 464 20.5 118.5 111.1 91.8 1.9 20.9 58.0 85.4 137.2 228.0 866.3 1)E.R.= excess rate 2)A.M.= arithmetic mean 3)S.D.= standard deviation 4)G.M.= geometric mean 5)G.S.D.= geometric standard deviation 24
25
26
라. 실내라돈농도분포지도전국주택실내라돈농도를 Figure 4와같이지도에표현하였다. 다중이용시설등의실내공기질관리법에서제안하는라돈권고기준인 148 Bq/m 3 에근거하여실내라돈농도를 0~74, 74~148, 148~296, 296 이상 Bq/m 3 의 4단계로구분하고각단계별색을달리하여조사대상주택의실내라돈농도를표시하였다. <Figure 4> The map of indoor radon at home in Korea 27
2. 주택의환경인자와실내라돈농도와의상관관계 실내라돈농도에변화를미치는인자는여러가지가있다. 여러요인에는토양공기중라돈의실내유입, 건축자재로부터의영향, 벽이나바닥을통한확산, 지하수의영향등이있다. 이중약 85-90% 는토양공기중라돈의실내유입에의한것으로알려져있다. 조사대상시설의실내라돈농도에영향을미치는요인을파악하기위해조사한환경인자항목과그결과는 Table 23과같다. <Table 23> The characteristics of investigated homes Environmental factor Detached Apartment Multi-family Ratio(%) < 1970 553 27 51 8.6 1970 ~ 1979 488 73 100 9.0 Construction year 1980 ~ 1989 915 400 472 24.4 1990 ~ 2000 1,167 796 625 35.4 2000 ~ 2009 679 479 337 20.4 2010 < 95 41 21 2.1 underground 120 24 113 3.5 1F 2,775 833 600 56.6 Floors 2F 668 547 473 22.7 3F 290 338 339 13.0 4F 82 59 104 3.3 5F < 10 48 7 0.9 Underground space Underground water No exist 3,426 1,146 1,252 78.6 Exist 501 701 381 21.4 Not use 2,402 1,628 1,398 73.2 Used in the past 584 88 116 10.6 Use in present 957 127 115 16.2 28
가. 건축연도조사대상주택의건축시기를 1970년대이전, 1970년대, 19980년대, 1990년대, 2000년대, 2010년도이후로분류하여실내라돈농도를비교한결과, 주택의건축시기에따라실내라돈농도는유의한차이 (p<0.01) 를보여주었다. 실내라돈농도는 1970년이전에건축된주택에서그이후에건축된주택에비해유의하게높게나타났다. 그러나실내라돈농도에영향을미칠수있는주요인자인주택유형중단독주택이아파트보다더오래전에건축된경우가많아 (Figure 5), 실내라돈농도가높은주택유형인단독주택을대상으로건축시기에따른실내라돈농도를비교하였다. 단독주택내실내라돈농도는건축시기에따라유의한차이 (p<0.05) 를나타냈는데, 2010년이전에건축된건물과 2010년이후에건축된건물에서실내라돈농도의차이가크게나타났다 (Figure 6). 건축된지오래된주택은건축물의바닥이나벽에틈이많으며, 주로토양과직접접촉하는구조를가지고있어토양중라돈가스가실내로유입될가능성이높기때문에실내라돈농도가높게조사된것으로판단된다. Detached house Apartment Multi-family house 915 1167 796 553 488 472 400 625 679 479 337 27 51 73 100 95 41 21 Before 1970 1970's 1980's 1990's 2000's After 2010 <Figure 5> The Number of house in each types by construction year 29
<Figure 6> Comparison of indoor radon levels at detached houses by construction year 나. 주택의층수조사대상주택의높이를지하, 1층, 2층, 3층, 4층 5층이상으로실내라돈농도를비교해본결과, 주택이위치한높이에따라실내라돈농도는유의한차이 (p<0.01) 를보여주었다. 실내라돈농도는 1층과지하층에서 2층이상높이의주택에비해유의하게높게나타났으며, 2층이상높이의주택에서는실내라돈농도는유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Figure 7). Floor Number < 1F 257 1F 4,208 2F 1,688 3F 967 4F 245 5F < 65 <Figure 7> Comparison of indoor radon levels at home by floors 30
다. 지하공간의유무조사대상주택에지하공간이있는경우와지하공간이없는주택보다실내라돈농도가유의하게낮게나타났다 (p<0.01). 조사대상주택전체뿐만아니라단독주택을대상으로분석했을때에도지하공간이없는주택에서실내라돈농도가유의하게높게나타났다 (Table 24, Figure 8). 주택내지하공간이없는구조는대부분주택의바닥이토양과직접닿아있는형태로라돈가스가실내로유입되기쉬운조건이형성되며, 지하공간이있는구조는생활하고있는공간으로토양중라돈가스가직접적으로들어올수있는가능성을낮춰주며건축물하부의지하공간에외부로연결되는출입구가있는경우건축물로유 입된라돈가스를외부로배출해주는통로역할을하는것으로생각된다. <Table 24> Indoor radon levels at home by underground space Underground Number Radon level(bq/m 3 ) P-value space All Detached All Detached All Detached No exist 5,824 3,426 133.2 185.3 < 0.01 < 0.01 Exist 1,583 501 95.5 135.9 (a) House of all types (b) Detached house <Figure 8> Comparison of indoor radon levels at home by underground space 31
라. 지하수의사용주택내에서지하수를사용했거나사용하는경우지하수를사용하지않는주택에비해실내라돈농도가유의하게높게나타났으며이차이는단독주택만대상으로살펴보았을때에도동일한경향을나타냈다 (Table 25, Figure 9). 지하수를사용하는주택의평균실내라돈농도는 166.2 Bq/m 3, 과거에지하수를사용했던적이있었던주택에서는 162.2 Bq/m 3 로지하수를사용하지않는주택의실내라돈농도 (110.9 Bq/m 3 ) 보다높았다. <Table 25> Indoor radon levels at home by underground water underground water Number Radon level(bq/m 3 ) P-value All Detached All Detached All Detached Not use 5,428 2,402 110.9 141.1 Used in the past 788 584 162.2 185.0 Use in present 1,199 957 166.2 183.6 < 0.01 < 0.01 (a) House of all types (b) Detached house <Figure 9> Comparison of indoor radon levels at home by underground water 32
Ⅳ. 결론 Ⅳ. 결론 본연구에서는전국주택실내라돈농도조사를통해실내라돈오염수준과 실내라돈오염도특성을파악하고실내라돈농도에영향을미치는요인을분 석하고자하였다. 주요연구결과및결론은다음과같다. 1. 전국주택실내의평균라돈농도는대수정규분포를하고있었으며, 기하 평균은 91.2 Bq/m 3 이었다. 이는 2010 년부터 2011 년까지조사된겨울철주택 내라돈농도 ( 기하평균 89.1 Bq/m 3 ) 와비슷한결과였다. 2. 실내라돈농도는단독주택에서높게아파트에서낮게조사되었으며, 강 원도, 전라북도, 대전광역시, 충청남도및충청북도에서조사대상주택중 30% 이상이권고기준을초과하는것으로나타났다. 3. 1,000 Bq/m 3 이상의실내라돈고농도주택은 16 개시 도중 11 개시 도에 분포하고있었으며, 이중 40% 는강원도에위치하고있는것으로조사되었다. 4. 실내라돈농도는건축된지오래된주택이거나, 일층이나지하층, 지하공간이 없는주택, 지하수를사용하는주택에서높게조사되었다. 위연구결과를통해실내라돈농도가높은지역및주택의종류를파악하였으며, 실내라돈농도가주택의노후화및구조, 지하수사용유무등의영향을받는것으로확인되었다. 그러나건물구조와생활방식등다양한환경조건이주택내라돈농도에미치는영향은추후연구를통해자세하게조사되어야할것으로생각된다. 이결과는향후주택실내라돈저감방안마련을위한기초자료로활용될수있을것으로기대된다. 33
참고문헌 참고문헌 1. WHO (2010). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality : selected pollutants. 2. M.Wilkening (1990). Radon in the environment. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. 3. WHO (2000). Air Quality Guidelines for Europe Second Edition. 4. WHO (2009). WHO handbook on indoor radon: a public health perspective. 5. 통계청 (2011). 2010 인구주택총조사 ( 가구 주택부문 ). KOSIS 국가통계포털 (http://kosis.kr). 6. 환경부 (2010). 다중이용시설등의실내공기질관리법. 7. 국립환경과학원 (2011). 주택라돈오염실태조사및라돈지도작성. 8. 과학기술부 (2005). 전국실내라돈농도및공간감마선량률준위조사. 9. 국립환경과학원 (2009). 전국실내라돈실태조사 - 공공건물. 10. 국립환경과학원 (2010). 전국실내라돈실태조사 (III)-다중이용시설. 34
부록 부 록
부록 1. 설문지 A
B 부록
C 부록
D 부록
부록 2. 분석기기성능평가 전국주택실내라돈농도조사를위해사용한라듀엣의자동판독장비성능에대한정확도와정밀도를평가하였다. 정확도 (Accuracy) 는상대오차 (Relative percent Error, RPE), 정밀도 (Precision) 는변이계수 (Coefficient of variation, COV) 를이용하여평가하였다. 국내에는아직라돈측정정도관리기준이설정되어있지않아미국의국가라돈숙련도프로그램 1) 을참조하여정확도와정밀도의기준을적용하였다. (1) 정확도평가 (Accuracy) RPE는라돈검출기의정확도를판단할수있는지표로서, 측정값이기준값으로부터벗어나는정도의오차를의미하며다음의식을이용하여나타낼수있다. RPE (%) = [(MV-RV)/RV] 100 <Equation A-1> RPE : 상대오차 (Relative Percent Error), % MV : 측정값 (Measured spiked result), track/mm 2 RV : 기준값 (Reference value), track/mm 2 미국환경보호청 (EPA) 에서는 RPE 결과가 ± 20% 인경우를경고수준 (warning level) 으로정하고, ± 30% 인경우를제어한도 (control limit) 로설정하여, 측정결과가제어한도 (control limit) 를벗어나는경우는측정결과로서의의미가없으므로측정을중단하고측정시스템을전반적으로재점검하여측정및분석기기의교정을다시해야함을의미한다고제시하고있다. (2) 정밀도평가 (Precision) 변이계수 (COV) 는라돈측정값이평균값으로부터벗어나는정도의편차를의미하며다음과같은식을이용하여나타낼수있다. 1) EPA (1997). National Radon Proficiency Program(Guidance on Quality Assurance) E
부록 COV (%) = [s/mean] 100 <Equation A-2> COV : 변이계수 (Coefficient Of Variation), % s : 표준편차 (Standard deviation) mean : 측정값의평균 EPA 에서는라돈농도수준에따라차이가있으나변이계수 (COV) 가 20% 인 경우를경고수준 (warning level) 으로, 26% 인경우를제어한도 (control limit) 로 설정하여제시하고있다. (3) 정도관리결과라돈검출기의농도를정확하게분석하는지를판단하기위하여비적갯수가 0.7~32.8 tracks/mm 2 수준의검출기 (reference) 를분석기간 (4월 ~8월 ) 동안두대의자동판독장비 A, B에서각각 19회분석하였다. 그결과는 Table A-1과 Table A-2에나타냈다. F
부록 <Table A-1> Results of reference and measurement value in instrument A (unit : tracks/mm 2 ) No. Reference 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th A.M. 1 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.7 2 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.6 3 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 4 7.7 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.2 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.5 6.9 7.2 7.2 5 7.7 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.9 7.9 8.0 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.7 6 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.8 7.3 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.6 7.4 7 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.7 8 29.2 28.9 29.1 29.2 29.0 29.2 28.5 28.8 28.7 29.2 28.8 29.2 29.1 28.8 29.0 29.4 29.1 28.7 29.0 29.1 29.0 9 33.2 33.7 33.2 32.9 32.9 33.2 32.8 33.3 33.4 33.4 33.3 33.4 33.1 32.8 33.1 33.3 33.4 33.6 33.0 33.4 33.2 10 30.8 30.5 30.5 30.6 30.0 30.3 30.3 30.9 30.0 30.7 30.2 30.7 30.5 30.6 30.6 30.9 30.6 30.5 30.6 30.4 30.5 11 32.1 31.5 31.6 31.9 31.9 31.9 31.9 32.1 32.1 31.7 31.7 31.9 31.5 31.7 31.7 31.8 31.4 31.8 31.3 31.5 31.7 G
부록 <Table A-2> Results of reference and measurement value in instrument B (unit : tracks/mm 2 ) No. Reference 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th A.M. 1 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.7 2 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 3 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 4 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.1 5 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.1 7.1 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.7 7.7 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.5 6 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.6 7.4 7 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.6 6.3 6.5 6.6 8 28.8 29.2 29.1 29.1 28.6 29.2 29.0 28.8 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.9 28.7 28.8 28.8 28.7 28.8 29.0 29.4 29.2 29.0 9 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.7 32.6 32.8 33.0 33.0 33.1 32.8 32.6 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.8 32.8 33.2 32.9 33.0 32.8 10 30.2 30.5 30.5 30.3 29.9 30.3 30.6 29.5 30.1 30.3 30.1 30.6 30.1 30.3 30.3 30.0 30.9 30.3 30.2 30.4 30.3 11 31.3 31.2 31.2 31.8 31.2 31.5 31.6 31.4 30.9 31.1 31.0 31.1 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.4 31.4 31.3 31.4 31.2 31.2 H
부록 RPE 결과는 Figure A-1 에나타내었다. 기준값에대한모든측정값의오차율이 자동판독장비 A 의경우 0.1~16.5%, 자동판독장비 B 의경우 0.0~19.5% 으로 경고수준이하로나타났다. <Figure A-1> RPE between reference and measurement value 라듀엣자동판독장비의정밀도를판단하기위하여이미라돈농도를알고있는 11개의검출기 (reference) 를 3번씩총 19회반복분석하여변이계수 (COV) 를구하여 Table A-3과 Table A-4에나타내었다. 자동판독장비 A의경우최대변이계수가 12.5%, 자동판독장비 B의경우 13.1% 로모든분석기기의정밀도는양호한것으로판단된다. I
부록 <Table A-3> COV of measurement value in instrument A (unit : %) No. Reference 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 1 1.7 10.8 4.2 2.4 4.9 3.4 7.2 1.9 0.6 7.7 1.2 2.8 1.9 7.3 4.4 3.3 6.6 7.3 2.7 5.9 2 1.6 5.4 2.6 1.3 3.1 8.0 1.2 4.2 12.5 5.4 3.7 2.6 5.8 1.1 3.6 0.8 2.1 3.8 7.2 4.9 3 0.8 11.5 5.0 2.3 2.4 4.7 9.3 7.8 8.2 5.1 2.9 5.6 6.5 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.2 5.7 2.7 10.7 4 7.7 1.6 4.9 3.8 2.1 1.2 1.4 4.3 1.7 1.0 1.3 2.5 3.2 2.0 1.2 3.1 1.9 6.1 2.1 1.8 5 7.7 2.9 4.1 2.9 2.1 1.2 1.7 1.7 4.4 3.4 2.1 5.4 2.1 0.9 0.9 2.4 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.9 6 7.7 2.9 3.5 2.4 1.5 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.9 0.5 2.7 3.0 5.5 3.2 3.7 1.7 0.5 1.2 0.5 6.2 7 6.9 1.3 4.1 2.1 4.4 1.5 4.2 3.5 4.7 2.9 5.0 6.8 1.5 0.7 3.4 2.6 1.7 1.0 1.2 3.0 8 29.2 1.5 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.7 3.0 3.1 1.1 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.8 2.0 1.9 1.0 9 33.2 0.5 1.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.8 1.3 0.7 0.5 1.3 0.6 1.1 1.5 0.6 1.6 1.3 0.8 1.6 0.9 10 30.8 0.6 0.7 2.9 2.1 1.2 0.8 2.5 1.8 1.9 1.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.9 1.1 0.4 1.7 3.4 2.7 11 32.1 1.3 0.3 1.0 1.9 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.9 1.5 0.9 1.5 J
부록 <Table A-4> COV of measurement value in instrument B (unit : %) No. Reference 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 1 1.7 4.1 3.7 1.3 3.8 3.6 3.2 8.9 3.3 2.8 4.4 1.2 8.1 4.6 2.5 6.7 7.2 1.3 5.7 1.8 2 1.6 2.5 1.3 11.4 2.6 9.8 3.5 3.7 2.1 4.5 4.3 5.5 4.4 5.1 5.3 4.4 1.8 7.7 3 0.8 8.0 9.9 2.7 3.3 4.2 3.1 6.0 5.7 2.8 4.9 2.7 9.4 5.0 1.6 4.8 11.5 7.0 1.5 3.9 13. 1 7.4 4 7.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.5 0.4 1.5 2.3 1.9 0.7 1.6 0.4 3.2 2.3 0.3 0.2 1.4 4.2 1.0 4.7 5 7.7 0.9 4.4 3.7 1.7 1.9 2.9 1.6 2.4 2.5 0.4 4.2 0.4 1.4 2.8 0.7 2.4 1.1 0.9 1.3 6 7.7 3.0 1.0 2.3 1.7 0.7 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.5 5.0 1.1 4.1 4.2 1.9 3.0 3.0 2.0 0.8 2.9 7 6.9 4.2 0.6 5.3 1.8 4.7 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.5 2.3 2.2 2.3 3.4 2.8 5.4 5.0 3.8 1.7 5.1 8 29.2 0.6 2.2 1.5 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.8 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.6 9 33.2 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.0 1.9 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 10 30.8 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.9 2.6 1.6 0.4 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.0 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 2.0 11 32.1 1.8 0.9 0.3 2.4 0.4 0.7 1.5 1.5 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.4 1.7 0.9 0.6 1.3 0.8 0.8 K