( ) I. II. 1. 2. III. 1. 2. IV. 1. 1998 2 13 (97 37210 ) 2. state action V. < > - 1 -
I. PC, 1).,, PC.,. on - line.,..,,?.. II. 1.,,,,, 98-03 p. 78-80, 1998.12. - 2 -
1. 48 2 1 1, 53 16, 2 2 ( 71 ). 243,.,, 2).,,,, 1 500 1 1, 3). 2. 1999 2.,, 3 2.,. 3.. - 3 -
4). 1999 2 24 (98 3140). 243,, 48 2.,,,. ( 16 4)..,. 5).,, ( 16 4),,, 4., 14 ( ) (1 300 ). 5. 1998.4.30 (95 16),. - 4 -
,. 6),. 7) 8) BBS,,. mechanism IP 9),, PC, UseNet New s Group 10) 11) common carrier Sysop. 6.,,,, 3. 7.. IP ISP DB. 8. IP ISP IP. 9. FT P (file tansfer protocol),.,. 10.,. 11., pp. 22-25, 11 9, 1999.5.17 ( ). - 5 -
, Melissa Virus e- mail.,,. (IP ) (chilling effect ), 12). 96 (T elecommunications Act ) 5 CDA (Communications Decency Act ) (good faith ), (verified credit card), (debit account ), (adult access code), (adult personal identification number ) indecent ', 'patently offensive '. (overbroad), (chilling effect ) 13 ). (obscene) 96. 1997 8 12. CDA I (Reno v. ACLU, 117 S.Ct. 2329 (1997)) ( 5) (chilling effect).,, 1, 1997 ( ),, 3, 1998 ( ). 13. Reno v. ACLU, 117 S.Ct. 2329 (1997) - 6 -
(IuKDG). ISP. 3,,. 2. PC, ISP..,...,. ( 31 ),,. - 7 -
, ( 33 2 ),. ( 3 ).,, 33? ISP,. 33 2,,.. 14), 15). 103. 33 2 14.,,,. 15.,. - 8 -
. 33 2 33. III. 1. 21 4 - -., 37 2,., 1, Congress shall make no law - - abridging the freedom of speech - -. 1 1?., 21 2 (censor ship), 1996 10 4 16) 16. 93 13, 91 10 ( ). - 9 -
,,.,,. 13 ( ) 17), (licensing ) 18 ), (Stamp Act of 1711). 19) 1. 1 14 liberty ' 14.. 1 (licensing system ) 20). 17. ' seditious libel'. T. Barton Carter, Marc A. Franklin, Jay B. Wright, T he First Amendment and the Fifth Estate (4th edition) pp.12-14, 1996. 18. Licensing Act 1694 (seditious libel). Stationer 's Company', (piracy), 1709. 19. British Stamp Act of 1765. 20. Freedman v. Maryland, 380 U.S. 51 (1965) (obscene) (license). - 10 -
. 21) 1. 1 37 2 ' overbroadness ', 'void for vagueness ', 'least restrictive alternative ' ' speech '., unr eas onab le search and seizure ( 4 ), d ue process of law ( 5 ). speech ( ad hoc balancing ' ) 22) 1 (speech ). (obscenity ). "the freedom of speech" political speech 23 ).. 1998 4 30 (95 16) 21., p. 298, 1997. New York T imes Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971), CNN v. Noriega, 498 U.S. 976 (1990). 22. political/ non- political speech, commercial/ non- commercial speech, 'clear and present danger ' ' actual malice'. 23. 1 political speech (balancing) Alexander Meiklejohn. - 11 -
,. 21 4, 37 2. (speech ). state action looks like government theory ',. 3,. 37 2, 3. 2.. - 12 -
.. (preferred position ) 24). (chilling effect ). 1998 4 30 (95 16) 1.. IV. 1. 1998 2 13 (97 37210 ) PC 53 25 ), 24. United States v. Carolene Products Co, 304 U.S. 144 (1938) Stone. (double standard)., ( 9 ) p. 312, 1997. 25. 21. 1. 3, 2.,,, 3., 4. 3, 5., 6.. - 13 -
,.,,,..,..,,,. Cyber Promotions America Online 26 ) ALO (state action ),., 53 16, ( 53 2). 26. Cyber Promotions, Inc. v. America Online, Inc., 948 F. Supp. 436 (E.D.Pa. 1996) - 14 -
, 37 2 3 state action '. 2. state action state action. 27) 'life, liberty, property ' 14. (public function ) 1 28 ). state action, ' ' (public function ) (relationship).,,, state action 29). 27.,, (licensing) state action. 28. Hudgens v. National Labor Relations Board, 424 U.S. 507 (1976).. (1994.9.30, 94 4042, 1997.7.11, 95 55900) - 15 -
1998 2 13, state action. V.?.. 103,,. ISP mechanism.,., 29. John E. Now ak, Ronald D. Rotunda, J. Nelson Young, Constitutional Law (2nd edition) pp. 497-525, 1984. - 16 -
,.,. < >,, 11 9, 1999.5.17 ( ), ( 9 ),, 1997.,,, 1995. - - - - - - -,, 1, 1997 ( ) - - - - - - - - -,, 3, 1998 ( ),,,,, 98-03, 1998.12,,, 1997 T. Barton Carter, Marc A. Franklin, Jay B. Wright, T he Fir st Am endm ent and the Fifth E state (4th edition ), T he F oundation Pr ess, 1996 John E. Now ak, Ronald D. Rotunda, J. Nelson Young, Con stitutional Law (2nd edition), W est Publishing Company, 1984-17 -
T hom as J. Sm edinghoff (editor ), Online Law, Addison- Wesley Dev eloper s Pr ess, 1996 William W. Van Alstyne, Interpr etation s of the Fir st Amendm ent, Duke Univ er sity Press, 1984 A CLU, Is Cyber space Burning? How Rating and Blocking Pr oposals May T orch Fr ee Speech on the Internet, http:// w w w.aclu.org/ issues/ cyber/ burning.html - - - - - -, Censorship in a Box, http:// w ww.aclu.org/ issues/ cyber/ box.html Cyber - Right s & Cyber - Liberties (UK) Report : "Who W atches the Wat chm en : Part II- A ccount ability & Effective Self- Regulation in the Information Age, September 1998, http:// ww w.cyber - rights.org/ watchmen - ii.htm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, 'Who Watches the Watchmen : Internet Content Sy stem s, and Privatised Cen sor ship ', November 1997, http:// w ww.leeds.ac.uk/ law/ pgs/ yaman/ watchmen.htm. EU Commission, A ction Plan on promoting safe u se of the Internet, http:// w w w 2.echo.lu/ legal/ en/ intetnet/ actplan.html - 18 -