대한치과보철학회지 :Vol. 43, No. 2, 2005 한국인의상악유치악치열및무치악치조제에관한삼차원적연구 고려대학교의과대학원의학과 김형섭 신상완 Ⅰ. 서론치아가상실되면잔존치조제의높이와폭의감소가수행되며잔존치조제의크기와형태는인종과개인에따라매우다양하게나타난다. Poetrkovsky 등 1-4) 은발치후다양한치조골흡수양상을보고하였고, Tallgren 등 5,6) 은총의치장착후잔존치조골의흡수양태에관해연구하였으며, Zarb 등 7,8) 은치조골상실시안모와의관계에관해보고하였으며, Nishimula 등 9) 은 Lateral Cephalogram 분석으로하악치조골흡수에의한잔존치조제형태학적변화연구에서남녀간에차이를보고하였고, Solar 등 10-12) 은치조골흡수에영향을줄수있는전신적요인에대해연구하였으며, Nedelman과 Bernick 등 13,14) 은연령증가에따른잔존치조제와치조점막간의변화에대해언급하였고, Atwood 등 15,16) 은잔존치조제흡수에영향을주는요소에관해언급하였다. 이와같이치아상실후나타나는치조골흡수및잔존치조제에관한보고는수없이많이이루어졌으나이는서양인의통계이며한국인에대한분석과연구는매우적다. 1965년조 17) 는한국인청년남자의상악치열궁의형태적분류비율에관해, 1974년유 18) 는한국인상악대구치치열궁폭경에서한국인이일본인과대만인에비해넓다고보고하였으나, 세대가지난시점에서의새로운형태적분석이필요하며, 최근이등 19) 의한국인정상교합자하악치열궁분석에서한국인이프랑스인보다전후방장경에비해견치간폭경및구치간폭경이크다고보고하였 고, 오 20) 의성인유치악자상악치열궁의형태에관한연구등유치악치열궁의조사와함께한국인무치악잔존치조제의형태분석과무치악기성트레이 개발 21-24) 등무치악치조궁의연구가이루어지고있 으나많이미흡한것이사실이다. 무치악환자를위한성공적인총의치의제작과정에서인상채득은중요하고여기에는예비인상과최종인상으로나누어진다. 정확한예비인상을위해서는잔존치조제의형태에맞는무치악기성트레이를사용해야하고이첫번째과정에서치료의성패가결정된다. 그와마찬가지로유치악인상채득시에도그형태에맞는유치악기성트레이를사용하는것이이상적이다. 본연구에서는한국인의무치악치조제와유치악치열궁의형태분석을통한표준화작업으로한국인의무치악및유치악기성트레이제작의기초자료, 한국인의평균유치악및무치악의 3차원적형태재현및비교분석으로교합고경, 임시의치제작등무치악환자치료에효율적인참고자료를얻고자한다. Ⅱ. 연구재료및방법 1. 연구재료연구대상은고려대학교구로병원, 경희대학교치과병원보철과에내원하여치료를받은환자중발치한경력이없는성인유치악모형 52개와완전무치악모형 146개를대상으로하였다. 191
2. 연구방법 1) 모형의제작및계측기연구용모형제작을위하여환자의주모형을기성트레이 (Osung Co., Seoul, Korea) 를사용하여비가역성수성콜로이드 Aroma Fine DFⅢ Alginate (G- C Co., Tokyo, Japan) 인상재로인상을채득하고, 여기에제3형경석고 (New plastone, G-C. Co., Tokyo, Japan) 를부어복제모형을제작하였다. 이들모형에서결정된기준점들을 3차원적 (x, y, z) 좌표로측정하기위해고안된 3차원계측기를이용하였다 (Fig. 1). 이계측기는 0.01mm까지측정이가능한 2개의 Digital Vernier Caliper(Mitutoyo Co., Tokyo, Japan) 와한개의 Digital depth gauge (Mitutoyo Co., Tokyo, Japan) 을이용하였고이로인해 3차원적인각점들이좌표숫자로계측될수있다. 2) 각모형에기준점표시및계측시행 (1) 유치악모형절치유두와양측의 hamular notch를지나는평면을기준평면으로삼고절치유두를원점으로 (0, 0, 0) xyz 축을설정하여각점의 3차원좌표를산출하였다 (Fig. 2). 5개의세로선 (M, A, R, F, B) 과 6개의가로선 (0/0, 1/8, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4) 을계측기준선으로설정하여이들세로선과가로선이만나는 49개의점과치 열궁형태및치아요소를포함하는 20 개의점 (Labial frenum, Central Incisor tip 중앙점, Canine tip, Buccal frenum, Lingual cusp of first premolar, Lingual cusp of second premolar, Mesio-lingual cusp of first molar, Mesio-lingual cusp of second premolar) 들을계측점으로삼았다 (Fig. 3). 모형을 Adjustable table에고정시켜계측기의기저판위에서기준평면을결정한다. 기준점은전방의절치유두로설정하여이기준점에 depth gauge가부착된 vertical arm의끝에있는계측침을놓고 (x, y, z) 축이 0, 0, 0이되도록하고후방기준점인양측 hamular notch는 z축이 0이되도록하며중앙의 median palatine suture는 x축이 0이되도록영점조절을끝낸다. 이기준점을기초로 1부터 69 까지의 x, y, z 값을측정하여이계측값을컴퓨터 (Excel, IBM) 에입력하여평균치를구해낸다. 69개의점계측항목을측정하며계측된각점을잇는 24개의선계측항목및 6개의각도계측항목, 9개의선계측비율항목을계측하고 Fig. 4에이를도식화하였다. (2) 무치악모형유치악모형과동일하게절치유두와양측의 hamular notch를지나는평면을기준평면으로삼고절치유두를원점으로 (0, 0, 0) xyz 축을설정하여각점의 3차원좌표를산출하였다. 5개의세로선 (M, A, R, F, B) 과 5개의가로선 (1/8, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4) 을계측기준선으로설정하여이 Fig. 1. 3-Dimensional measuring device. 192
들세로선과가로선이만나는 40개의점과치조제형태완성을위해전방부 Labial frenum의 3점 ( 전방 기시점1, 양측방2) 과양협측 Buccal frenum의 3점 ( 전방기시점1, 양측방2) 을포함하여모두 49개의계측점으로삼았다. 유치악계측과동일하게절치유두와양측의 Hamular notch를지나는평면을기준평면으로하여, 절치유두를원점으로삼고 49개의점계측항목및계측된각점을잇는24개의선계측항목, 6개의각도계측항목, 9개의선계측비율항목을계측한다. Fig. 2. A datum plane of measuring point on edentulous casts of maxilla. 3) 형상화작업계측된 3차원좌표의평균치를형상화하기위해 3 차원형상정보처리시스템을사용하였다. 측정장비는비접촉식광학측정기인 OptoTOP-system (Breuckmann GmbH. Germany) 과데이터처리를위하여 3차원 reverse modeler인 RapidForm 2001 (INUS Technology Inc., Korea) program을사용하 Fig. 3. The measuring point on dental and edentulous casts of maxilla. 193
Fig. 4. The measuring item of linear and angular and the linear ratio. 였는데 OptoTOP-system으로기준모형을 scanning한후 RapidForm 2001 program으로평균치좌표를옮겨모형을형상화하였다. 4) 통계분석계측항목의평균값및표준편차를알아보고유치악및무치악치조궁을 V, O, U형의세가지로형태분류하여그분포도를측정한후, 형태를표현해주는항목인선계측항목및각계측항목, 비율항목에서각각의평균과표준편차를측정하고 t-test를통해항목간남녀간의유의차를비교하고 ANOVA Test로각군간의유의성검증을하였으며최종적으로 Duncan Test를시행하여유의차가있는군간의분류를시행하였다. 또한 5군크기분류로나누어 ANOVA Test 및 Duncan test 시행하여유의성검증을하였다. Ⅲ. 연구성적 1. 유치악 1) 계측항목의평균값 52개의모형에기준점을표시한후에 3차원계측기를이용하여각기준점의 X, Y, Z의좌표값을측정하고이를기준으로하여전체평균선계측항목 (Table I), 각도계측항목 (Table II) 및선계측비율항목 (Table III) 을구하였다. 계측항목에서남녀간의유의차를살펴보기위해 24개의선계측항목및6개의각도계측항목및9개의선계측비율항목의남녀간평균과표준편차를구하고이를 t-test를통하여각항목에서남녀간유의차를비교해보았다. 24 개의선계측항목중에 T4/4L, R2/4W, R3/4W, B1/8W, B1/4W, B3/4W 의 6개의항목에서남여간성별에따른차이가있는것으로나타났다 (p<0.05). 그러나각도계측항목과선계측비율항목은남녀간유의차를보이지않았다. 2) 치조궁분류치조제궁의형태적인분류와크기에따른분류를하고이두분류사이에어떤상관관계가존재하는지를알아보았다. (1) 치조궁형태분류치조제궁의형태를육안적으로분류함에있어가장많이쓰이는분류기준인 V형, O형 U형으로분류하였다. 그결과 V형-9개, O형-8개, U형-35개를선택하였다. 전체적으로 U형이다른형태보다많은분포를보였다. 각각의특징적인형태를비교하여보기위하여계측항목중에서형태를나타내는항목인각도계측항목과선계측비율항목을전방형태에영향을주는 7개의전방분류요소 (La1/4A, R1/8A, R1/4A, L8Ra, L1Ra, WL8Ra, WL1Ra) 과 8개의후방분류요소 (R2/4A, R3/4A, R4/4A, L2Ra, L3Ra, WL2Ra, WL3Ra, WL4Ra) 로나누어 194
Table I. Mean of linear measuring item on dental cast of maxilla Item Mean (SD) T4/4L 49.78(3.32) M1/8L 5.57(0.46) M1/4L 11.17(0.82) M2/4L 22.32(1.58) M4/4L 44.50(3.09) R1/8W 25.50(3.12) R1/4W 29.05(2.93) R2/4W 36.50(2.53) R3/4W 41.45(4.70) R4/4W 45.65(4.92) B1/8W 38.31(7.47) B1/4W 48.02(6.28) B2/4W 62.36(6.33) B3/4W 67.27(4.09) M1/8D 3.46(0.97) M1/4D 8.40(1.50) M2/4D 13.51(1.95) M3/4D 13.34(2.11) M4/4D 10.13(1.90) RB1/8D 13.02(2.94) RB1/4D 11.65(2.94) RB2/4D 10.48(3.60) RB3/4D 9.63(3.94) * T: Full anterior-posterior length, M: Midline of the dental cast, SD: standard deviation, L: anterior-posterior length, R: alveolar ridge, W: left-right width B: border line of dental cast, D: depth of dental cast, RB: difference of alveolar ridge to border line, ( ): standard deviation Table II. Mean of angular measuring item on dental cast of maxilla Item Mean(SD) R1/8A 133.35(6.22) R1/4A 105.29(6.85) R2/4A 79.08(6.39) R3/4A 64.29(6.31) R4/4A 54.98(5.99) La1/4A 86.32(9.92) * A: angle, La: labial frenum, ( ): standard deviation Table III. Mean of linear ratio measuring item on dental cast of maxilla Item Mean(SD) L8Ra 0.56(0.09) L1Ra 0.64(0.08) L2Ra 0.80(0.09) L3Ra 0.91(0.10) WL8Ra 0.22(0.03) WL1Ra 0.38(0.04) WL2Ra 0.61(0.07) WL3Ra 0.81(0.10) WL4Ra 0.98(0.13) * L8Ra: linear ratio of anterior 1/8 to anterior 4/4 area, WL1Ra: linear ratio of width to length on anterior 1/4 area, ( ): standard deviation 각각의평균과표준편차를측정하였다. V, O, U형으로구분된 3가지형태군간의유의성검증을시행하였다. 먼저 ANONA Test를시행하였을때전방분류요소중유의수준 0.05에서유의성검증을실시한결과 R1/4A(p=0.001), W1RA(p=0.018), WL1RA (p=0.000) 항목에서유의차를보였다. 후방분류요소중에서는 R2/4A(p=0.006), WL2RA(p=0.008) 항목에서유의차를보였다. 이를다시사후검증으로 Duncan Test와 Scheffe Test를이용하여각각유 의차가있는군간의분류를시행하였다. (2) 치조궁크기별분류치조궁을크기별로분류하였다. 모든선계측항목중에서최대값과최소값의차이가크고, 평균값이크며, 유의성에서이의가없는 B3/4W항목 ( 최대값 : 77.72mm, 최소값 : 57.96mm, 평균값 : 67.27mm 및최대최소의범위 : 19.76mm) 을기준폭으로정하기로하였다. B3/4W의폭의평균값을기준으로 195
Table IV. Mean of coordinate on five groups of dental cast of maxilla G. 1 M A R F B 0/4 (0, 0, 0) (2.69, 0, 0.34) ( 5.38, 0, 0.47) (13.75, 0, 6.62) ( 7.09, 0, 12.64) 1/8 (0, 5.43, 2.22) ( 5.71, 5.43, 1.51) (12.1, 5.43, -0.55) (19.79, 5.43,4.63) (14.20, 5.43,13.09) 1/4 (0,10.87, 7.67) ( 6.89,10.87, 5.07) (13.78,10.87,-1.33) (23.44,10.87,4.05) (20.89,10.87,10.85) 2/4 (0,21.75,13.39) ( 8.48 21.75,11.4) (16.95,21.75,-1.76) (28.29,21.75,3.16) (28.43,21.75, 8.53) 3/4 (0,32.62,13.75) ( 9.72,32.62,11.21) (19.43,32.62, -2.2) (30.24,32.62,3.91) (30.39,32.62, 8.43) 4/4 (0,43.51,10.82) (11.12,43.51,7.47) (21.97,43.51, 0 ) G.2 M A R F B 0/4 (0, 0, 0 ) (3.48, 0, 0.49) (6.96, 0, -0.01) (15.70, 0, 5.49) (16.10, 0, 12.07) 1/8 (0, 5.52, 3.48) (6.17, 5.52, 2.00) (12.35,5.52,-0.29) (20.70,5.52, 5.77) (17.28, 5.52,13.44) 1/4 (0,10.76, 7.57) (6.90,10.76,5.63) (13.8, 10.76,-0.08) (23.91,10.76,4.95) (23.03,10.76,11.64) 2/4 (0,21.76,11.85) (8.48,21.76,10.93) (16.95,21.76,-0.01) (29.05,21.76,3.82) (30.01,21.76,10.68) 3/4 (0,32.59,11.89) (9.56,32.59,10.33) (19.13,32.59,-0.57) (30.99,32.59,4.94) (31.96,32.59,10.01) 4/4 (0,42.92, 9.21) (11.05,42.92,7.27) (21.71,42.92, 0 ) G.3 M A R F B 0/4 (0, 0, 0 ) ( 4.28, 0, 0.65) ( 8.50, 0, 0.12) (18.06, 0, 6.01) (16.65, 0, 11.65) 1/8 (0, 5.74, 3.12) ( 6.74, 5.74, 2.23) (13.48, 5.74,-0.45) (22.65, 5.74,5.87) (19.35, 5.74,13.24) 1/4 (0,11.48, 7.80) ( 7.46,11.48, 6.31) (14.92,11.48, 0.09) (26.02,11.48,4.56) (24.58,11.48,10.92) 2/4 (0,22.66,13.58) ( 9.31,22.66,11.22) (18.62,22.66, 0.04) (32.08,22.66,5.79) (31.95,22.66, 9.91) 3/4 (0,33.86,13.89) (10.55,33.86,10.66) (21.10,33.86,-0.15) (32.56,33.86,6.29) (33.32,33.86, 9.57) 4/4 (0,44.85,10.45) (11.68,44.85, 6.96) (23.36,44.85, 0 ) G.4 M A R F B 0/4 (0, 0, 0 ) (4.50, 0, 0.66) (9.04, 0, -0.07) (18.75, 0, 6.31) (16.80, 0, 14.70) 1/8 (0, 5.62, 3.20) (6.90, 5.62, 2.21) (14.45, 5.62,-0.88) (23.86, 5.62,5.33) (18.39, 5.62,13.14) 1/4 (0,11.26, 7.96) (7.98,11.26, 5.94) (15.97,11.26,-0.90) (27.13,11.26,4.16) (25.32,11.26,10.01) 2/4 (0,22.52,12.66) (9.54,22.52,10.06) (19.09,22.52,-0.75) (32.52,22.52,4.39) (33.02,22.52, 8.52) 3/4 (0,33.78,12.81) (10.65,33.78,9.70) (21.29,33.78,-1.41) (33.30,33.78,3.93) (34.05,33.78, 7.56) 4/4 (0,45.05, 8.35) (10.84,45.05,6.14) (21.80,45.05, 0 ) G.5 M A R F B 0/4 (0, 0, 0 ) (4.73, 0, 0.68) (9.45, 0, 0.27) (20.90, 0, 6.66) (11.56, 0, 16.42) 1/8 (0, 5.93, 3.26) (7.12, 5.93, 1.81) (14.23, 5.93,-0.66) (24.74, 5.93,6.44) (22.00, 5.93,15.41) 1/4 (0,12.11, 8.67) (7.94, 12.11, 6.45) (15.87,12.11,-1.07) (28.55,12.11,5.39) (27.89,12.11,12.69) 2/4 (0,23.95,13.89) (9.75, 23.95,11.30) (19.51,23.95,-1.36) (33.77,23.95,3.08) (34.91,23.95,10.84) 3/4 (0,35.68,12.89) (11.15,35.68,10.26) (22.3, 35.68,-2.20) (35.45,35.68,3.30) (36.42,35.68,8.78) 4/4 (0,47.57, 9.44) (11.27,47.57,7.09) (22.54,47.57, 0 ) * M: midline, A: a half line on M to R, R: alveolar ridge crest, F: a half line on R to B, B: Border line of dental cast, * G.1: Group 1, G.2: Group 2, G.3: Group 3, G.4: Group 4, G.5: Group 5 * 0/4, 1/8, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 : horizontal line of dental cast 2mm간격으로나누어 1군 (63mm이하), 2군 (63~65mm), 3군 (65~67mm), 4군 (67~69mm), 5군 (69mm이상) 으로분류하였고각군의평균좌표값을산출하여 Table IV에제시하였고이를기초로 5종류의평균치모형이완성된다. 2. 무치악 1) 계측항목의평균값 146 개의모형에기준점을표시한후에 3차원계측기를이용하여각기준점의 X, Y, Z의좌표값을측정 196
하고이를기준으로하여선계측항목, 각도계측항목및선계측비율항목의평균, 표준편차를구한다. 2) 치조궁분류치조제궁의형태적인분류와크기에따른분류를하고이두분류사이에어떤상관관계가존재하는지를알아보았다, Fig. 5. The distribution chart of morphological classification on edentulous cast of maxilla. (1) 치조궁형태분류치조제궁의형태를육안적으로분류함에있어가 Table V. Mean coordinate on five groups of edentulous cast of maxilla G.1 M A R F B 1/8 (0, 5.65,1.78) (11.40, 5.65,0.90) (15.09, 5.65,11.86) 1/4 (0,11.30,5.65) ( 8.00,11.30,3.62) (15.99,11.30,1.27) (21.14,11.30, 9.95) 2/4 (0,22.59,9.45) (10.11,22.59,6.31) (20.21,22.59,2.03) (26.22,22.59, 8.40) 3/4 (0,33.89,9.26) (11.10,33.89,6.29) (20.20,33.89,1.67) (25.98,33.89, 9.29) 4/4 (0,45.18,6.62) (11.05,45.18,4.50) (22.10,45.18, 0? ) G.2 M A R F B 1/8 (0, 5.45,1.76) (6.13,? 5.45, 1.01) (11.53, 5.45,0.84) (14.80, 5.45,5.35) (16.71, 5.45,11.25) 1/4 (0,10.89,5.14) (8.10, 10.89, 3.20) (16.20,10.89,1.03) (19.49,10.89,4.62) (21.93,10.89, 9.33) 2/4 (0,21.78,9.32) (10.52,21.78, 6.06) (21.04,21.78,1.58) (24.48,21.78,5.15) (27.45,21.78, 7.60) 3/4 (0,32.66,9.62) (11.74,32.66, 6.32) (23.48,32.66,1.09) (26.82,32.66,4.53) (29.83,32.66, 8.79) 4/4 (0,43.55,7.30) (11.67,43.55, 4.85) (23.33,43.55,? 0 ) G.3 M A R F B 1/8 (0, 5.80, 1.90) ( 7.33, 5.80,1.53) (12.33, 5.80,0.84) (15.46, 5.80,5.83) (16.43, 5.80,12.32) 1/4 (0,11.60, 5.49) ( 8.72,11.60,3.82) (17.44,11.60,0.87) (20.69,11.60,5.02) (22.71,11.60,10.58) 2/4 (0,23.19,10.02) (11.20,23.19,7.24) (22.38,23.19,1.36) (26.05,23.19.4.33) (29.21,23.19, 8.15) 3/4 (0,34.78,10.66) (12.30,34.79,7.72) (24.56,34.79,0.62) (28.60,34.79,2.67) (31.75,34.79, 9.46) 4/4 (0,46.39, 8.27) (11.94,46.39,6.05) (23.87,46.39,? 0 ) G.4 M A R F B 1/8 (0, 5.79, 1.96) ( 7.56, 5.79,1.14) (12.81,5.79,0.67) (16.32, 5.79,5.15) (17.90, 5.79,12.18) 1/4 (0,11.58, 5.54) ( 9.02,11.58,3.38) (18.03,11.58,0.74) (21.50,11.58,4.81) (24.07,11.58,10.31) 2/4 (0,23.16, 9.95) (11.58,23.16,6.83) (21.52,23.16,1.27) (26.19,23.16,4.40) (30.53,23.16, 8.35) 3/4 (0,34.73,10.48) (12.91,34.73,6.98) (25.81,34.73,0.46) (30.10,34.73,4.31) (33.58,34.73, 9.40) 4/4 (0,46.31, 7.94) (12.29,46.31,5.18) (24.58,46.31,? 0 ) G.5 M A R F B 1/8 (0, 6.26, 2.41) ( 7.03, 6.26,1.30) (13.44, 6.26,0.97) (17.62, 6.26,5.36) (20.00, 6.26,12.76) 1/4 (0,12.42, 6.73) ( 9.30,12.42,4.13) (18.68,12.42,1.04) (21.39,12.42,4.88) (26.02,12.42,10.56) 2/4 (0,24.85,12.14) (12.01,24.85,7.68) (24.03,24.85,1.05) (27.30,24.85,4.47) (33.11,24.85, 9.30) 3/4 (0,37.26,12.68) (13.04,37.26,8.51) (26.10,37.26,0.35) (31.53,37.26,4.41) (35.67,37.26,10.48) 4/4 (0,49.67, 9.55) (12.20,49.67,6.65) (24.39,49.67,? 0 ) * M: midlineof edentulous cast, A: a half line on M to R, R: alveolar ridge crest, F: a half line on R to B, B: Border line of edentulous cast, * G.1 : Group 1, G.2 : Group 2, G.3 : Group 3, G.4 : Group 4, G.5 : Group 5 * 1/8, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 : horizontal line of edentulous cast 197
Fig. 6. The mean image on dental and edentulous cast of maxilla. Fig. 7. The overlapping image of the mean form on dental and edentulous cast of maxilla. 장많이쓰이는분류기준인 V형, O형, U형으로분류하여그분포를 Fig. 5에제시하였다. V형-14개, O 형-13 개, U형 -49 개, 결손-70 개로분류되어전체적으로 U형이다른형태보다많은분포를보였다. 각각의형태들이나타내는특징적인형태를비교하여보기위해계측항목중에형태를나타내는항목인각도계측항목과선계측비율항목을 7개의전방분류요소와 8개의후방분류요소로나누어각각의평균과표준편차를측정하였다. V, O, U형 3군간의유의성검증을시행하였다. 먼저 ANONA Test 를시행하였을때전방분류요소와후방분류요소의모든항목에서유의차를보였다. 이를다시사후검증으로 Duncan Test와 Scheffe Test를이용하여각각유의차가있는군간의분류를시행하였다. (2) 치조궁크기분류형태적인분류뿐아니라크기의분류사이에상관관계를비교하여모형의분류에이용하였다. 모든선계측항목중에서최대값과최소값의차이가크고평균값이크며유의성에서이의가없는 B3/4W항목 ( 최대값 : 73.28mm 최소값 : 51.96mm 평균값 : 64.55mm) 을기준폭으로정하고 5군으로분류하여 1군 (57mm이하), 2군 (57 61mm), 3군 (61 65mm), 4군 (65 69mm), 5군 (69mm이상) 으로정하였다. 각군계측항목의평균값을살펴보면 R1/8W~R4/4W, B1/8w~B3/4W 항목에서몇항목의예외는있었으나치조제궁의분류군이커짐에따라이들항목도치조제궁의 B3/4W 폭에비례하여증가함을보이고있었다. 그러나 M1/8D~M4/4D, RB1/8D~RB3/4D 항목에서는치조제궁의크기와크게상관관계가없었다. 또한치조제궁의형태를나타내는항목인각도계측항목이나선계측비율항목에서는비례적인상관관계를보이지않았다. 이는 1-5군으로크기가증가함에따라폭경의크기는증가하지만구개측깊이나치조제의흡수정도, 형태적인차이점등은비례적인차이점이없다는사실이다. 각군의평균좌표값은 Table V에제시되고있으며이값이 3차원형상의기준이된다. 3. 상악유치악, 무치악평균치의형상화상악유치악및무치악평균치좌표로평균치모형을 Fig. 6에제시하였다. 평균치유치악모형의장경 198
은 49.78mm 폭경은 67.27mm 였으며평균치무치악모형의장경은 49.19mm 폭경은 63.49mm으로장경의변화보다는폭경의변화가많았으며유치악, 무치악공히 U-shape 형태를가지고수직적깊이는구개부후방부위가가장깊었다. 평균치유치악과무치악모형을중첩하여그흡수량의차이를색도표로도식화하여 Fig. 7에제시하였다. 중첩이미지에서편차를보면정중부를중심으로구개부에선두이미지의편차가거의없으나치조골첨부에서많이나타나며특히제1대구치위치에해당하는전후방 2/4부위가가장많았고, 견치와소구치부에해당하는 1/8 부위, 1/4 부위가중등도, 제2대구치부에해당하는 3/4부위의편차가가장적었다. Ⅳ. 총괄및고안완전무치악환자의총의치제작시훌륭한인상채득은치료의성패를결정하는중요한요인이다. 총의치인상에는예비인상과최종인상으로나누어지는데, 예비인상시적절한기성트레이사용은정밀한인상을가능하게하여충분한의치상확대로보다만족스러운의치제작을가능케할수있을것이다. 이에한국인의유치악및무치악치조제의표준치를산출함으로써정밀한기성트레이의제작을이룰수있으며 3차원형상화작업으로치아상실에따른치조제의형태적변화, 고경 ( 수직적, 수평적 ) 의변화등의치제작에대한기본정보숙지에도움을줄수있다는생각을가지고이연구에임하게되었다. 유치악계측에는정상교합자를포함한 18세이상의전체성인환자모형 52개를선택하고무치악계측에는 146개모형이선택되었는데이선택기준은유치악및무치악기성트레이제작이나유치악과무치악의연계성에비추어모든환자를대상으로하는것이적절할것이라는판단에서결정되었다. 모형계측에있어치조궁계측은 0.01mm 정밀도의 3차원계측기를사용하여정중선을중심으로대치되는양쪽두지점을계측후모형의대칭성을활용하여평균을내는방식으로좌표를구하였고치아계측은치아설측교두를 3차원계측하여평균을구하였으며형태를표현해주는선계측, 각계측, 선계측간의 비율항목을산출하였다. 선계측항목은모형의전후방높이, 좌우폭, 수직적깊이를 24개항목으로나누어계측하였고각계측항목은악궁형태에특징적인 6개항목을계측했고선계측간의비율항목은폭간항목4개, 폭-높이항목5개로 9개의계측을하였다. 이모든정보를 CAD 상에넣어유치악, 무치악의 3차원이미지형상화작업을시행하였다. 1965년조 17) 는한국인청년남자의구개및상악치열궁에관한연구에서상악치열궁형태를 3형으로분류하였을때 O형이 23.3%, U형이 59.7%, V형이 16.9% 였다고보고하였는데이는 U형이 70% 로대다수를차지하는본연구와는차이를보이고있으며, 1974년유 18) 는한국인치열궁을일본인및대만인과비교할때상악대구치치열궁폭경에서한국인이일본인과대만인에비해약 2mm 정도가넓다고보고하였다. 또한제2대구치근심협측교두협측면를기준으로할때상악최대치열궁폭경은치열궁전후방길이의약 1.7배였다고보고하였는데이는동등 25) 의 1.38배및본연구에서의 1.32배와는차이가있었다. 그밖에도이등 19) 의한국인정상교합자하악치열궁분석에서한국인이프랑스인보다전후방장경에비해견치간폭경및구치간폭경이크다고보고하였고폭 / 길이비율이 1.4라고하였는데이는상악에서 1.32배인본연구와비슷한유의성을발견할수있다. 오 20) 는성인유치악자상악골의악궁과치열궁의형태에관한조사에서치아및치조골의형태에따른폭경및길이, 깊이의선계측을시도하였고, 동등 25) 은한국인유치악기성트레이의적합도에관한연구에서한국인의유치악개개치아를중심으로길이계측및분석을하여구개및치조골을기준으로길이및각도계측을한본연구와방법의차이는있었으나통계결과에선유의성을보였다. 무치악형태분석도최근에야이루어져한국인무치악잔존치조제의형태분석과진단용모형분석을 0.01mm 까지좀더세밀하게계측하여형태재현을이루어냄으로궁극적으로한국인무치악치조제의평균치에입각한기성트레이를설계, 제작하게되었다. 20-24) 치과질환이나발치로인해치조골이얼마나흡수되었는가를정확하게측정할수있는방법은없으나유치악및무치악치조제의연구로인해어느정도 199
예측이가능하다. 잔존치조제흡수의일반적양상은발치후예리한치조제가외부골파괴흡수에의해둥글게되며외측피질판이내측피질판보다얇으므로외측의피질층으로부터골흡수가더크고빠르게이루어져상악치조제의크기는점점작아지게된다. 이에비해하악전치는교합평면에대해상방및전방으로경사져있으며반면에후방구치는수직또는약간설측으로경사져있다. 또한구치부를제외하고는외측피질층이설측피질층보다일반적으로더두꺼워서잔존치조제의흡수양상은전방부에서설측및하방으로구치부에서협측및하방으로진행되게되어치조제궁은본래의크기를유지하거나후방에선넓어지게된다. 정상유치악치열이무치악으로진행되는동안잔존치조골은수직적높이및수평적좌우폭등이영향을받고있으나수평적흡수보다는수직적골흡수가더많은영향을받고있다. 이런이유로계측항목에서도잔존치조제의높이항목은치조제궁의크기에많은영향을받지않고있었다. 또한치조제흡수에있어서도구개부의흡수는적었으며치조골능의흡수가많았고특히전방부 (1/8, 1/4, 2/4부위 ) 가후방부 (3/4, 4/4부위 ) 보다상대적으로많았다. 치조궁의분류는형태적분류및크기분류를하였다. 형태적분류에는악궁을 V형, O형, U형으로나누어육안으로구별했을때무치악치조궁은 O형이 17%, V형이 18%, U형이 65% 로 U형이대부분을차지했으며, 유치악치열궁은 O형이 15%, V형이 17%, U형이 68% 로나타나육안적분류시나타나는주관적차이를차치하고라도 U형의분포가많음을알수있었다. 크기분류는선계측항목값에서최소값, 최대값의편차가가장큰 B3/4W( 전후방 3/4 부위좌우변연간폭경 ) 의평균치를기준으로 5개군으로나누었다. 그런데형태적분류와크기분류사이에는연관성이없었다. 치조궁의형태를나타내는항목인각도계측항목이나선계측항목간의길이비에서 5개군간에큰상관관계는없었다. 치조궁의크기와형태에서로상관관계가없다면모형의분류도크기뿐아니라형태에따라서도분류를해야하지만그럴경우형태를 V, O, U형 3가지로나누고크기를 5가지로만나누어도 15개가되어장황함으로이분류를임상적으로적용함에있어많은 불편함이있으리라생각된다. 따라서치조궁의크기와형태를모두고려하여분류할수없다면크기로분류하는것이각도나비율로서구분되어지는형태적분류보다는좀더분명하고가시적인분류기준이라서적절하다고생각된다. 본연구에서는치조궁의형태및크기를모두조사하였지만기성트레이제작을위해서는치조궁의형태보다크기분류가중요하므로최소값, 최대값의편차가가장큰 B3/4W( 전후방 3/4부위좌우변연간폭경 ) 의평균치를기준으로삼아 5개군으로분류하였고유치악과무치악간의상관관계를알아보기위하여계측기준은동일하게적용하였다. 이연구결과를토대로향후무치악기성트레이제작및유치악기성트레이제작, 유치악에서무치악으로의변이시치조궁흡수연구에도움을줄수있을것이라사료된다. Ⅴ. 결론한국인완전무치악환자 146명, 유치악자 52명의치열궁및치조궁의크기와형태를분류하여다음과같은결과를얻었다. 1. 치조궁을분류하기위한기준은전후방장경차이보다는좌우측폭경차이, 특히 3/4 좌우변연간폭경 ( 유치악 : 평균값 67.27mm, 무치악 : 평균값 63.49mm) 에서가장현저한차이를보여이를분류의기준으로삼았다. 2. 유치악의치조궁을형태및크기로분류할때, 형태는 V, O, U 형으로나누어 V형-17%, O형- 16%, U형-67% 로분포하였고, 크기는평균치 67.27 mm를중심으로 63mm이하, 63 65mm, 65 67mm, 67 69mm, 69mm이상의 5개군으로분류하였다. 3. 무치악의치조궁을형태및크기로분류할때, 형태는 V형-18%, O형-17%, U형-65% 로분포하였고, 크기는평균치 64mm을중심으로 57mm이하, 57 61mm, 61 65mm, 65 69mm, 69mm 이상의 5개군으로분류하였다. 4. 유치악무치악을중첩비교해본결과구개부의흡수는적었으며치조골수직높이부위의흡수가많았는데, 전방 2/4부위치조골높이차이가많았고 3/4부위치조골높이차이가적었다. 200
참고문헌 1. Jaime, Poetrkovski. The bony residual ridge in man. J Prosthet Dent 1993; 34(4):456-62. 2. Ejvind Budtz-Jorgensen, Zarb GA, Bolender CL, Carlsson GE. Boucher s Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients. 11th ed., The C.V. Mosby Co., Louis 1999;11: 40-1. 3. Bergman B, Carlsson GE. Clinical longterm study of complete denture wearers. J Prosthet Dent 1985;53:56-61. 4. Parkinson CF. Similarities in resorption patterns of maxillary and mandibular ridges. J Prosthet Dent 1978;39:598-602. 5. Tallgren A. The continuing reduction of the residual alveolar ridges in complete denture wearers : a mixed longitudinal study covering 25 years. J Prosthet Dent 1972; 27:120-32. 6. Berg H, Carlsson GE, Helkimo M. Changes in shape of posterior parts of upper jaws after extraction of teeth and prosthetic treatment. J Prosthet Dent 1975;34:262-8. 7. Zarb GA, Bolender CL, Carlsson GE. Boucher s Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients. 11th ed., The C.V. Mosby Co.,Louis 1999;23-4. 8. Tallgren A. Alveolar bone loss in denture wearers as related to facial morphology. Acta Odontol Scand 1970;28:251-70. 9. Nishimula I, Hosokawa R, Atwood DA. The knife edge tendency in mandibular ridges in women. J Prosthet Dent 1992;67(7): 820-6. 10. Solar P, Ulm CW, Thornton B, Matejka M. Sex-related differences in bone mineral density of atropic mandibles. J Prosthet Dent 1994;71(4):345-9. 11. Baylink DJ, Wegedal JE, Yamamoto K, Manzke E. Systemic factors in alveolar bone loss. J Prosthet Dent 1974;31:486-505. 12. Wical KE, Swoope CC. Studies of residual ridge resorption. Part Ⅱ. J Prosthet Dent 1974;32:13-22. 13. Nedelman CI, Bernick S. The singnificance of age changes in human alveolar mucosa and bone. J Prosthet Dent 1978;39:495-501. 14. Miles AEW. Changes in oral tissues with advancing age. Proc R Soc Med 1972; 65: 801-6. 15. Atwood GA. Reduction of residual ridges. J Prosthet Dent 1971;26:266-79. 16. Kelsey CC. Alveolar bone resorption under complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1971; 25:152-61. 17. Cho KO. Maxillary dental arch and palate analysis on a Korea young man. Synthetic medicine 1966;11:79-84. 18. Yu JD. An anthropological analysis about dental arch on Koreans. J Korean Dent Acad 1975;13:533-8. 19. Nam JH, Lee KS. An analysis about mandibular dental arch on normal dentition of Koreans. J Korean Acad Orthodont 1996; 26:535-64. 20. Oh YR, Lee SB, Park NS, Choi DG. An analysis about maxillary dental arch shape on adult Koreans. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 1995;33(4):753-68. 21. Choi HY, Woo IH, Choi DG. Arch shape analysis of edentulous alveolar ridge. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 1991;29(1):73-90. 22. Seo JS, Choi DG. An analysis of edentulous maxilla on Koreans for preliminary impression tray. J Korean Acad of Stomat- ognathic function and occlusion 1999;15(2):231-48. 23. Kim MY, Choi DG, LEE SB, Gweon GR. Manufacture of maxillary preliminary impression tray for edentulous maxilla on Koreans. A treatise on Kyunghee dental 201
University 1999;21(1):59-76. 24. Kang NH, Choi DG. An analysis of edentulous mandible on Koreans for preliminary impression tray. J Korean Acad of Stomatognathic function and occlusion 1999;15(2):191-214. 25. Song DS, Kang SG, Cho HW, Dong JG. An analysis for manufacture of dentate preliminary impression tray on Koreans. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 1996;34(4):755-79. Reprint request to: Sang-Wan Shin, D.D.S., M.P.H., Ph.D., MSc. Department of Prosthodontics, Grauduate School of Clinical Dentnstry, Korea University 97, Gurodonggil, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, Korea swshin@korea.ac.kr 202
ABSTRACT THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE NORMAL DENTITION AND EDENTULOUS MAXILLA OF KOREANS Hyeong-Seop Kim, D.D.S., M.Sc., Sang-Wan Shin, D.D.S., M.Ph., Ph.D., M.Sc. Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University Statement of problem. In Korea, the preliminary impression trays for dental and edentulous maxillae are manufactured on the base of the statistical value of Westerners. There had been less study on the dental and edentulous arches of Koreans. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an average dental cast, preliminary impression trays, three-dimensional relation of dental and edentulous maxilla of Koreans. Material and methods. The subjects for this study were 173 dental casts of maxilla (dental: 52, edentulous: 146) with ages 18~60 years old. Each of the master casts was measured 69 measuring points on the dental cast of maxilla, and 46 measuring points on the edentulous cast of maxilla with three-dimensional digital measuring machine. Each measuring points were analysed and were overlapped, that three dimensional dental graphic manufactured by CAD/CAM system. Results. 1. A standard of distribution to alveolar bone were width between left and right buccal border lines of the standard 3/4 line. The mean value of dental and edentulous casts were 67.27mm, 63.49mm, respectively. 2. Morphological classification of dental casts were divided into three groups of V-shape, O-shape, U-shape, that proportion of distribution were 17%, 16%, 67%,respectively. Dimensional classification of the dental casts were divided into five groups of less than 63mm, 63 up to 65mm, 65 up to 67mm, 67 up to 69mm, more than 69mm, respectively. 3. Morphological classification of edentulous casts were divided into three groups of V-shape, O-shape, U-shape, that proportion of distribution were 18%, 17%, 65%, respectively. Dimensional classification of the edentulous casts were divided into five groups of less than 57mm, 57 up to 61mm, 61 up to 65mm, 65 up to 69mm, more than 69mm, respectively. 4. Mean dental and edentulous cast of maxilla were overlapped, the proportion of bone resorption to alveolar bone is higher than that of palatal bone, its difference were higher anterior 2/4 area than posterior 3/4 area. Conclusion. It obtains information of preliminary impression trays for dental and edentulous maxilla of Koreans. Key words : Three-dimensional analysis, CAD/CAM system, Five groups, Impression tray 203