1 ).,....,.,. 99,,,.,. I. ( ). 1) 99
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ), (, 1999a ). 2) < 1>. 70 90 90. (66 79 ) 66 73 2,000 (66 72 ) 600 (7 1 ) 77 79 1,000. 80 82 1,263 770, 88 900. < 1> ( 1966-1998) : ; (1976-1997), (1998 ) ; (1966-1997) 2) ",,,,, ". 100
/ 93, 93 2,600 3, 3,000, 1996 4,000 97 3,153. 70 80 (76 8,000 88 2,000 ), 88 3,000... 96 (, 9 7) (73%), (5 1.5%) 1. 97 Gallu p,,, (70 %). 98 50-70 % ( ). 99. ( 99, 3), & ( 99, 5), (99.7), (99.11) 93 %, 9 1%, 95 %, 92 %. Gallu p,.. (TI) 90. 1980 85 3.93, 1988 1992 3.50, 1995 4 1 27 (4.29), 1996 54 27 (5.02), 1997 52 34 (4.29 ), 1998 85 4 3 (4.2), 99 99 50 (3.8). 99 TI 19 (18 ). 10 1
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ) 98 2 50. 6.25 IMF 2., 98 11 [ ].. ' 98 12,,,,,.. 1.... Nice (1983) Klit gaar d (1988),,, (1994 ),,, (1998) ( ),, /,,,. 102
/ 1). (Banfield, 1965 ; J ohn st on, 1982 ;, 1996). (Heidenheimer, 1970 ;, 1992 ;, 1992).,.,,. 2 ), (Huntington, 1968 ; Nye, 1967 ; Leff, 1970 ; Scott, 1972).,,,.. (Klitga ar d, 1988 ; Scot t, 1972 ;, 1996).,, (, 1998 ). 103
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ) (Klit gaar d, 1988 ; Scot t, 1972)..,.,.,..,,,,,,,. 3 ). (Myr dal, 1968)..,.,, 104
/...,,,. 4 ). (Deterrence t heory) 3, (cert ainty), (severity), (celerity), (general det errence) (special deterrence).,,,,.,. ( ) (Gr asmick an d Green, 1980 ; Ross, 1984 )... 105
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ) (, 1998 )..,.. 2. 1) 3. 3,,., 1963. 1964,.., 196 1.,.,,.. 106
/ 2 ) 4. 4. 3,,,.,,,.,... 4,,. 4. 1974 1977 17,485, 3 1,557, 6,764.,. 4.... 107
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ) 3) 5,. 5.,,, 4.,.,. 5. 5,.. 1980 10 28... 5..,,. 198 1 12, 3.,... 108
/.. 4 ) 6 6 5..,,,. 6 5 4.,.. 90,,,,..,. 6.,,,,, 6.., 199 1 6 29, 109
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ). 6... 5 )..,,...,,,,...,.,,,.. 110
/.,,,,..,..,,,.........,,,.,..,,,, 111
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ),,. 1...,,,.. 1) 50,.. 2 ) 112
/,,,,,,,,.,. 3 ).,,. 4 ),,....,.,,.,. 113
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ) 2. 2 98 10,,,.,,,,,,.. :, - - ( : ; ;, ) ( ). -, -, - ( : ) 114
/. - (Posit ive) (Negat ive) - ( : ; ),. - ( : ; ; ; ; ). - - ( ) 98 48 %, 22 %. 2. 1). (, 1999 ).,,,,, P CS 115
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ),..,.,. 4.,,,,,.., 10.,.,.,.,,,,..,,., 4 8 %, 22 %,, (,1999 :88). 116
/ 2 ).,,,,,, 6.,,,,..,., 1,,, 2,,. (1) ( ),,..,, ( ) 3, 4, 5, 6,,, 117
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ).. 8.,,,.. 7, 2. 13. 12 22 11,. 4..., ( 42 ) ( 4 3 )., 3 10, 3 5. 3 118
/ 5. 3. 3 1, 33, 34, 35.,,,. 1 15..,,,, (,, )..,,, ( 3 ). (2 3 )..( :,, ) (2) 119
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ). / ( )/ (. ), / / ( ), /., 10,.,. 5. 5... (3).,,... 120
/.......,,,. (CT, OE CD, IBRD). 2000. 10. (4 ),.. 2 3. (98 ; 6 ) ; 100 300 12 1
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ) 50 150 ( 2,800 7,000 )...,,,.,.. ( ). ( ) (5), ( ),,. ( 5-15%) ( ) -, - (1, 5 ). (,, ) 122
/. -,,,,, (. ). - 1 ( ) - ( ).. -. -, : 5 - : 15 10..,. * : 5 10, 5 2 (6),,,,, 6 ( ).,...,,.., FAX, CD, 123
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ). (,,, ) (,, ).. -, (,,,, ),,. - - ( )..,. 99..,... 124
/.,......,.....,.,. 125
/ 1999 ( 8 4 )...,. 99,, 8...,,,.,,,..... 126
/... (, 1999b).,.....,. (, 1999b ).,,.,. 127
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ) (1999). :., 1999. (1992). -,. (1992).,,, 30 1. (1994 ).,. (1998)., 2 1, 4. (1999a).,. (1999b )., 2. (1998). :,. (1996).,. < > (1976-1997).. (1998). 128
/ (1966-1997). Banfield, Edw ard C. (1975). Corru p tion as a Featu re of Governm en tal Organ ization. Journal of Law and Economy, Vol.18, 587~615. Grasmick, H an d D. Green (1980). Legal Pu nishm ent, Social Disap p roval, an d In tern alization as Inhibitors of Illegal Beh avior. Journal of Criminal Law an d Criminolgy, 325~335 H eidenheim er, Am old J. ed. (1970). Political Corruption : Readings in Comparative A nalysis, N ew York : H olt, Rin eh art & Win ston. H untington, Sam uel P. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies, N ew H aven, Conn : Yale Un iversity Press. John ston, Mich ael (1982). Corru p tion an d Political Cu ltu re in Am erica: An Emp irical Persp ective. Public : The Journal of Federalism. Klitgaard, Robert (1988). Controlling Corruption Calif ornia. Univ. of California Press. Leff, N ath an iel H. (1964). Econ om ic Develop m ent th rou gh Bu reau ctatic Corru p tion. A merican Behaviral Scien tist 8. Myr d al Gu n n ar (1968). Corruption : Its causes and eff ects. N ew York H olt, Rineh art an d Win ston. N ice, David C. (1983). Political Corru p tion in the American States. A merican Politics Quarterly. N ye, J.S. (1967). Corruption and Political development: A cost Benefit Analysis. A merican Political Science Review. 129
/ 1999 ( 8 4 ) Ross (1984). Social Control Th rou gh Deterren ce: Drin kin g an d Drivin g Law s. A nnual Review of Sociology, 21~35. Scott, J.C. (1972). Comparative Political Corruption. En glew ood Cliffs, N.J Prentice-H all. 130