한국학교보건학회지제 29 권제 3 호, 2016 년 12 월 J Korean Soc Sch Health Vol.29 No.3, 149-155, December 2016 p-issn 1225-9608 e-issn 2288-9957 http://dx.doi.org/10.15434/kssh.2016.29.3.149 최미영 1 김지수 2 충북대학교간호학과 1, 가천대학교간호학과 2 Influence of Cell Phone Addiction on Communication Skills and Interpersonal Relationship Ability of Adolescents Mi-Young Choi 1 Ji-Soo Kim 2 1 Department of Nursing Science, Chungbuk National University, 2 College of Nursing, Gachon University ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of cell phone addiction on communication skills and the interpersonal relationship ability of adolescents. Methods: The researcher recruited 751 high school students to assess their general characteristics, communication skills, cell phone addiction and interpersonal relationship ability. Data were collected from June 30 to July 14 in 2014 using copies of a structured self report questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear multiple regression using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 IBM program. Results: Of the students, 3.5% reported they were addicted users, and 7.6% reported they were heavy users. Results from multiple regression analysis showed that cell phone addiction did not have any influence on communication skills of the adolescents. However, cell phone addiction mostly affected the interpersonal relationship ability of the adolescents (β=.24, p<.001). Poor school performance (β=.17, p<.001) and low socioeconomic status (β=.12, p<.05) were also related to the interpersonal skills of the adolescents. These variables explained 8.3% of the variance in the interpersonal skills of the adolescents. Conclusion: These results suggest that cell phone addiction has a negative influence on the development of the interpersonal relationship ability of adolescents. The findings of this study are expected to provide basic data about the influence of cell phone addiction on the interpersonal relationship ability of adolescents. Therefore, cell phone addiction treatment programs for adolescents need to include contents related to interpersonal relationship ability. Key Words: Adolescent, Communication, Interpersonal relations, Cell phones, Addiction 서론 1. 연구의필요성 오늘날휴대전화는현대인의생활필수품이되었으며, 휴대 전화를사용하는시기도점차빨라지면서청소년의사용자수가급증하고있다. 청소년은부모로부터독립하는동시에또래집단에소속되고자하는욕구가강하기때문에, 또래와의동질성을유지하고또래문화를공유하기위해서휴대전화사용에더욱몰입하는경향이있다 [1]. 하지만청소년은성인에 Corresponding author: Ji-Soo Kim College of Nursing, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea. Tel: +82-32-820-4206, Fax: +82-32-820-4201, E-mail: kimjisoo@gachon.ac.kr Received: Oct 7, 2016 / Revised: Nov 24, 2016 / Accepted: Nov 28, 2016 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Vol. 29 No. 3, 2016 149
최미영 김지수 비해자아통제력이낮아휴대전화사용으로인한부정적인영향을더크게받게된다 [2]. 따라서휴대전화의사용으로인한휴대전화중독은성인에비해심각하게나타날수있다 [3]. 청소년의휴대전화중독은수업에방해를주거나과다한요금부과로인한경제적문제를야기할뿐아니라 [4,5], 청소년의신체적 정신적건강에도영향을주고있다. 청소년의휴대전화중독은충동성, 우울, 스트레스와상관관계가있으며 [6], 집중력저하를야기하고불안및정신증과도관련이있는것으로보고되었다 [7-9]. 또한청소년의휴대전화중독은두통, 피로감, 수면장애등의문제도야기하는것으로나타났다 [7,10]. 특히최근에는청소년의휴대전화중독이직접대면해야하는사회적대인관계를회피하도록함으로서, 성인기에필요한사회적기술을발전시키는데방해할수있다는우려가제기되고있다 [11,12]. 하지만청소년휴대전화중독과관련한연구들은주로신체및정신건강에미치는영향력을중심으로제시되고있어사회성발달과관련한연구는아직부족하다 [3]. 청소년기를통해형성된대인관계능력은사회적관계에서의갈등에대처할수있는사회적기술이므로이시기의대인관계능력의형성은앞으로성인기의사회화에깊은영향을줄수있다 [13]. 하지만최근의선행연구 [14,15] 에따르면청소년의휴대전화중독경향이심해질수록대인관계만족도가감소하는것으로나타났고, 대인관계의문제는더많이경험하는것으로나타났다. 또한휴대전화중독집단과일반집단을비교한 Kim [16] 의연구에서도휴대전화중독집단에서대인관계의문제가더많은것으로나타나, 청소년의휴대전화중독이대인관계와관련성이있음을제시하고있다. 한편, 청소년기의사소통기술은타인과의적절한관계를형성하고살아가기위한필수적인수단으로청소년기에가장중요한또래수용여부에영향을미친다 [17]. 의사소통을통해서로에대한이해를넓히고자신의느낌, 생각을전달하게되므로효과적인의사소통기술은청소년기에형성되어야하는주요한사회화요소이다 [18]. 그러나 Kim [14] 의연구에따르면, 청소년의휴대전화중독과의사소통기술이부적상관관계가있는것으로나타났다. 즉휴대전화중독경향이높을수록청소년의의사소통기술은더떨어지는것으로나타나, 청소년의휴대전화중독이의사소통기술과도관련성이있음을제시했다. 결과적으로선행연구들 [14-16] 은청소년의휴대전화중독이대인관계만족도와대인관계의문제를야기하고, 의사소통기술과도부정적인관련성이있음을보고하고있다. 하지만청소년의휴대전화중독이의사소통기술과대인관계능력에미치는영향을파악한연구는없었다. 청소년기는성인기로넘어가는중요한시기이므로, 성인기의원만한사회화를위해대인관계능력의형성과의사소통기술의함양은이시기에중요한발달과업이다. 이에본연구는휴대전화중독이청소년기사회화형성에필요한의사소통기술및대인관계능력에대해어떠한영향을미치는지를파악하여, 청소년휴대전화중독프로그램에의사소통기술과대인관계능력의향상을포함할수있는실증적자료를제시하고자한다. 2. 연구목적본연구는고등학교청소년의휴대전화중독이의사소통기술과대인관계능력에미치는영향을파악하고자하였다. 고등학생의휴대전화중독및의사소통기술, 대인관계능력의정도를파악한다. 고등학생의휴대전화중독및의사소통기술, 대인관계능력의상관관계를파악한다. 고등학생의휴대전화중독이의사소통기술및대인관계능력에미치는영향을파악한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구는을파악하기위한서술적연구이다. 2. 연구대상및자료수집본연구를위해 K지역소재 3개인문계고등학교재학생을편의표집하였다. 자료수집기간은 2014년 6월 30일부터 7월 14일까지이루어졌다. 본연구자가직접연구대상인 3개고등학교의기관장에게연구내용과목적을설명하여허락을받은후, 해당학교교사의협조를받아각교실을방문하여학생들에게도연구에대해설명하였다. 연구는익명으로진행되고수집된자료는통계분석후바로폐기할것을설명하였으며본인의뜻에따라언제라도연구참여를철회할수있음을알렸다. 그리고연구참여에동의한학생을대상으로 874부의설문지를배포하였고설문작성방법에대해설명하였다. 설문작성의소요시간은약 10~15분정도소요되었다. 완성된설문지는해당학교의연구교사와담임교사를통해바로회수되었다. 수거한 874부의설문지중에서, 휴대폰을사용하지않거나불완 150 Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
전하게응답한설문지를제외한 751부를최종분석에사용하였다. G*Power 3.1.1 프로그램을이용하여적정표본수를산출한결과, 다중회귀분석에필요한독립변수 10개, 중간효과크기.15, 검정력.80, 유의수준.05로입력했을때 147명이었으므로대상자는충분히확보되었다. 3. 연구도구본연구에서사용된설문지는일반적특성 6문항, 휴대전화중독 20문항, 의사소통기술 15문항, 대인관계능력을측정하는 25문항으로구성되었다. 1) 휴대전화중독청소년을위해개발한 Koo [20] 의휴대전화중독도구를사용하였다. 이도구는금단 / 내성, 생활장애, 강박 / 집착의 3하부요인, 20문항으로구성되어있다. 전혀그렇지않다 1점부터 항상그렇다 5점까지의 Likert 5점척도로측정되며점수가높을수록휴대전화중독의수준이높은것을의미한다. 표준점수분포에따라휴대전화중독정도를구분하여표준점수가 70점이상인경우에휴대전화중독군으로, 표준점수가 63 점이상이고 70점미만인경우에과다사용군으로, 표준점수가 63점미만인경우에일반사용군으로분류된다 [20]. 도구개발당시신뢰도 Cronbach's 는.92였고본연구에서의신뢰도 Cronbach's 는.93이었다. 2) 의사소통기술청소년의의사소통기술을측정하기위해 Hur [21] 가개발한한국형의사소통능력척도를사용하였다. 이도구는선행연구 [22] 에서제시한 10가지의사소통능력개념인자기노출, 역지사지, 사회적긴장완화, 주장력, 상호작용관리, 표현력, 지지, 즉시성, 집중력, 효율성, 사회적적절성, 조리성, 의도간파, 반응력및잡음통제력의 15가지개념에따른 15문항으로구성되어있다. 전혀그렇지않다 1점부터 매우그렇다 5점까지의 Likert 5점척도로측정되며점수가높을수록대인관계에서의포괄적인의사소통기술이좋은것을의미한다. 도구개발당시신뢰도 Cronbach's 는.89였고본연구에서의신뢰도 Cronbach's 는.91이었다. 3) 대인관계능력 Schlein [23] 가개발한 Relationship Change Scale 을우리실정에맞게 Moon [24] 이번안및제작한도구를이용하였 다. 만족감, 의사소통, 신뢰감, 친근감, 민감성, 개방성, 이해성등의 7개하부요인 25문항으로구성되어있다. 전혀그렇지않다 1점부터 항상그렇다 5점까지의 Likert 5점척도로측정되며점수가높을수록사람과의상호관계에서만족감과친밀감이높고갈등상황을합리적으로해결해나가는원만한인간관계를형성하고있음을의미한다. Moon [24] 의연구에서신뢰도 Cronbach's 는.87이었고본연구에서의신뢰도 Cronbach's 는.89였다. 4. 자료분석수집된자료는 SPSS/WIN 21.0 프로그램을사용하여분석하였다. 연구대상자의일반적특성, 휴대전화중독, 의사소통기술, 그리고대인관계능력을파악하기위해서는평균, 표준편차, 빈도, 백분율의기술통계를사용하였다. 일반적특성에따른의사소통기술, 대인관계능력의차이는 t-test와 ANOVA 를이용하였고사후검정 (post hoc test) 은 Scheffe test를사용하였다. 휴대전화중독, 의사소통기술그리고대인관계능력의정규분포를확인하였고상관관계를파악하기위해서는피어슨상관계수 (Pearson's correlation coefficient) 를이용하였다. 청소년의휴대전화중독이의사소통기술과대인관계능력에미치는영향을분석하기위해서다중회귀분석 (Linear multiple regression) 을이용하였다. 연구결과 1. 대상자의휴대전화중독분류및의사소통기술, 대인관계능력 대상자의 3.5% 는휴대전화중독군으로분류되었고, 7.6% 는휴대전화과다사용군으로분류되었다. 5점 Likert 척도로측정했을때대상자의휴대전화중독은평균 1.88이었고, 중독군의평균은 3.28, 과다사용군의평균은 2.75였다. 5점 Likert 척도로측정했을때대상자의의사소통기술은평균 3.57이었고, 대인관계능력은평균 3.58로나타났다 (Table 1). 2. 대상자의일반적특성에따른의사소통기술과대인관계능력의차이대상자의 96.7% 는남학생이었으며, 고등학교 1학년학생이 39.8% 로가장많았다. 50.2% 는학교성적이중위권이라고 Vol. 29 No. 3, 2016 151
최미영 김지수 응답했고, 69.8% 는부모님, 형제와같이거주하고있다고응답했다. 그리고 59.7% 는가정의사회경제적수준이보통이라고응답했다. 의사소통기술은성별, 학교성적에따라유의한차이가있었고, 대인관계능력은학교성적, 사회경제적수준에따라유의한차이가있었다 (Table 2). 3. 휴대전화중독및의사소통기술, 대인관계능력간의상관관계의사소통기술 (r=-.07, p=.048), 대인관계능력 (r=-.25, p<.001) 은휴대전화중독과유의한음의상관관계를나타냈다 (Table 3). Table 1. Classification of Cell Phone Addiction, Communication Skills and Interpersonal Relationship Ability Variables n(%) M±SD Min~Max Cell phone addiction Addicted to cell phone use Over use Normal 26 (3.5) 57 (7.6) 668 (88.9) 1.88±0.56 3.28±0.31 2.75±0.11 1.75±0.43 1.00~4.00 3.00~4.00 2.60~2.95 1.00~2.55 Communication skills 3.57±0.68 1.50~5.00 Interpersonal relationship ability 3.58±0.53 1.75~5.00 Table 2. Differences in Communication Skills and Interpersonal Relationship Ability according to General Characteristics of Participants Characteristics Categories n(%) or M±SD Communication skills M±SD t or F (p) Interpersonal relationship ability M±SD t or F (p) Age (year) 16.85±0.79 751 (100.0) Gender Male Female 726 (96.7) 25 (3.3) 3.56±0.68 3.94±0.53-2.78 (.006) 3.58±0.52 3.69±0.59-1.02 (.310) Grade High school 1 High school 2 High school 3 299 (39.8) 265 (35.3) 187 (24.9) 3.58±0.69 3.57±0.75 3.55±0.57 0.07 (.931) 3.58±0.03 3.62±0.55 3.58±0.02 1.63 (.197) School performance High a Average b Low c 156 (20.8) 376 (50.2) 217 (29.0) 3.71±0.53 3.59±0.54 3.48±0.48 9.62 (<.001) a, b>c 3.71±0.74 3.65±0.60 3.32±0.72 21.88 (<.001) a>b>c Family members Parents Parents and siblings Single parents or none 169 (22.6) 522 (69.8) 57 (7.6) 3.54±0.65 3.60±0.68 3.39±0.80 2.69 (.068) 3.54±0.52 3.61±0.52 3.48±0.55 2.17 (.115) Socioeconomic status High a Middle Low b 82 (10.9) 448 (59.7) 221 (29.4) 3.61±0.83 3.58±0.68 3.54±0.63 0.36 (.697) 3.71±0.59 3.60±0.50 3.50±0.54 5.15 (.006) a>b Scheffe test; p<.05. Table 3. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients of Communication Skills, Interpersonal Relationship Ability and Cell Phone Addiction Interpersonal Communication skills Cell phone addiction Variables relationship ability r(p) r(p) r(p) Communication skills 1.00 Interpersonal relationship ability.55 (<.001) 1.00 Cell phone addiction -.07 (.048) -.25 (<.001) 1.00 152 Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
4. 청소년의휴대전화중독에따른의사소통기술및대인관계능력에대한영향다중회귀분석을위해독립변수에대한가정을검증한결과, 오차의자기상관검증에서 Dubin-Watson 통계량은 1.536, 2.026 로자기상관이없는것으로나타나잔차의등분산성과정규분포성가정을모두만족하고있었다. 공차한계는.58~.99로모두 0.1 이상을나타냈으며, 분산팽창인자 (Variation Inflation Factor, VIF) 도 1.007~1.714로 10을넘지않아다중공선성의문제는없었다. 휴대전화중독에따른의사소통기술에대한영향을분석하기위해, 일반적특성에서차이를나타낸성별, 학교성적을투입하여통제한후다중회귀분석을실시하였다. 분석결과, 휴대전화중독은의사소통기술에대해영향을미치지않는것으로나타났고, 남학생인경우 (β=-.08, p=.020) 와학교성적이하위인경우 (β=-.25, p<.001) 만이유의한영향변수였다 (Table 4). 휴대전화중독에따른대인관계능력에대한영향을분석하기위해, 일반적특성에서차이를나타낸학교성적, 사회경제적수준을투입하여통제한후다중회귀분석을실시한결과에서는휴대전화중독이대인관계능력에대해가장큰영향 (β= -.24, p<.001) 을미치는것으로나타났다. 다음으로는학교성적이하위인경우 (β=-.17, p<.001) 와사회경제수준이하위 (β=-.12, p=.045) 인경우가유의한영향변수로나타났다. 이들변수의대인관계능력에대한설명력은 8.3% 였다 (Table 5). 논의 본연구대상자의 3.5% 가휴대전화중독군으로분류되어, 연구대상청소년의 2.9% 가휴대전화중독으로분류되었던 2009년 Koo [19] 의연구에서보다높은수준을나타냈다. 청소년휴대전화중독이신체및정신건강에부정적영향을주고있음이지속적으로보고되고 [6-10] 있음에도불구하고, 휴대전화에중독된청소년의비율은오히려더증가했다. 건전하게휴대전화를사용하기위해서는청소년을위한효과적인휴대전화중독예방프로그램이개발되어학교청소년을대상으로적용될필요가있다. 예방프로그램뿐아니라주기적인선별검사를통해휴대전화중독청소년을위해개별화된프로그램을제공할수있는학교보건정책의마련이필요할것으로사료된다. 또한본연구대상자의의사소통기술은평균 3.57이었는데 Table 4. Linear Regression Analysis: Influence of Cell Phone Addiction on Communication Skills Variables B SE β t p (Constant) 4.15.16 25.68 <.001 Gender (male) -0.32.14 -.08-2.33.020 School performance (average) -0.06.06 -.04-0.90.370 School performance (low) -0.38.07 -.25-5.38 <.001 Cell phone addiction -0.08.04 -.06-1.73.084 Adjusted R 2 =.06, F=13.11, p<.001. Table 5. Linear Regression Analysis: Influence of Cell Phone Addiction on Interpersonal Relationship Ability Variables B SE β t p (Constant) 4.18.09 49.05 <.001 School performance (average) -0.09.05 -.09-1.95.051 School performance (low) -0.20.05 -.17-3.68 <.001 Socioeconomic status (middle) -0.06.06 -.06-1.04.300 Socioeconomic status (low) -0.13.07 -.12-2.01.045 Cell phone addiction -0.22.03 -.24-6.66 <.001 Adjusted R 2 =.083, F=14.516, p<.001. Vol. 29 No. 3, 2016 153
최미영 김지수 Hur [21] 연구에서의 3.55와거의같은수준으로나타났다. 그리고고등학생의대인관계능력은 3.58로나타났는데, 청소년의대인관계에관한선행연구 [25,26] 가변수들끼리의상관분석또는회귀분석을바로제시하는경우가많고평균을나타내지않아선행연구와의정확한평균비교가어렵다. 하지만동일한도구를사용한 Chung [27] 의연구에서대학생의대인관계능력 3.70보다는조금낮은수준이었다. 고등학생보다는대학생의사회활동이더많아지고대인관계능력이발달하기때문인것으로추정된다. 지금까지의선행연구는주로휴대전화가청소년의신체적, 정신적건강에미치는영향에중점을두어왔다. 하지만최근에는휴대전화중독이청소년기에형성되어야할사회성발달에부정적영향을미칠수있음이제시되었다 [3]. 본연구에서는휴대전화중독이청소년의사회성발달에미치는구체적인영향을살펴보기위해의사소통기술과대인관계능력에대한영향력을파악하고자했다. 단변량분석결과에서, 청소년의휴대전화중독은의사소통기술과부적상관관계를나타내서선행연구 [14] 의결과와같았다. 하지만일반적특성들을통제된상태에서분석한다중회귀분석결과에서휴대전화중독은의사소통기술에영향을미치지않는것으로나타났다. 스마트폰사용시간이높아질수록의사소통과같은사교성이높아지는것으로나타난 Kim [3] 의연구와는상반된결과이다. 최근휴대전화의기능은 SNS와메시지전달이잘발달되어있어청소년들이소통의통로로이용할수있기때문에것으로생각된다. 하지만본연구가횡단적조사연구로이루어졌기때문에휴대전화중독과의사소통기술의인과추론이어렵다는제한점이있고, 청소년의성장과정에서의사소통에미치는영향이매우다양할수있으므로지속적인반복연구가필요하다. 한편청소년의휴대전화중독이대인관계능력에미치는영향을파악하기위해서단변량분석에서유의한차이를나타낸학교성적, 사회경제수준을투입하여통제한후실시한다중회귀분석에서, 휴대전화중독은대인관계에능력에가장많은부정적영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 휴대전화중독은청소년기중요한발달과업중의하나인사회성형성을위한청소년들의직간접적인상호작용의기회를감소시킴으로서사회성발달을저해할가능성을가지고있다 [3]. 특히본연구결과를토대로볼때, 대인관계능력에대한부정적영향이통계적으로유의하였다. 청소년의휴대전화사용이과도하거나중독된경우에는또래와의상호작용이적어지고결과적으로대인관계능력을함양할기회가감소될수있기때문이다. 청소년기의대인관계는평등한사회적관계를정립하는출발점으로 서현재와미래의발달에매우중요한역할을한다 [13]. 따라서휴대전화중독이청소년의신체와정신발달에미치는영향뿐아니라대인관계와같은사회성발달에대한연구가더필요하며, 축적된연구결과들을토대로하여휴대전화중독청소년의대인관계기술을향상시키기위한효과적인중재를마련할수있을것이다. 결론 본연구에서는고등학교청소년의휴대전화중독이의사소통기술및대인관계능력에미치는영향을파악하고자하였다. 연구결과, 청소년의휴대전화중독은의사소통기술에대해영향을미치지않았으나대인관계능력에는가장큰부정적영향요인으로작용하였다. 지금까지청소년휴대전화중독에대한연구는주로신체및정신건강에미치는영향력을중심으로연구되어왔다. 하지만본연구에서는휴대전화중독이청소년기사회화과정에필요한대인관계능력의형성에도부정적영향을미치고있음을확인하였다. 청소년기를통해형성된대인관계능력은앞으로성인기의사회화에깊은영향을줄수있기때문에, 향후청소년의휴대전화중독프로그램에는대인관계능력의향상을포함할필요가있을것으로사료된다. 한편본연구가고등학교청소년만을대상으로하였기때문에중학생을포함하여대상자를더확장해볼것을제언하는바이다. REFERENCES 1. Kamibeppu K, Sugiura H. Impact of the mobile phone on junior high school students' friendships in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Cyberpsychology & Behavior. 2005;8:121-130. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.121 2. Dimonte M, Ricchiuto G. Mobile phone and young people: A survey pilot study to explore the controversial aspects of a new social phenomenon. Minerva Pediatrica. 2006;58(4):357-363. 3. Kim BN. Effect of Smart-phone addiction on youth's sociality development. Journal of the Korea Contents Association. 2013; 13(4):210-217. https://doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2013.13.04.208 4. Choi ES. A study on teenagers' addictiveness on cellular phone living in local area-specialized in students in Pochon [master's thesis]. Seoul: Kookmin University; 2006. p. 1-48. 5. Jang HJ. The psychological characteristics of adolescents addictive using cellular phone [master's thesis]. Seoul: Sungshin Women's University; 2002. p. 1-56. 6. Jang HJ, Chae KM. The psychological characteristics of adolescents with technological addiction: Cellular phone addiction. 154 Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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