Analysis on Romanization of Korean Geographical Names in Foreign Countries* Sunhee Kim** Kyeong Park*** Haemi Lee**** Abstract This study aims to find the ways to correct and fix the errors in transcription by analyzing Romanization of Korean geographical names in foreign countries. The gazetteers from many countries, place name databases, and mapproviding websites are the main source of research. Common error types found in this study are variant name posting, subordinated marking, double posting, spelling errors, and location errors. In fact, transcription of geographical names exhibits more diverse forms and types. The counter measures to fix these errors are as follows, firstly, consistent efforts with regular monitoring to fix errors are essential. Secondly, the one and only standardized Romanization principle is urgent. Thirdly, prompt update and publication in case of place name and/or boundary change is necessary. Fourthly, efforts to register unregistered geographical names are necessary. Lastly, the establishment of central agency solely for the management of geographical names is required. : geographical names, online map, gazetteer, error, standardization 2008 (Instructor, Department of Geography, Sungshin Women s University), sunnykim22@gmail.com (Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Sungshin Women s University), kpark97@sungshin.ac.kr (Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Geography, Sungshin Women s University), dl-goal@hanmail.net 706
200888 89 200914 1992 1992 1995 1998 2004 2004 2007 2008 2004 2006 Google Earth 2008 2009 (geographical name) (place name) 200888 707
1985 The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Columbia University Press(2008) NGA GNS(BGN) http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html MS Virtual Earth http://maps.live.com/ Illustrator map http://www.illustratormaps.com/ World Atlas http://www.worldatlas.com/ Welt Atlas http://www.welt-atlas.de/ 2 1 MS Virtual Earth 4 7 2004 1 708
2 The Columbia Gazetteer of the World 1977 1998 3 1 183 19 500 234 197 1 2 62 59 35 34 27 10 7 234 116 96 41 0 18 4 43 23 22 7 1 (Han Gug)(Daehanmingug)(Choseon) 20 (Kyeongsang Nam Do)(Gyeongsang Bug Do) (Bug) (Do) (Dong) (Ri) (Busan) (Daegu) (Gwangju) (Daejeon) (Honam) (Gwandong) (Yeongnam) (Changgyongweon) (San) (Sanmaek) (Do) (Yeoldo) (Man)(Bando) (Gang) (Choseon Bando) (Seolag San)(Taebaeg Sanmaek)(Han Gang) (Ganghwa 709
Huang Hai Hanra San/Sogri San/Ulreung Do/Nagdong Gang etc. Man)(Naro Yeoldo) (Hanra/Halla) (Sogri/ Songni) (Baegryeong/Baengnyeong) (Ulreung/Ulleung) (Anmin/Anmyeon) (Nagdong/Nakdong) 2 (Choseon Haehyeob) (Jeju Haehyeob) (Huang Hai) 211 59 40 38 35 23 10 6 185 88 5 19 4 3 8 2008 3 4 390 170 000 211 85 0 12 8 6175 07 3 7472 20 3 628 2 13 1 1180 66 505 0 30 4 3 (McCune-Reischauer) 1943 Place Name Index for Korea 5 710
Japan, Sea of Cheju Island/Koje Island/ Kangwon/Pusan City (Korea)(South Korea) (Republic of Korea, Taehan Minguk)(Choson) (South Kyongsang)(North Kyongsang) (Namcheju) (Pukcheju) (Province) (City) (County) (Town) (Panmunjom)(Ulchin Nuclear Plant) (King Sejong Station/King George Island) (Koje Island, Koje-do) (Chiri Mount, Chiri san)(han River, Han-gang) (Chinhae Bay, Chinhae man)(cheju Strait/Cheju-haehyop) (Sorak Mountain National Park) (Halla, Mount) (Halla Mountain National Park) (Kyongsang-namdo) (Kyongsang-pukdo) (Pusan/ Busan) (kwangju/gwangju) 3 (Cheju) (Mt. Seoraksan national park) (Korea Strait) (Japan, Sea of) (Yellow Sea, Huanghai) (Kanghwa) 711
NGA(National Geospatial Intelligence Agency) GEOnet Name Server NGA 11 6 894 41 332 37 871 35 040 26 311 22 513 1 727 4 147 16 8 941 (variant) 3 11 6 894 77 643 66 4 19 184 16 4 19 03816 3 1 029 0 89 9 03547 5 6 18232 5 2 75114 5 1 0705 6 31 (Chōsen, Tchösen, Tyōsen), (Kankoku) (Kara no Kuni) Caoli, Coras, Corea, Coria, Corée Corai, Tchao-sien, Han-kouo Taehan-min guk Dae Han Min Kuk, Daehan-Min guk, Dai Han 19 038 1 506 977 shima to gunto/shoto retto gan 712
to, shima 919 matsu 43 gunto/islands 26 kan 11 retto 10 tan 19 shoto 5 kaku 20 gan, iwa 17 saki 2 977 suido 59 san 186 Kutchi 1 sammyaku 2 155 ho 31 ko 36 rei, ji 10 sen 109 229 145 229 san sammyakuho 155 matsu kankaku tan saki 145 ko sen 4 Kai Kaikyo 77 643 469 193 125 yu men gun do hokudonando 18 jo ko wan 142 (Island) (Rocks) (Strait) (Mount) (Harbor) (Bay/Gulf) PDF 2009 23 713
4 MS Virtual Earth 2005 1 2008 7 Google Earth 3 973 1 16729 4 1 07527 1 71317 9 43811 0 3629 1 199 5 0 19 0 5 2 333 58 7 1 49037 5 1443 6 5 0 1 79 42 14 9 Kangdom Saemkkumi (Mount Odae) 714
(Mount Acha-san) 1 2 (Yellow Sea) East China Sea East China Sea 29 N 125 E East China Sea 3 East Sea Sea 715
of Japan (East Sea) 4 KOR-XX-782685 108 26 24 1 1917 6 18 Illustratormap.com Adobe Illustrator (vector) PDF 14 map feature Country Name, National Capitals, Administrative Names, Administrative Capitals, Island Names, Ocean/Sea Names Cities, River Names, Lake Names 14 901 557 KOR-XX-394721 217 37 6 14124 4 97 16 8 5810 1 468 0 91 5 98 4 568 30 5 61 0 5 1 16 7 1614 8 1110 2 43 7 9184 3 1110 2 65 6 (Taech ong Lake) (Soyang Lake)(P aro Lake) KOR-XX-782634 93 2324 7 15 16 1 1314 1010 8 33 2 76 81 7 1111 8 66 5 KOR-XX-124232 KOR-XX-714645KOR-XX-824382 76 2127 6 1621 1 1819 7 12 15 8 810 5 33 9 76 8 14 Eitoho/Jodo-Cho/Kasen Cheju Jeju-Do Kyodongup/Pyonggok-Tong 716
(Eitoho) (Jodo- Cho)(Kasen) 5 World Atlas Welt Atlas World Atlas CIA 5 30 6 5 21 4 1 3 1 Sea of Japan(East Sea) CIA Liancourt Rocks 5 CIA 7 9 11 (Naktong River)(Pusan) 717
(Ulung) (Cheju) Welt Atlas 34 13 5 28 3 2 1 (Taejon/Daejeon) (Chonju/Jeonju) (Kangyang/Gangneung) (Yondok/Yeongdeok) (Ullung do)(cheju do) (Korea Straße) Ostmeer Gelbes Meer 5 Illustratormap, World Atlas, Welt Atlas 7 NGA 6 MS Virtual Earth MS Virtual Earth 718
NGA Welt Atlas 234 35 27 34 62 59 10 7 18 116 4 96 The Columbia Gazetteer of the World 211 40 23 35 38 59 10 6 3 185 4 19 NGA GNS(BGN) 168 941 37 871 22 513 35 040 26 311 41 332 1 727 4 147 19 184 77 643 1 029 19 038 MS Virtual Earth 3 973 362 438 713 1167 1075 199 19 2 333 1 491 5 144 KOR-XX-394721 577 58 46 97 141 217 9 9 568 3 6 KOR-XX-782685 108 18 11 16 19 26 4 14 91 6 11 KOR-XX-782634 93 15 10 13 15 23 3 14 76 6 11 Illust rator map KOR-XX-124232* KOR-XX-714645* 76 15 8 12 16 21 3 1 76 KOR-XX-824382* JPN-XX-072873* JPN-XX-952861* JPN-XX-533816* JPN-XX-533830* JPN-XX-533838* JPN-XX-533895* JPN-XX-533897* JPN-XX-533898* 29 5 2 4 5 8 2 3 26 2 1 18 2 1 2 4 4 2 3 15 2 1 World Atlas 30 3 2 5 6 1 8 1 21 4 4 Welt Atlas 34 3 4 4 5 13 2 3 1 28 3 2 719
1934 1100 Ryozyun(NJ51), Keizyo(NJ52), Nagasaki(NI52) 3 1 150 1 5 1943 Army Map Service Map of Korea(Chosen) Place Name Index for Korea(Chosen) 1 194 AI Illustrator map CIA MS Virtual Earth 2007a 2007b (Busan/Busan M.C) (Seoraksan N.P/Seoraksan) (East Sea/ Donghae)(Yellow Sea/Hawanghae) (Korea Strait/Daehanhaehyeop) 720
2006 2007a 2007bGazetteer of Korea 20082007 2006 2008 20 43 1 87-103 2006 6 1 47-59 2003 2007 1995 1997 2009 9 1 13-25 2006 45 4 83-106 2004 16 1 89-111 2004 18 16 1 113-122 1998 33 4 549-550 2004 39 1 1-12 1995 50473-485 1989 1992 27 3 272-277 1992 27(3)268-271 2007 42 5 745-760 2008 2007 2004 1985 Alexander, B. M., 2005, The use of national names for 721
international boders, The 11 th International Seminar on the Naming of Seas, The Society for East Sea, 201-214. Cohen, S. B.(ed.), 2008, The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, Columbia University press. Park, K. and Chang, E., 2008, A study on Japanese and oreign place names in Google Earth satellite images and GNS database on South Korea, Journal of Korean Geographical Society, 43(2), 188-201. Satow, E., Aston, W. G., and Chamberlain, B. H., 1882, Manual of Korean Geographical and Other Proper Names Romanized. UN, 2007, United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names: Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names. U.S. ARMY MAP SERVICE, 1943, Place Name Index for KOREA(CHOSEN). 136-742 3 249-1 kpark97@sungshin.ac.kr 02-920-7139 Correspondence: Kyeong Park, Department of Geography, Sungshin Women s University, 249-1, Dongseondong 3-ga, seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-742, Korea(email: kpark97@sungshin.ac.kr, phone: +82-2-920-7139) 722